Symmetry in Equations of Motion between the Atomic and Astronomical Models

In this paper, we are going to find out a simple way yet extraordinary to the equation of motion of electric charge under the influence of a central force. We’ll find that it is the same as the formula of the common equation of motion in the theory of general relativity which controls the motion of planets around the sun;thus, every electron orbiting around the nucleus has a perihelion which revolves same as Mercury perihelion yet faster 2000 times according to Hydrogen atom, assuming that hydrogen has a perihelion. That is to say, when Mercury perihelion takes three million years to complete a full cycle around the sun, we find that Hydrogen perihelion (here we mean the classical model of atom, not quantitative model of it) revolves around the nucleus at 1.05 × 1012 cycle per second. In addition, the radiation passing near the nucleus deviates same as the deflection of light passing near the sun yet with a greater value according to how close the radiation is from the nucleus, as shown in the discussion. We discussed briefly (but differently) the definition of black holes to affirm symmetry principle between the atomic and astronomical models. Symmetry in equations of motion of a body in the atomic and astronomical models indicates that the Advance of Mercury’s Perihelion, deflection of light passing near the sun, and the definition of black holes are the ABCs of classical physics;however, they are not considered as reliable evidences on the soundness of the principle on which the theory of general relativity is built on, in the presence of a contradiction between the definition of gravity in the general relativity and in the electromagnetic theory.

Consideration of the Daily Variation of Gravity on the Manifestation of Gravitational Shielding

The result of mathematical and physical analysis of the daily change in gravity is presented. The subject of consideration was the manifestation of semi-daily factors in diurnal variations of gravity. The assumption is investigated, according to which the cause of the half-day factors is the gravitational shielding of the planet Earth. Gravitational shielding is considered as a function of the size and thickness of celestial bodies and growing with distance from their poles. It is concluded that the planet Earth has the property of partial gravitational shielding, and the Moon does not have enough thickness to exhibit a tangible gravitational shielding. The obtained mathematical results correspond to the existing experimental data. It is suggested that gravitational shielding is the cause of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the peculiarities of the manifestation of tidal processes. It is assumed that gravitational shielding is one of the main reasons for the presence of hidden substances in the Universe. It is concluded that the physical picture with mutual shielding of interaction elements corresponds to the classical ideas of Fatio and Lesage. This approach is proposed as an alternative point of view to the existing theory on the description of tidal processes. It is shown that the existing basic approach to the description of tidal forces is unsatisfactory: the factors underlying the existing approaches have values 10 times less than those observed and cannot be considered as the reason for the manifestation of half-day manifestations in the daily change in gravity. The work is a continuation of the implementation by the author of P. Dirac’s ideas about accounting for the size of microparticles in physical theory.

Review of Mercury's dynamic magnetosphere:Post-MESSENGER era and comparative magnetospheres

This review paper summarizes the research of Mercury’s magnetosphere in the Post-MESSENGER era and compares its dynamics to those in other planetary magnetospheres,especially to those in Earth’s magnetosphere.This review starts by introducing the planet Mercury,including its interplanetary environment,magnetosphere,exosphere,and conducting core.The frequent and intense magnetic reconnection on the dayside magnetopause,which is represented by the flux transfer event"shower",is reviewed on how they depend on magnetosheath plasma β and magnetic shear angle across the magnetopause,followed by how it contributes to the flux circulation and magnetosphere-surface-exosphere coupling.In the next,Mercury’s magnetosphere under extreme solar events,including the core induction and the reconnection erosion on the dayside magnetosphere,as well as the responses of the nightside magnetosphere,are reviewed.Then,the dawn-dusk properties of the plasma sheet,including the features of the ions,the structure of the current sheet,and the dynamics of magnetic reconnection,are summarized.The last topic is devoted to the particle energization in Mercury’s magnetosphere,which includes the energization of the Kelvin-Helmholtz waves on the magnetopause boundaries,reconnection-generated magnetic structures,and the cross-tail electric field.In each chapter,the last section discusses the open questions related to each topic,which can be considered by the simulations and the future spacecraft mission.We end this paper by summarizing the future Bepi Colombo opportunities,which is a joint mission of ESA and JAXA and is en route to Mercury.

Wobbly Spin Reveals Mercury's Molten Core

有生活经验的读者都知道,将鸡蛋在平滑的表面上旋转,能长时间转动的是熟鸡蛋,摇摇晃晃转不了几圈的则是生鸡蛋。这一厨房窍门竟被天文学家用来确定水星的内核是否为“水”。