Lipid droplets in the nervous system:involvement in cell metabolic homeostasis

Lipid droplets serve as primary storage organelles for neutral lipids in neurons,glial cells,and other cells in the nervous system.Lipid droplet formation begins with the synthesis of neutral lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum.Previously,lipid droplets were recognized for their role in maintaining lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis;however,recent research has shown that lipid droplets are highly adaptive organelles with diverse functions in the nervous system.In addition to their role in regulating cell metabolism,lipid droplets play a protective role in various cellular stress responses.Furthermore,lipid droplets exhibit specific functions in neurons and glial cells.Dysregulation of lipid droplet formation leads to cellular dysfunction,metabolic abnormalities,and nervous system diseases.This review aims to provide an overview of the role of lipid droplets in the nervous system,covering topics such as biogenesis,cellular specificity,and functions.Additionally,it will explore the association between lipid droplets and neurodegenerative disorders.Understanding the involvement of lipid droplets in cell metabolic homeostasis related to the nervous system is crucial to determine the underlying causes and in exploring potential therapeutic approaches for these diseases.

Rethinking neurodegenerative diseases:neurometabolic concept linking lipid oxidation to diseases in the central nervous system

Currently,there is a lack of effective medicines capable of halting or reve rsing the progression of neurodegenerative disorde rs,including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Parkinson s disease,multiple sclerosis,or Alzheimer s disease.Given the unmet medical need,it is necessary to reevaluate the existing para digms of how to to rget these diseases.When considering neurodegenerative diseases from a systemic neurometabolic perspective,it becomes possible to explain the shared pathological features.This innovative approach presented in this paper draws upon exte nsive research conducted by the authors and researchers worldwide.In this review,we highlight the importance of metabolic mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.We provide an overview of the risk factors associated with developing neurodegenerative disorders,including genetic,epigenetic,and environmental fa ctors.Additionally,we examine pathological mechanisms implicated in these diseases such as oxidative stress,accumulation of misfolded proteins,inflammation,demyelination,death of neurons,insulin resistance,dysbiosis,and neurotransmitter disturbances.Finally,we outline a proposal for the restoration of mitochondrial metabolism,a crucial aspect that may hold the key to facilitating curative therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders in forthcoming advancements.

Metabolic reprogramming of the inflammatory response in the nervous system:the crossover between inflammation and metabolism

Metabolism is a fundamental process by which biochemicals are broken down to produce energy(catabolism) or used to build macromolecules(anabolism). Metabolism has received renewed attention as a mechanism that generates molecules that modulate multiple cellular responses. This was first identified in cancer cells as the Warburg effect, but it is also present in immunocompetent cells. Studies have revealed a bidirectional influence of cellular metabolism and immune cell function, highlighting the significance of metabolic reprogramming in immune cell activation and effector functions. Metabolic processes such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation have been shown to undergo dynamic changes during immune cell response, facilitating the energetic and biosynthetic demands. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the metabolic reprogramming that occurs in different immune cells upon activation, with a special focus on central nervous system disorders. Understanding the metabolic changes of the immune response not only provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms that regulate immune cell function but also opens new approaches for therapeutic strategies aimed at manipulating the immune system.

Identification and validation of novel prognostic fatty acid metabolic gene signatures in colon adenocarcinoma through systematic approaches

Colorectal cancer(CRC)belongs to the class of significantly malignant tumors found in humans.Recently,dysregulated fatty acid metabolism(FAM)has been a topic of attention due to its modulation in cancer,specifically CRC.However,the regulatory FAM pathways in CRC require comprehensive elucidation.Methods:The clinical and gene expression data of 175 fatty acid metabolic genes(FAMGs)linked with colon adenocarcinoma(COAD)and normal cornerstone genes were gathered through The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)-COAD corroborating with the Molecular Signature Database v7.2(MSigDB).Initially,crucial prognostic genes were selected by uni-and multi-variate Cox proportional regression analyses;then,depending upon these identified signature genes and clinical variables,a nomogram was generated.Lastly,to assess tumor immune characteristics,concomitant evaluation of tumor immune evasion/risk scoring were elucidated.Results:A 8-gene signature,including ACBD4,ACOX1,CD36,CPT2,ELOVL3,ELOVL6,ENO3,and SUCLG2,was generated,and depending upon this,CRC patients were categorized within high-risk(H-R)and low-risk(L-R)cohorts.Furthermore,risk and age-based nomograms indicated moderate discrimination and good calibration.The data confirmed that the 8-gene model efficiently predicted CRC patients’prognosis.Moreover,according to the conjoint analysis of tumor immune evasion and the risk scorings,the H-R cohort had an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,which caused a substandard prognosis.Conclusion:This investigation established a FAMGs-based prognostic model with substantially high predictive value,providing the possibility for improved individualized treatment for CRC individuals.

Statins decrease the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is a leading cause of chronic liver disease with a significant risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recent clinical evidence indicates the potential benefits of statins in cancer chemoprevention and therapeutics.However,it is still unclear if these drugs can lower the specific risk of HCC among patients with MASLD.AIM To investigate the impact of statin use on the risk of HCC development in patients with MASLD.METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of all the studies was performed that measured the effect of statin use on HCC occurrence in patients with MASLD.The difference in HCC risk between statin users and non-users was calculated among MASLD patients.We also evaluated the risk difference between lipophilic versus hydrophilic statins and the effect of cumulative dose on HCC risk reduction.RESULTS A total of four studies consisting of 291684 patients were included.MASLD patients on statin therapy had a 60%lower pooled risk of developing HCC compared to the non-statin group[relative risk(RR)=0.40,95%CI:0.31-0.53,I2=16.5%].Patients taking lipophilic statins had a reduced risk of HCC(RR=0.42,95%CI:0.28-0.64),whereas those on hydrophilic statins had not shown the risk reduction(RR=0.57,95%CI:0.27-1.20).The higher(>600)cumulative defined daily doses(cDDD)had a 70%reduced risk of HCC(RR=0.30,95%CI:0.21-0.43).There was a 29%(RR=0.71,95%CI:0.55-0.91)and 43%(RR=0.57,95%CI:0.40-0.82)decreased risk in patients receiving 300-599 cDDD and 30-299 cDDD,respectively.CONCLUSION Statin use lowers the risk of HCC in patients with MASLD.The higher cDDD and lipophilicity of statins correlate with the HCC risk reduction.

Metabolic reprogramming: a new option for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injuries impose a notably economic burden on society,mainly because of the severe after-effects they cause.Despite the ongoing development of various therapies for spinal cord injuries,their effectiveness remains unsatisfactory.However,a deeper understanding of metabolism has opened up a new therapeutic opportunity in the form of metabolic reprogramming.In this review,we explore the metabolic changes that occur during spinal cord injuries,their consequences,and the therapeutic tools available for metabolic reprogramming.Normal spinal cord metabolism is characterized by independent cellular metabolism and intercellular metabolic coupling.However,spinal cord injury results in metabolic disorders that include disturbances in glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and mitochondrial dysfunction.These metabolic disturbances lead to corresponding pathological changes,including the failure of axonal regeneration,the accumulation of scarring,and the activation of microglia.To rescue spinal cord injury at the metabolic level,potential metabolic reprogramming approaches have emerged,including replenishing metabolic substrates,reconstituting metabolic couplings,and targeting mitochondrial therapies to alter cell fate.The available evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming holds great promise as a next-generation approach for the treatment of spinal cord injury.To further advance the metabolic treatment of the spinal cord injury,future efforts should focus on a deeper understanding of neurometabolism,the development of more advanced metabolomics technologies,and the design of highly effective metabolic interventions.

Fanlian Huazhuo formula:A promising therapeutic approach for metabolic associated steatotic liver disease

This article reviews the study,“Fanlian huazhuo formula alleviates high-fat-dietinduced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating autophagy and lipid synthesis signaling pathway”published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology.The study explores the therapeutic potential of Fanlian Huazhuo formula(FLHZF)in treating metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD),demonstrating that FLHZF reduces lipid accumulation,oxidative stress,and liver injury in MASLD models by modulating key signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism and autophagy.This editorial emphasizes the potential of FLHZF as a treatment for MASLD and calls for further research to verify its clinical efficacy.

Perfluoropentane-based oxygen-loaded nanodroplets reduce microglial activation through metabolic reprogramming

Microglia,the primary immune cells within the brain,have gained recognition as a promising therapeutic target for managing neurodegenerative diseases within the central nervous system,including Parkinson’s disease.Nanoscale perfluorocarbon droplets have been reported to not only possess a high oxygen-carrying capacity,but also exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory properties.However,the role of perfluoropentane in microglia-mediated central inflammatory reactions remains poorly understood.In this study,we developed perfluoropentane-based oxygen-loaded nanodroplets(PFP-OLNDs)and found that pretreatment with these droplets suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of M1-type microglia in vitro and in vivo,and suppressed microglial activation in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease.Microglial suppression led to a reduction in the inflammatory response,oxidative stress,and cell migration capacity in vitro.Consequently,the neurotoxic effects were mitigated,which alleviated neuronal degeneration.Additionally,ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry showed that the anti-inflammatory effects of PFP-OLNDs mainly resulted from the modulation of microglial metabolic reprogramming.We further showed that PFP-OLNDs regulated microglial metabolic reprogramming through the AKT-mTOR-HIF-1αpathway.Collectively,our findings suggest that the novel PFP-OLNDs constructed in this study alleviate microglia-mediated central inflammatory reactions through metabolic reprogramming.

Clinical study on the effect of jejunoileal side-to-side anastomosis on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND At present,the existing internal medicine drug treatment can alleviate the high glucose toxicity of patients to a certain extent,to explore the efficacy of laparoscopic jejunoileal side to side anastomosis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes,the report is as follows.AIM To investigate the effect of jejunoileal side-to-side anastomosis on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 78 patients with T2DM who were treated via jejunoileal lateral anastomosis.Metabolic indicators were collected preoperatively,as well as at 3 and 6 months postoperative.The metabolic indicators analyzed included body mass index(BMI),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-hour blood glucose(PBG),glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),fasting C-peptide,2-hour C-peptide(PCP),fasting insulin(Fins),2-hour insulin(Pins),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),βCellular function index(HOMA-β),alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,serum total cholesterol(TC),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(L DL-C),triglycerides(TG),high-density lipoprotein,and uric acid(UA)levels.RESULTS SBP,DBP,PBG,HbA1c,LDL-C,and TG were all significantly lower 3 months postoperative vs preoperative values;body weight,BMI,SBP,DBP,FBG,PBG,HbA1c,TC,TG,UA,and HOMA-IR values were all significantly lower 6 months postoperative vs at 3 months;and PCP,Fins,Pins,and HOMA-βwere all significantly higher 6 months postoperative vs at 3 months(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION Side-to-side anastomosis of the jejunum and ileum can effectively treat T2DM and improve the metabolic index levels associated with it.

Microglia lactylation in relation to central nervous system diseases

The development of neurodegenerative diseases is closely related to the disruption of central nervous system homeostasis.Microglia,as innate immune cells,play important roles in the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis,injury response,and neurodegenerative diseases.Lactate has been considered a metabolic waste product,but recent studies are revealing ever more of the physiological functions of lactate.Lactylation is an important pathway in lactate function and is involved in glycolysis-related functions,macrophage polarization,neuromodulation,and angiogenesis and has also been implicated in the development of various diseases.This review provides an overview of the lactate metabolic and homeostatic regulatory processes involved in microglia lactylation,histone versus non-histone lactylation,and therapeutic approaches targeting lactate.Finally,we summarize the current research on microglia lactylation in central nervous system diseases.A deeper understanding of the metabolic regulatory mechanisms of microglia lactylation will provide more options for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.

Decoding the nexus:branched-chain amino acids and their connection with sleep,circadian rhythms,and cardiometabolic health

The sleep-wake cycle stands as an integrative process essential for sustaining optimal brain function and,either directly or indirectly,overall body health,encompassing metabolic and cardiovascular well-being.Given the heightened metabolic activity of the brain,there exists a considerable demand for nutrients in comparison to other organs.Among these,the branched-chain amino acids,comprising leucine,isoleucine,and valine,display distinctive significance,from their contribution to protein structure to their involvement in overall metabolism,especially in cerebral processes.Among the first amino acids that are released into circulation post-food intake,branched-chain amino acids assume a pivotal role in the regulation of protein synthesis,modulating insulin secretion and the amino acid sensing pathway of target of rapamycin.Branched-chain amino acids are key players in influencing the brain's uptake of monoamine precursors,competing for a shared transporter.Beyond their involvement in protein synthesis,these amino acids contribute to the metabolic cycles ofγ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate,as well as energy metabolism.Notably,they impact GABAergic neurons and the excitation/inhibition balance.The rhythmicity of branchedchain amino acids in plasma concentrations,observed over a 24-hour cycle and conserved in rodent models,is under circadian clock control.The mechanisms underlying those rhythms and the physiological consequences of their disruption are not fully understood.Disturbed sleep,obesity,diabetes,and cardiovascular diseases can elevate branched-chain amino acid concentrations or modify their oscillatory dynamics.The mechanisms driving these effects are currently the focal point of ongoing research efforts,since normalizing branched-chain amino acid levels has the ability to alleviate the severity of these pathologies.In this context,the Drosophila model,though underutilized,holds promise in shedding new light on these mechanisms.Initial findings indicate its potential to introduce novel concepts,particularly in elucidating the intricate connections between the circadian clock,sleep/wake,and metabolism.Consequently,the use and transport of branched-chain amino acids emerge as critical components and orchestrators in the web of interactions across multiple organs throughout the sleep/wake cycle.They could represent one of the so far elusive mechanisms connecting sleep patterns to metabolic and cardiovascular health,paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions.

Evolution mechanism of demand for comprehensive transportation system based on metabolic ecology

The metabolic evolution model of transportation demand for comprehensive transportation systems is put forward on the basis of a metabolic theory of ecology. In the model, the growth rates or changing rates of transportation volumes for the various transportation modes of a city are determined not only by the GDP per capita which reflects the size of the city itself, but also by the relationship of competition and cooperation among transportation modes. The results of empirical analysis for Chinese cities show that the allometric growth exponent in the equation for the variation rate of passenger demand volume on rail is greater than the predicted value of 1/4 in metabolic ecology, whereas the allometric growth relationship is not so evident in the equation for the variation rate of passenger demand volume on road. The changing rate of road transportation is thus mainly affected by the relationship of competition and cooperation among transportation modes for Chinese cities.

Utility of the Asia-Pacific colorectal screening scoring system and the presence of metabolic syndrome components in screening for sporadic colorectal cancer

AIM: To determine the utility of the Asia-Pacific colorectal screening (APCS) scoring system and metabolic syndrome components in individual screening for sporadic colorectal cancer.

Deciphering the metabolic fates of herbal constituents and the interactions of herbs with human metabolic system

Herbal medicines play a crucial role in the healthcare system in China and other East Asian countries,and also have been used as alternative medicines in most Western countries[1-3].However,in most cases,the metabolic fates of herbal constituents and their effects on drug metabolism or endogenous metabolism in the human body have not been well-investigated[4-5].Notably,the concomitant use of herbal medicines may lead to clinically relevant herb-drug interactions or adverse reactions or even metabolic disorders,when some herbs are co-administrated with those drugs with narrow therapeutic indices(e.g.warfarin,digoxin,thyroid hormones and some anticancer agents)[6-8].

Validation of conventional non-invasive fibrosis scoring systems in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND Non-invasive fibrosis scores are not yet validated in the newly defined metabolic associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD).AIM To evaluate the diagnostic performance of four non-invasive scores including aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index(APRI),fibrosis-4 index(FIB-4),body mass index,aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio,diabetes score(BARD),and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score(NFS)in patients with MAFLD.METHODS Consecutive patients with histologically confirmed MAFLD were included.The discrimination ability of different non-invasive scores was compared.RESULTS A total of 417 patients were included;156(37.4%)of them had advanced fibrosis(Metavir≥F3).The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for predicting advanced fibrosis was 0.736,0.724,0.671,and 0.609,respectively.The area under receiver operating characteristic curve of FIB-4 and NFS was similar(P=0.523),while the difference between FIB-4 and APRI(P=0.001)and FIB-4 and BARD(P<0.001)was statistically significant.The best thresholds of FIB-4,NFS,APRI,and BARD for diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in MAFLD were 1.05,-2.1,0.42,and 2.A subgroup analysis showed that FIB-4,APRI,and NFS performed worse in the pure MAFLD group than in the hepatitis B virus-MAFLD group.CONCLUSION APRI and BARD scores do not perform well in MAFLD.The FIB-4 and NFS could be more useful,but a new threshold is needed.Novel non-invasive scoring systems for fibrosis are required for MAFLD.

Association between metabolic syndrome and body constitution of traditional Chinese medicine:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:The constitution theory of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)states that body constitution and disease are associated;therefore,the identification of body constitution can provide reference for disease prevention and treatment.A series of clinical studies evaluating the association between TCM constitution and metabolic syndrome(MetS)have been conducted in recent years.The aim of this systematic review is to summarize and evaluate the clinical evidence of the relationship between constitution and MetS.Methods:The PubMed,Embase,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chongqing VIP,and Wanfang Data electronic databases were searched from April 2009 to July 2020.The search terms included“metabolic syndrome,”“constitution,”and“Chinese medicine.”Observational studies evaluating the relationship between body constitution of TCM and MetS were included.The primary outcome included the distribution of constitutional types in the MetS population,and odds ratio(OR)or relative risk(RR)between constitution and MetS.Effect size was expressed as proportion or OR with 95%confidence interval(CI).Methodological quality of included studies was evaluated by the NewcastleeOttawa Scale(NOS)or the American Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality(AHRQ)criteria.Results:Three caseecontrol and 26 cross-sectional studies involving 30435 cases were included.Phlegm-dampness,qi-deficiency,and damp-heat were the main constitution types in patients with MetS,accounting for 29%(22%e39%),18%(13%e24%),and 12%(9%e17%)of the population,respectively;the risk of MetS in people with phlegm-dampness and qi-deficiency constitution was 1.74[1.27,2.38]and 1.29[1.01,1.65]times higher than that in those with other constitutions.There were sex-and age-related differences in the distribution of TCM constitution in patients with MetS.Conclusion:Phlegm-dampness and qi-deficiency were associated with the occurrence of MetS.Welldesigned cohort and caseecontrol studies are needed to provide evidence for the use of TCM to prevent and treat MetS.

Essential phospholipids for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Essential phospholipids(EPL)are used for the supportive treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),but data are mostly from small-scale studies.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of EPL treatment in adult patients with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes and/or obesity.METHODS The MEDLINE,PubMed,Embase,and Cochrane databases were searched up to March 2019 for clinical trials and comparative observational studies.Eligible studies were those published in English or Chinese that enrolled adult patients(≥18 years)with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity receiving EPL as monotherapy or as add-on therapy to existing therapy,and that included at least one of the efficacy outcomes of interest.A variety of studies were identified;thus,direct,indirect and cohort meta-analyses were performed.Mean difference(MD)and 95%confidence interval(CI)were calculated for continuous variables,and relative risk with 95%CI for disease response and recovery.A random-effects model was used to address between-study heterogeneity.RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria(n=22-324).EPL treatment duration ranged from 4 to 72 wk.In the direct meta-analysis(four randomized controlled trials),compared with antidiabetic therapy alone,EPL plus antidiabetic therapy was associated with a significantly greater reduction in[alanine aminotransferase(ALT);MD:11.28 U/L(95%CI:-17.33,-5.23),P=0.0003],triglyceride[MD:-49.33 mg/dL(95%CI:-66.43,-32.23),P<0.0001]and total cholesterol levels[MD:-29.74 mg/dL(95%CI:-38.02,-21.45),P<0.0001].There was also a significant increase in the rate of overall improvement[relative risk 1.50(95%CI:1.26-1.79),P<0.0001],and risk of no disease(P=0.0091),and a reduction in moderate disease(P=0.0187);there were no significant differences in severe disease,mild disease,or significant improvement.In the cohort meta-analysis of three non-randomized clinical trials,the MD in ALT levels was-16.71 U/L(95%CI:-24.94,-8.49)and 23%of patients had improved disease.In the cohort meta-analysis of five randomized trials,MD in ALT levels was–28.53 U/L(95%CI:-35.42,-21.65),and 87%(95%CI:81%,93%)and 58%(95%CI:46%,70%)of patients showed clinical improvement and significant clinical improvement.CONCLUSION This analysis provides evidence for a benefit of EPL in patients with NAFLD and diabetes and/or obesity.Further large-scale trials are warranted.

Effects of long-term straw incorporation on nematode community composition and metabolic footprint in a rice–wheat cropping system

Soil nematode communities can provide valuable information about the structure and functions of soil food webs,and are sensitive to agricultural practices,including short-term straw incorporation.However,currently,such effects under longterm straw incorporation conditions at different fertility levels are largely unknown.Thus,we conducted a 13-year ongoing experiment to evaluate the effects of long-term straw incorporation on the structure and functions of the soil food web in low and high fertility soils through analyzing its effects on nematode communities,food web indices and metabolic footprints.Four treatments were included:straw removal(–S)under non-fertilized(–NPK)or fertilized(+NPK)conditions;and straw incorporation(+S)under–NPK or+NPK conditions.Soil samples from a 0–20 cm depth layer were collected when wheat and rice were harvested.Compared with straw removal,straw incorporation increased the abundances of total nematodes,bacterivores,plant-parasites and omnivores-predators,as well the relative abundances of omnivores-predators with increases of 73.06,89.29,95.31,238.98,and 114.61%in–NPK soils and 16.23,2.23,19.01,141.38,and 90.23%in+NPK soils,respectively.Regardless of sampling times and fertilization effects,straw incorporation increased the diversity and community stability of nematodes,as indicated by the Shannon-Weaver diversity index and maturity index.Enrichment and structure index did not show significant responses to straw incorporation,but a slight increase was observed in the structure index.The analysis of nematode metabolic footprints showed that straw incorporation increased the plant-parasite footprint and structure footprint by 97.27 and 305.39%in–NPK soils and by 11.29 and 149.56%in+NPK soils,but did not significantly influence enrichment,bacterivore and fungivore footprints.In conclusion,long-term straw incorporation,particularly under a low fertility level,favored the soil nematodes and regulated the soil food web mainly via a top-down effect.

Serum Ferritin and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome:A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cross-sectional Studies

Objective This study aims to assess the dose-response relationship between serum ferritin(SF)and metabolic syndrome(MetS)in the two sexes.Methods We searched for articles on PubMed,the Cochrane Library,EMBASE,and the Web of Science databases that were published from 1950 to 2020.The summary odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)of the association between SF and MetS were estimated using a random-effects model through a meta-analysis.Based on the methods described by Greenland and Longnecker,we explored the dose-response relationship between the two sexes.Results This study included 14 studies and 74,710 samples.The results of the classical meta-analysis showed that SF was positively associated with MetS(OR=1.77,95%CI:1.59–1.98).Regarding the components of MetS(8 studies included),the results showed that SF was positively associated with abdominal obesity(OR=1.42,95%CI:1.24–1.62),elevated fasting plasma glucose(OR=1.84,95%CI:1.50–2.25),elevated blood pressure(OR=1.17,95%CI:1.08–1.26),elevated triglycerides(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.72–2.54),and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(OR=1.33,95%CI:1.19–1.49).In the linear dose-response meta-analysis,the ORs of males,females,and postmenopausal females were 1.14(95%CI:1.13–1.16),1.32(95%CI:1.26–1.39),and 1.34(95%CI:1.22–1.47),respectively.Conclusions Our study shows that SF is significantly and positively associated with MetS,and the risk in the male population is higher than that in the female population.This finding also supports the recommendation of using SF as an early warning marker of MetS.

Neuroinflammation and glial activation in the central nervous system: a metabolic perspective

Decades of research in glial biology have investigated mechanisms of neuro-glial interplay,demonstrating that neurons and glia intimately cooperate for energy metabolism in the central nervous system(CNS)(Magistretti and Allaman,2018).