The Initial Mesoscale Vortexes Leading to the Formation of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

A statistical analysis of the initial vortexes leading to tropical cyclone(TC)formation in the western North Pacific(WNP)is conducted with the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data from 1999 to 2018.It is found that TCs in the WNP basically originate from three kinds of vortexes,i.e.,a mid-level vortex(MV),a low-level vortex(LV),and a relatively deep vortex with notable vorticity in both the lower and middle troposphere(DV).Among them,LV and DV account for 47.9%and 24.2%of tropical cyclogenesis events,respectively,while only 27.9%of TCs develop from the MV,which is much lower than that which occurs in the North Atlantic and eastern Pacific.Such a difference might be ascribed to the active monsoon systems in the WNP all year round.Due to the nearly upright structure of mid-level convergence in the early pre-genesis stage,TC genesis efficiency is the highest in DV.Compared with MV,LV generally takes a shorter time to intensify to a TC because of the higher humidity and the stronger low-level cyclonic circulation,which is related to air-sea interaction and boundary-layer convergence.Further examination of the relationship between tropical cyclogenesis and large-scale flow patterns indicate that the TC genesis events associated with LV are primarily related to the monsoon shear line,monsoon confluence region,and monsoon gyre,while those associated with MV are frequently connected with easterly waves and wave energy dispersion of preexisting TC.Compared with other flow patterns,tropical cyclones usually form and intensify faster in the monsoon confluence region.

Study on a Mesoscale Convective Vortex Causing Heavy Rainfall during the Mei-yu Season in 2003

The strong heavy rainfall on 3–5 July 2003 causing the severe flooding in Huaihe River basin （HRB）, China is studied. It is noted that there are sometimes mesoscale convective vortex （MCV） in East Asia during the mei-yu season. Simulation results from the ARPS （Advanced Regional Prediction） data analysis system （ADAS） and WRF model were used to study the development of the mesoscale convective system （MCS） and mesoscale convective vortex （MCV）. It is confirmed that the MCV formed during the development of a previous severe MCS. A closed vortex circulation can be found below 600 hPa with a vorticity maximum in the middle troposphere. The evolution process of the MCV can be divided into three stages： initiation, maturation, and dissipation. During the mature stage of the MCV, a downdraft occurred in the center of the MCV and new convection developed in southeast of the MCV. The convergence and the tilting in the lower troposphere convergence and vertical advection in the middle troposphere were the main vorticity sources in the MCV initiation stage. Finally, a conceptual model between the mei-yu front and the embedded MCS and MCV is proposed. The mei-yu front was the background condition for the development of the MCS and MCV. A low level jet （LLJ） transported moisture and the weak cold air invasion via a trough aloft in the middle troposphere and triggering the severe convection. Furthermore, the intensified jet was able to result in the initiation of new ＂secondary＂ areas of convection in the eastern part of the MCV.

Mesoscale Vortex Generation and Merging Process: A Case Study Associated with a Post-Landfall Tropical Depression

An observational analysis of satellite blackbody temperature （TBB） data and radar images suggests that the mesoscale vortex generation and merging process appeared to be essential for a tropical-depression-related heavy rain event in Shanghai, China. A numerical simulation reproduced the observed mesoscale vortex generation and merging process and the corresponding rain pattern, and then the model outputs were used to study the related dynamics through diagnosing the potential vorticity （PV） equation. The tropical depression （TD） was found to weaken first at lower levels and then at upper levels due to negative horizontal PV advection and diabatic heating effects. The meso-vortices developed gradually, also from the lower to the upper levels, as a result of positive horizontal PV advection and diabatic heating effects in the downshear left quadrant of the TD. One of these newly-generated vortices, V1, replaced the TD ultimately, while the other two, V2 and V3, merged due to the horizontal PV advection process. Together with the redevelopment of V1, the merging of V2 and V3 triggered the very heavy rain in Shanghai.

A Study on the Dynamic Mechanism of the Formation of Mesoscale Vortex in Col Field

The mesoscale vortex associated with a mesoscale low-level jet （mLLJ） usually causes heavy rainfall in the col field. The col field is defined as a region between two highs and two lows, with the isobaric surface similar to a col. Using a two-dimensional shallow water model, the meso-β scale vortex couplets （MβVCs） induced by eight types of mesoscale wind perturbations in an ideal col field were numerically simulated. With the sizes of -100 km, the MβVCs induced by northerly perturbation （NP） and southerly perturbation （SP） moved toward the col point. The sizes of MβVCs induced by southwesterly perturbation （SWP）, southeasterly perturbation （SEP）, northwesterly perturbation （NWP）, and northeasterly perturbation （NEP） were relatively small for the perturbations moving toward dilatation axis. The MβVC induced by easterly perturbation （EP） and westerly perturbation （WP） could not develop because they quickly moved away from the col point, before the circulation could form. The size of the circulation was determined by the distance between the vortex and the col point. The closer to the col point the vortex was, the larger the size of vortex. The comparisons of maximum vorticity and vorticity root mean square error （RMSE） of the NP, the SWP, and the WP show that the maximum vorticity and the vorticity RMSE of the NP decreased slower than other perturbations. Therefore, the weak environment of the col field favors the maintenance of vorticity and the formation of vortex. When a mesoscale vortex forms near the col point or moves toward the col point, it may maintain a quasitationary state in the stable col field.

A Numerical Study of Mesoscale Vortex Formation in the Midlatitudes:The Role of Moist Processes

In this study, a three-dimensional mesoscale model was used to numerically simulate the well-known "98.7" heavy rainfall event that affected the Yangtze Valley in July 1998. Two experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of moist processes on the development of meso-β scale vortices(MβV) and their triggering by mesoscale wind perturbation(MWP). In the experiment in which the latent heat feedback(LHF) scheme was switched off, a stable low-level col field(i.e., saddle field—a region between two lows and two highs in the isobaric surface) formed, and the MWP triggered a weak MβV. However, when the LHF scheme was switched on as the MWP was introduced into the model, the MβV developed quickly and intense rainfall and a mesoscale low-level jet(mLLJ) were generated. The thickness of the air column and average temperature between 400 and 700 hPa decreased without the feedback of latent heat, whereas they increased quickly when the LHF scheme was switched on, with the air pressure falling at low levels but rising at upper levels. A schematic representation of the positive feedbacks among the mesoscale vortex, rainfall, and mLLJ shows that in the initial stage of the MβV, the MWP triggers light rainfall and the latent heat occurs at low levels, which leads to weak convergence and ageostrophic winds. In the mature stage of the MβV, convection extends to the middle-to-upper levels, resulting in an increase in the average temperature and a stretching of the air column. A low-level cyclonic circulation forms under the effect of Coriolis torque, and the m LLJ forms to the southeast of the MβV.

Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of an Eastward-offshore Mesoscale Vortex along the Meiyu-Baiu Front

The eastward-moving Meiyu-Baiu frontal mesoscale vortices (MBFMVs) appear frequently and often cause heavy rainfall events along their tracks. A move-off-shore MBFMV was selected to enhance our understanding of this type of vortex. Synoptic analyses indicate that the MBFMV is a type of meso-α vortex and mainly occurs in the lower troposphere. A short wave trough near the coastline is highly favorable for the formation, sustainment, and displacement of the MBFMV. Vorticity budgets indicate that at lower levels of the MBFMV, convergence is the dominant factor for the increase of positive vorticity, and at high levels of the MBFMV, the vertical transportation associated with convective activities is the most important factor. The hori-zontal transportation was the main factor decreasing the positive vorticity. The land and sea environments are crucial to the evolution of the MBFMV. The characteristics of the Meiyu-Baiu Front (MBF) are also vital to the variation of the vortex.

华北局地大暴雨过程中多个β中尺度对流系统发生发展对比分析

利用常规地面高空观测、多普勒雷达、风廓线、VDRAS(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System)和NCEP再分析资料,对2018年8月5—6日副热带高压(以下简称副高)控制下华北一次局地大暴雨过程中多个β中尺度对流系统触发和发展机制进行了分析。结果表明:这次大暴雨发生在副高控制下,处于高温、高湿气团中,大气层结极不稳定。暴雨由多个相继发展的中尺度对流系统造成,分别是太行山迎风坡上西南—东北向、华北平原地区保定一带南北向、保定至霸州附近西南—东北向和以雄安新区为中心东西向原地生消的准静止MCS-Ⅰ、MCS-Ⅱ、MCS-Ⅲ和MCS-Ⅳ,均属于β中尺度。在相似的环境中,不同中尺度对流系统触发机制有较大差异,太行山迎风坡上的MCS-Ⅰ是由近地层偏东暖湿气流在迎风坡与山风形成的辐合抬升触发;由辐射差异和前期强降水形成的局地冷池受MCS-Ⅰ影响再次加强后,其出流与环境风形成的两条地面辐合线分别触发了MCS-Ⅱ和MCS-Ⅲ,并组织对流沿辐合线呈带状发展;而超低空偏东风增强叠加冷池出流在地形抬升作用下促使沿山暖湿气团进一步抬升,使得原本消亡的MCS-Ⅰ再次重建。MCS-Ⅳ发展最旺盛、持续时间最长,是大暴雨中心的直接制造者,一方面MCS-Ⅱ与MCS-Ⅲ、MCS-Ⅰ与MCS-Ⅳ的两次合并过程,是MCS-Ⅳ增强、持久的重要原因;另一方面边界层偏东风急流为MCS-Ⅳ的发展提供了水汽和不稳定能量等有利条件,同时推动其左前方中尺度涡旋的发展,导致MCS-Ⅳ所在地的气旋性涡度大大增加,加强了以急流轴为中心的垂直次级环流发展,造成MCS-Ⅳ的发展维持,形成华北平原地区以雄安新区为中心的东西向大暴雨带。

一次飑线内MVs和后向入流对地面大风形成影响的模拟研究

通过实况资料以及WRF模式对广西地区的一次飑线过程进行数值模拟,根据模拟结果对飑线内中尺度涡旋MVs(Mesoscale Vortices,MVs)和后向入流与地面大风的成因关系进行了分析。通过涡度收支和涡线分析得出,弓状回波中存在东西涡旋对,其生成主要是散度项造成,中间相对弱的反气旋涡旋是涡线拱起产生的水平涡度向垂直涡度转换引起。通过计算正负涡旋对引起的旋转风从而量化了涡旋对对地面大风的贡献。结果发现,本次过程中涡旋对引起的旋转风在地面大风中占有较大比重,约40%~50%。当去除涡旋对引起的旋转风时,地面大风的强度减弱,位置偏移。由三维流线可以看出后向入流的下沉是产生地面大风的另一个影响因子。通过对浮力加速度和动力加速度进行诊断发现,后向入流的下沉主要是由于负的浮力加速度引起,水平方向的密度不均匀是负浮力加速度产生的主要因子,但在风速突然加强时,动力加速度也有明显的影响。

西行低涡特征及其对“21.7”河南暴雨影响分机

2021年7月河南出现极端暴雨,黄淮地区存在一个自东向西移动的低涡,是降水过程发展增强的主要影响系统。针对低涡的研究主要集中于自西向东的移动路径,很少考虑西行低涡的机制及特征。利用地面常规气象资料、区域气象站及雷达等非常规观测资料、ERA5再分析资料,对“21.7”暴雨的大气环流形势、西行低涡移动路径、各层系统配置及低涡西行原因进行特征分析,并从水汽、热力、动力及对流触发等方面分析西行低涡对“21.7”暴雨的影响,结果表明:(1)“21.7”河南暴雨期间大气环流形势稳定,黄淮地区为典型的“鞍型场”,西行低涡移动路径为先向西南后向西北。(2)西行低涡各层系统配置复杂,低涡东侧副高及台风“烟花”西进使低涡附近偏东急流加强,低涡自东向西移动。(3)西行低涡水汽条件充沛、动力条件旺盛、热力条件充足,低涡与低层切变线、地面辐合线共同作用,使对流触发条件增强。

喷气涡流纺汉麻混纺纱及面料的生产

为了开发色织大提花喷气涡流纺细号高混比汉麻纱及其面料,详细分析以渗透剂改善纤维回潮率,以氧化剂降低木质素含量,提升汉麻纤维可纺性及舒适性的原理及方法;以多组分混纺、使用特殊油剂,提升涡流纺纱线柔软度以及纱线强力的具体工艺;在纱线表面被覆柔软剂增加经纱柔韧性,在开口区给湿增加经向股线韧性来提升汉麻混纺纱可织性的方法。通过测试汉麻混纺纱的成纱质量和面料质量,表明:选取15%平平加O渗透剂和0.05 L/kg~0.50 L/kg的臭氧用量对汉麻纤维进行养生处理,使用白油作为润滑剂、二甲基硅油作为防粘剂,纺制的汉麻30/粘胶30/棉40 MVS 14.7 tex混纺纱可批量生产且质量稳定;采用MVS 14.7 tex混纺纱合股、在织机开口区给湿结合经纱柔软剂被覆处理技术后,该汉麻混纺纱面料织造效率高、抗菌性优良;今后应进一步加大细号高混比汉麻混纺纱工艺研究,完善织口加湿技术。

北京“23·7”极端强降雨特征和成因分析

利用北京地区加密气象站、补盲的北京市规划和自然资源委员会雨量站、双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达、GPS水汽等观测数据和ERA5再分析数据,对北京“23·7”极端强降雨阶段性特征和成因进行了分析。结果表明:“23·7”极端强降雨累计降水量(331 mm)和单点最大降水量(1025 mm)均打破历史纪录,最大雨强(126.6 mm·h^(-1))排名历史第二位,具有显著的极端性。强降雨可分为5个阶段,其中第Ⅱ和第Ⅳ阶段降水量分别占过程累计降水量的37.1%和39.7%,第Ⅳ阶段雨强更大,对应急流更强,高温、高湿特征也更明显。地形对降雨的增幅作用显著,降水量在海拔100~300 m山区迅速增加,极大值出现在海拔约400 m的山区,第Ⅱ(第Ⅳ)阶段山区平均降水量和小时雨强分别是平原的2.1(3.0)倍和2.0(2.7)倍;第Ⅱ阶段主要为地形对急流的直接抬升,第Ⅳ阶段为地形绕流辐合和直接抬升共同作用。7月31日上午(第Ⅳ阶段)边界层急流出口区与低空急流入口区耦合导致低层上升运动增强,促使西部山前β中尺度对流系统由块状发展成线状并有γ中尺度涡旋产生,该β中尺度对流系统北上时形成短暂的列车效应,引发了西部山区8个站次100 mm·h^(-1)以上的极端短时强降水。

清远一次极端龙舟水的中尺度系统演变分析

利用多源观测数据和ERA5再分析资料,对2022年6月20到21日发生在清远的一次极端特大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)该次强降水是在200 hPa分流辐散的背景下,由低涡切变配合其前侧西南急流缓慢东移经过清远造成的。(2)强降水发生前大气层结已处于极不稳定状态,低层来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽不断在清远市上空辐合,为暴雨的发生提供充足的水汽条件和不稳定能量。(3)强降水的触发机制主要是前期广西降水造成的冷池与低空急流带来的暖湿气团形成的温度锋区和地面辐合线;地形的抬升作用和狭管效应,对降水起到增幅作用。(4)该次强降水主要有2个低质心的热带海洋型中尺度对流系统先后影响发生。

Analysis of a Group of Weak Small-Scale Vortexes in the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Mei-yu Front

A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5） with FDDA （Four Dimension Data Assimilation）. The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer （PBL） in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents： one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet （LLJ） in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.

A Study of Structure and Mechanism of a Meso-beta-scale Convective Vortex and Associated Heavy Rainfall in the Dabie Mountain Area Part I: Diagnostic Analysis of the Structure

An analysis was conducted on the evolutional process of a mesoscale convective vortex （MCV） and associated heavy rainfall in the Dabie Mountain area on 21-22 June 2008,as well as their structural characteristics in different stages,by using the mesoscale reanalysis data with 3 km and 1 h resolution generated by the Local Analysis and Prediction System （LAPS） in the Southern China Heavy Rainfall Experiment.The results showed that the latent heat released by convection in the midtroposphere was the main energy source for the development of a low-level vortex.There was a positive feedback interaction between the convection and the vortex,and the evolution of the MCV was closely related to the strength of the positive interaction.The most typical characteristics of the thermal structure in different stages were that,there was a relatively thin diabatic heating layer in the midtroposphere in the formative stage;the thickness of diabatic heating layer significantly increased in the mature stage;and it almost disappeared in the decay stage.The characteristics of the dynamic structure were that,in the formative stage,there was no anticyclonic circulation at the high level;in the mature stage,an anticyclonic circulation with strong divergence was formed at the high level;in the decay stage,the anticyclonic circulation was damaged and the high-level atmosphere was in a disordered state of turbulence.Finally,the structural schematics of the MCV in the formative and mature stage were established respectively.

Initiation and Evolution of Long-Lived Eastward-Propagating Mesoscale Convective Systems over the Second-Step Terrain along Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley

Based on the previous statistical analysis of mesoscale convective systems(MCSs)over the second-step terrain along Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley,eight representative long-lived eastward-propagating MCSs are selected for model-based sensitivity testing to investigate the initiation and evolution of these types of MCSs as well as their impact on downstream areas.We subject each MCS to a semi-idealized(CNTL)simulation and a sensitivity(NOLH)simulation that neglects condensational heating in the formation region.The CNTL experiment reveals convection forms in the region downstream of a shortwave trough typified by persistent southwesterly winds in the low-to midtroposphere.Upon merging with other convective systems,moist convection develops into an MCS,which propagates eastward under the influence of mid-tropospheric westerlies,and moves out of the second-step terrain.The MCS then merges with pre-existing local convection over the plains;the merged convection reinforces the cyclonic wind perturbation into a mesoscale vortex at 850 hPa.While this vortex moves eastward to regions with local vortex at 850 hPa,another vortex at 925 hPa is also intensified.Finally,the vortices at 850 and 925 hPa merge together and develop into a mesoscale convective vortex(MCV).In contrast,MCSs fail to form and move eastward in the NOLH experiment.In the absence of eastward-propagating MCSs,moist convection and mesoscale vortices still appear in the plains,but the vortex strength and precipitation intensity are significantly weakened.It is suggested the eastward-propagating MCSs over the second-step terrain significantly impact the development and enhancement of moist convection and vortices in the downstream areas.

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE VORTICES IN EAST CHINA AND THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION

Data from high-resolution satellites were used to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of mesoscale convective vortices(MCVs) in central and east China and the western Pacific Ocean region. The monthly variation in MCVs was significant. From May to October, MCVs were clearly affected by large-scale environmental conditions,including the South Asian summer monsoon, subtropical high and solar radiation, which resulted in clear changes in MCV spatial distributions from strengthening and weakening processes. Based on the analysis of diurnal MCV variations and the precipitation rate from May to October, MCVs were found to occur more frequently over the ocean than over land. MCVs near the Sea of Japan and northern South China Sea occurred during all types of weather. Ocean occurrences near land, such as the Ryukyu Islands, were categorized as morning-active MCVs. The hilly regions of southeastern China and North China Plain were characterized by afternoon-active MCVs. Limited to topography and the urban heat island effect, the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area had evening-active MCVs, while Changbai Mountain had nocturnal MCVs.

“21·7”河南特大暴雨的中尺度系统活动特征

2021年7月17日至22日河南省遭遇了罕见特大暴雨过程,特别是郑州市在7月20日出现了极端降水事件。本文首先分析了有利的大尺度环流背景,然后采用多源高分辨率观测和再分析资料深入分析了此次特大暴雨过程中不同阶段的水汽来源以及中尺度系统的活动特征。此次特大暴雨过程主要分为三个阶段,其主要的中尺度系统包括:黄淮气旋、中尺度对流系统(MCS)以及与MCS伴随的中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)。第一阶段(7月17~18日)主要为分散性降雨,水汽主要来自于南海、东南沿海、西北太平洋、长江中游地区的近距离水汽输送和河套地区。影响河南地区的中尺度系统为黄淮气旋,其于7月15日11时(协调世界时,下同)生成河南的东北部,18日23时在河南西南部消亡,垂直伸展最大高度为1000~350 hPa,维持时间约为89小时。第二阶段(7月19~20日),随着西太平洋副热带高压的北抬和台风“烟花”的西进北移发展,西北太平洋的水汽贡献也逐渐增多。由于黄淮气旋中心移动到河南西南部,其北部东南气流影响河南大部分地区。二级地形(伏牛山)东部的局地对流发展为MCS。由于地形的抬升作用,对流系统中强上升运动的维持有利于低层气旋性切变的增强,从而诱发了对流层中低层(750~600 hPa)MCV的生成。MCV的增强发展又进一步促进了MCS的维持以及偏南气流的增强。偏南气流输送大量水汽有利于午后分散性强对流单体的生成,分散对流单体与原有河南中北部MCS的合并后增强发展,从而造成了郑州极端小时降雨的出现。第三阶段(7月21~22日),暴雨过程的水汽主要来自于西北太平洋地区,其主要影响系统是MCS。低层气流受到二级地形(太行山)的阻挡,地形东部边界强的水汽通量辐合有利于MCS不断与新生对流单体合并发展,从而在河南、河北交界区域产生较强的降雨中心。

一次华北暴风雪过程中边界层中尺度扰动涡旋和水汽输送特征的分析

利用多部风廓线雷达和多普勒雷达、地面自动气象观测站、探空和卫星等多种监测资料,结合ERA5 0.25°×0.25°逐小时再分析资料,针对2020年2月14日华北暴风雪过程中边界层中尺度扰动涡旋(PMDV)开展分析,包括空间结构、形成维持机制及其对降雪的影响,同时关注多股气流在不同高度层的水汽输送和净流入等特征。结果表明:PMDV是在500 hPa冷涡前部、 850 hPa暖性倒槽内和近地层东北风“冷垫”之上的悬空涡旋,其厚度约为1.2 km,水平尺度为100~300 km,生命史达17 h。它最先在边界层内出现,而后向上伸展(顶部达2 km),最终在边界层内消失。PMDV的成因:一是强劲持久的偏东气流西进,遇太行山脉阻挡,发生逆时针转向;二是在涡旋初生地存在持久的锋生作用,且4 h后在850 hPa上出现完整的气旋性环流。PMDV的发展维持原因是暖平流输送造成减压、凝结潜热释放和弱锋生三者的共同作用。PMDV促进了研究区内的东南风急流、正涡度、垂直上升速度和水汽通量散度等物理量的增大或加强,从而影响了降雪的持续时间和强度。研究区内的水汽绝大部分源于850 hPa以下的三股气流,西南支气流携带的水汽虽最为深厚,但在700 hPa以上的净流入极少;东南支气流对水汽的贡献最大,占净流入总量的86.4%;东北支气流携带的水汽多集中于850 hPa层。

高空急流与副急流演变及其与河南2021年“21·7”特大暴雨的关系

利用中国气象局所提供的逐小时的站点降水资料与欧洲中期天气预报中心所提供的逐小时、0.25°(纬度)×0.25°(经度)的ERA5再分析数据,重点研究了产生郑州极端小时降水的关键天气系统,并对高空急流与副急流进行了动能收支诊断,研究发现:2021年“21·7”河南特大暴雨呈现出显著的阶段性特征,在郑州极端小时降水出现的时段内,强降水主要出现在河南北部的山区及山区的迎风坡周边,受地形响显著。位于河南上空,对流层高层的高压脊、对流层中层的低压倒槽以及对流层低层的水平切变线与中尺度对流涡旋是引发郑州极端小时降水的关键天气系统。处于南亚高压东北部的高空急流与副急流通过引发强冷平流使得位于陕西上空的对流层高层短波槽快速发展,该槽的斜压发展使得其槽前的暖平流显著增强,从而导致河南上空对流层高层的高压脊迅速发展并维持强高空辐散条件,这为郑州极端小时降水的出现提供了极为有利的背景环流条件。南亚高压东北部的高空急流与副急流呈现出显著的水平分布不均特征,其中,风速增强趋势与冷平流强度均在上层急流分岔点(1区)达到极大值,这为陕西上空对流层高层短波槽的快速增强提供了最有利的条件。动能收支表明,南亚高压东北部偏西风的水平动能输送是本区域内高空急流与副急流发展/维持的最有利因子,其动能主要来源于南亚高压北部边缘的高空急流区;在此阶段内,气压梯度力主要做负功,是最不利于高空急流与副急流发展/维持的因子。

桂林“5·22”大暴雨的MCS特征及对短时强降雨的影响

利用常规观测资料、风云气象卫星四号A星(FY4A)资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心全球第五代大气再分析数据集(EAR5)以及桂林和柳州多普勒雷达资料,分析2023年5月22日桂林极端大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统(MCS)特征及其对短时强降雨的影响。结果表明,此次过程降水时段集中、局地性强、极端性大,强降水时段与对流云团的强烈组织发展阶段基本一致。在“北槽南涡”的环流背景下,高原低涡东移及其切变线诱发MCS生成,地面冷空气和辐合线使其强烈发展。降水回波强度强,质心低,降水效率高,强回波柱在桂林市区维持。MCS具有低层正涡度、负散度,高层负涡度、正散度的垂直结构,上升速度大,利于发展维持。MCS发展前期对流有效位能(CAPE)值迅速增大,桂林处于有利的抬升环境中,大气可降水量峰值出现时间与强降水发生时间对应。