Metal Sealing Performance of Subsea X-tree Wellhead Connector Sealer

The metal sealing performance of subsea X-tree wellhead connectors is crucial for the safety and reliability of subsea X-trees. In order to establish the theoretical relation between metal sealing ring＇s contact stress and its structural parameters and working pressure, a mechanical analysis method for double-cone sealing of high pressure vessels is applied in analyzing the metal sealing ring under the condition of preload and operation. As a result, the formula of the unit sealing load for the metal sealing ring under operation with residual preload is shown in this paper, which ensures that the metal sealing ring has an excellent sealing effect and can prevent the metal sealing ring from yielding. Besides, while analyzing the sealing process of the metal sealing ring, the change rule of contact stress and working pressure is concluded here, putting forward that the structural parameters of the metal sealing ring are the major factors affecting the change rule. Finally, the analytical solution through theoretical analysis is compared with the simulation result through finite element analysis in a force feedback experiment, and both are consistent with each other, which fully verifies for the design and calculation theory on metal sealing ring＇s contact stress and its structural parameters and working pressure deduced in this paper. The proposed research will be treated as an applicable theory guiding the design of metal seal for subsea X-tree wellhead connectors.

Application of a Modified Arrhenius Equation to Describe the Time-Temperature Equivalence in Relaxation Analysis of Metal Seals

For the application of the time-temperature superposition principle a suitable relation is needed to describe the time-temperature shift factor a. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation is widely used due to its simple form and often leads to suitable results. Where, the Arrhenius equation presents a linear relation for the temperature-dependent shift factor in logarithmic scale ln（α） with the absolute inverse temperature （1/θ）. However, in cases with a large temperature range which eventually include more complex reaction processes, the functional relation between ln（α） and （1/θ） is nonlinear in the ＇Arrhenius plot＇. In those cases, the monotone change of the nonlinear range in the ＇Arrhenius plot＇ can be interpreted as a transient range between two approximately linear or constant regions. An extended application of the modified Arrhenius equation from Nakamura （1989） is presented in this study for this transient range. The introduced method was applied to describe the time-temperature equivalence in the relaxation analysis of restoring seal force of metal seals, which are used in lid-systems of transport and interim storage casks for radioactive materials. But, the method is widely valid and can be used for different objectives which are characterized by thermorheologically simple behavior with nonlinear sensitivity to inverse temperature.

Stress and thickness calculation of a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings

The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal gasket.However,the rules for a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings are not developed to date.In the study,a new thickness calculation equation for the bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings is proposed.First,the theoretical stress solution for bolted flat cover with the double metal sealing rings is obtained,based on the theory of simply supported circular plate and then verified using the results from finite element analyses.The results indicate that the influence of double metal sealing ring on the stress of the flat cover is more serious compared to single metal gasket.Second,a more accurate and reasonable equation is proposed to calculate the thickness of bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings based on the derived theoretical equations of maximum stress.Finally,the influence of linear load and the spacing between rings on the thickness are discussed.Subsequently,a few suggestions are provided to design low-pressure or atmosphere pressure vessels.The study provides a theoretical foundation to develop design codes of pressure vessels in nuclear reactors.

Rare Earth Application in Sealing Anodized Al-Based Metal Matrix Composites

A new method for corrosion protection of Al-based metal matrix composites (MMC) was developed using two-step process, which involves anodizing in H2SO4 solution and sealing in rare earth solution. Corrosion resistance of the treated surface was evaluated with polarization curves. The results showed that the effect of the protection using rare earth sealing is equivalent to that using chromate sealing for Al6061/SiCp. The rare earth metal salt can be an alternative to the toxic chromate for sealing anodized Al MMC.

Study on Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Sealing Materials for Ceramic Metal Halide Lamps

With Al2O3, Dy2O3, and SiO2 as starting materials, the basic glass of Al2O3-Dy2O3-SiO2 system was prepared by conventional melting technology, and their thermal expansion coefficients （TECs） at different anneal time were investigated. TECs of the basic glass, which were heat-treated under different temperature, were also investigated. The result showed that TECs of the basic glass gradually approached a fixed value as the anneal time was extended, which suggested that most of the inner stress had been eliminated. After heat treatment, the contents of Dy2O3, Dy2Si2O7, and a new crystal increased up to 1200 ℃ and decreased below 1250 ℃, which was consistent with the TEC change of crystallized samples. This suggests that the crystal has a direct effect on TECs of the crystallized samples.

具有圆度误差的径向金属密封接触应力研究

由于加工圆度误差的影响,井下流量控制阀径向金属密封接触应力分布不均匀,从而影响密封性能。利用有限元方法研究具有圆度误差的径向金属密封唇部接触应力分布,并分析圆度误差对径向金属密封接触应力的影响;基于有限元分析结果提出径向金属密封接触应力分布的理论解析式,并进行误差分析。具有圆度误差的径向金属密封唇部接触应力分布的理论解与数值解相符,各参数引起的最大接触应力的平均相对误差约为10%。根据具有圆度误差的径向金属密封副接触应力的分布规律,提出合理的过盈量函数,修正了径向金属密封轴对称结构的悬臂梁模型的接触应力理论关系式,得出了圆度误差下的径向金属密封接触应力分布规律。研究结果为井下流量控制阀径向金属密封的设计提供了理论指导。

流量控制阀K形金属密封圈结构参数优化

流量控制阀K形金属密封圈结构参数较多,且不同结构参数对密封性能影响程度存在较大差异。以密封面接触压力、密封面有效接触长度及最大Mises应力为约束条件,采用正交试验设计研究影响K形金属密封圈密封性能结构参数之间的主次关系,确定了唇部长度、悬臂内张角与悬臂厚度3个因素作为响应曲面法的设计变量;通过正交试验和回归分析得到接触压力、最大等效应力及有效接触长度与设计参数关系的二次回归方程,并基于响应面法对密封结构进行优化分析。优化后K形金属密封圈的接触压力增加了8.09%,有效接触长度增加了14.73%,最大等效应力减少了13.44%,表明优化后K形金属密封圈密封面接触压力分布更加均匀,有效提高了金属密封圈的密封性能。

W形密封结构金属封隔器性能研究

针对橡胶封隔器难以适应150℃、70 MPa以上环境的缺点,设计一种适用于230℃、70 MPa工况,两端传递载荷,中间中空促进径向变形的W形密封结构的金属封隔器,并研究其密封性能。根据工况需求,以温度依赖性和超弹性激发应力选择β-NiTi合金作为W形密封结构材料,以W形结构坐封后产生的接触应力评价其密封性能,以工作承压后W形结构的弹性-超弹性应变率评价其解封性能,分析W形密封结构半径、壁厚及壁厚比对其密封性能的影响,并对设计优化后的W形结构进行密封性能仿真分析。结果表明:结构半径对W形密封结构的密封性能和解封性能影响较小,而壁厚与壁厚比均显著影响密封性能和解封性能;随着壁厚的增加,W形密封结构的密封性能逐渐下降但解封性能逐渐上升,随着壁厚比的增加,密封性能逐渐下降解封性能先上升后下降。对设计优化后的W形结构进行密封性能仿真分析,结果表明,基于β-NiTi合金材料的W形密封结构金属封隔器完全可以适用于高温高压环境,其在230℃、70 MPa的工况下坐封载荷为220 kN,弹性-超弹性应变率达90%以上。

铋酸盐封接玻璃的研究及其连接应用现状

无铅低温封接玻璃由于具有绿色安全、成本低、封接温度低等优势,被广泛应用于航空航天、电真空、集成电路等领域。在磷酸盐、钒酸盐、硼酸盐和铋酸盐等多种封接玻璃体系中,因铋与铅具有相似的性质特点,使得铋酸盐玻璃成为最有可能替代铅酸盐玻璃的绿色玻璃钎料。综述了铋酸盐玻璃的成分和性能调控、网络结构的研究现状,介绍了目前使用铋酸盐封接玻璃进行金属、陶瓷同质/异质材料连接的研究进展,最后对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。

芯轴式封隔器金属密封设计及密封性能分析

针对油页岩、页岩油、重质油和富油煤等非常规油气资源采用地下原位改质技术开采,井下存在高温、高压和腐蚀环境,常规封隔器及其密封不能满足工程要求的问题,设计了一种芯轴式金属对金属密封的井下封隔器,密封副采用耐高温和腐蚀的Inconel 625材料,其中密封座采用金属陶瓷涂层结构。进行了封隔器坐封密封原理试验。试验结果表明,封隔器能在油套大环空间隙形成密封,且密封能力随着坐封载荷的增加而增大。基于密封接触能原理,应用ANSYS软件模拟了井下封隔器的密封性能,并对其影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明:涂层厚度和涂层弹性模量对密封能力影响不显著;芯轴密封面椭圆率和过盈量对密封能力影响较大,起决定性作用。基于密封副高温、持久载荷作用下许用应力低和密封能力评价指标,给出了密封结构参数设计方案,密封座涂层材料为Cr_(3)C_(2)-NiCr,涂层弹性模量250 GPa,涂层厚度为0.3 mm,椭圆率为,过盈量为0.02 mm。研究结果可为高温、高压、腐蚀环境下封隔器的开发和应用提供理论指导。

金属封严环数字孪生几何模型框架的开发与应用

金属封严环广泛应用于航空发动机密封系统,其型面成形质量对飞行器高性能、高可靠服役具有重要影响。然而,薄壁、复杂的异形截面与封闭的环形结构等导致其在几何质量检测方面存在以下问题:其一,成形结果严重依赖于破坏性抽样终检,实际产品均未经过完整质量检测;其二,成形过程无几何质量检测手段,无法及时发现成形缺陷,轮廓几何数据的缺失,使工艺优化设计困难。因此,提出一种金属封严环数字孪生几何模型框架,该框架包括:物理空间、虚拟空间、交互空间与服务,可提供在机测量平台标定、截面轮廓测量、点云数据预处理、截面几何特征计算、三维数模快速构建、三维型面动态测量与偏差计算等连续成形质量在线检测技术,建立起反映金属封严环成形过程中变化的数字孪生几何模型,从而为金属封严环成形质量的检测、分析、预测以及后续工艺优化设计所需的基础数据获取等提供支撑。在此基础上,研制了在线检测模拟试验装置与数字孪生软件,介绍了金属封严环数字孪生几何模型的应用情况。

水下井口连接器研发现状及密封关键技术研究进展

水下井口连接器是连接水下采油树与井口头的关键设备,为了加快国内水下井口连接器的研发进程,对国内外水下井口连接器发展现状进行了广泛调研,国外水下井口连接器产品系列完善,5家供应商占据了市场垄断地位;国内对水下井口连接器的研究起步较晚,但目前也初步实现了浅水及深水井口连接器的工程化应用。针对水下井口连接器最为关键的金属对金属密封问题,从密封数值模拟、理论及试验、热-力耦合、密封优化设计等方面研究进展进行了剖析,指出基于线弹性二维或三维有限元方法分析水下井口连接器的非线性问题存在一定偏差;理论方法难以准确推导出水下井口连接器在复合载荷下的密封载荷传递关系,相关试验也难以精确模拟水下井口连接器的真实工况和载荷条件;热-力耦合分析未充分考虑传热边界和初始温度条件,简单按照经验法选取对流换热系数和导热系数,导致连接器密封热-力耦合的温度求解不准确,也缺少相关试验验证压力-温度共同作用下的金属密封能力;密封优化设计方面,目前主要针对接触应力单一目标进行优化,需以接触应力、结构强度、尺寸等多目标进行优化,多角度评估优化后的水下井口连接器结构力学性能。建议深入开展水下井口连接器设计、制造、检验标准的适用性研究,全方位评估水下井口连接器密封影响因素并完善水下井口连接器的密封试验内容,突破水下井口连接器密封关键技术,形成水下井口连接器的研发技术体系,实现海洋油气开发水下井口连接器从浅水到深水、超深水系列化标准化产品。

三偏心蝶阀硬密封结构的响应面优化

金属硬密封三偏心蝶阀在关闭状态下的密封比压决定着该阀的密封性能和工作寿命,优化金属硬密封部件的结构参数十分重要。以DN600三偏心蝶阀为研究对象,利用有限元分析法,分析密封面上密封比压分布规律。提出利用密封配合面周向间隙指标判断蝶阀的密封性能,利用Box-Behnken响应面优化方法对密封构件的结构进行优化,分析复合阀板座大、小径端切割厚度、复合阀板座直径及其交互作用对密封面最大密封比压的影响,得出最优设计方案。结果表明,在不影响蝶阀密封的前提下,优化复合阀板座参数后,密封面最大密封比压从202.96 MPa下降到128.44 MPa。对优化后蝶阀进行封闭打压密封实验,验证了其密封性能的可靠性。

Contact performance analysis of pressure controller's sealing interface in deep in-situ pressure-preserved coring system

The sealing performance of contact interfaces plays the most important role in the design and operation of the in-situ pressure-preserved coring system.To meet the demand of ultra-high pressure-retained coring for oil and gas exploration in deep reservoirs,a quantitative analysis of the contact mechanical behavior of the pressure controller was performed.Based on the micro-contact theory of rough surfaces,a three-dimensional numerical model of the rough contact interface between the valve cover and the valve seat was constructed,and the micro-contact behavior of the metal contact surfaces was comprehensively studied.The results show that the actual contact area of the valve interface increases with the increase of surface roughness before the critical contact point,but decreases after that.Compared with the real contact model with double rough surfaces,although the simplified hard-contact model with a single rough surface can reflect the micro-contact behavior of the rough surface to a certain extent,it cannot truly reveal the microchannel morphology between the sealing interfaces under pressure.Therefore,the realistic double-rough-surface model should be recommended to evaluate the sealing performance of coring tools,particularly for high pressure conditions.The material properties of valves have a significant effect on the contact characteristics of rough surfaces,which suggested that the actual contact area decreases with the increase of the elastic modulus of the contact material under the same loading conditions.The knowledge of this work could help to enhance the seal design of pressure controllers for in-situ pressure-preserved coring.

无框门系统设计思考和实践

本文以某硬派越野车为例,对无框车门系统设计的关键要素进行思考与总结。无框车门钣金系统只有水切下的部分,作为系统载体,文中总结了其应具备的结构特点和性能要求;无框车门密封系统结构复杂,文中介绍了关键密封断面和力学性能要求;玻璃升降系统采用了双导轨设计,文中对其重要设计参数要求进行了分析与总结。某硬派越野车装车实践后效果良好,本文的设计思考证实可靠。

井下应急封隔器结构设计及胶筒坐封效果评价

为应对海洋钻井过程出现的高压溢流和井涌风险,设计了一种井下应急封隔器装置,在内外胶筒间添加金属骨架提高其坐封强度。为评估井下应急封隔器的坐封效果,利用有限元方法建立井下应急封隔器模型,模拟了封隔器的坐封过程,并对比了金属骨架对胶筒接触应力、坐封效果的影响。结果表明:20 MPa坐封压力下,胶筒与套管接触应力达到12.1 MPa,封隔器能够封堵20 MPa井下溢流;添加金属骨架后,胶筒峰值应力、变形均显著降低,坐封能力大幅提升。所设计的井下应急封隔器装置可实现高压溢流、井涌的有效封堵,保障平台作业安全。

可伐合金预氧化工艺对金属-玻璃封接气密性的影响研究

可伐合金和硅硼玻璃是通过可伐合金表面的氧化物与玻璃互溶而紧密结合在一起的,因此可伐合金的预氧化工艺是金属-玻璃封接的关键工序,是直接影响金属-玻璃封接气密性的重要因素。基于空气预氧化方法分析预氧化温度、时间、曲线等工艺因素对可伐合金在空气中预氧化及封接外壳气密性的影响。结果表明,可伐合金在空气中的氧化层厚度随温度和时间单调增加,在500~550℃空气气氛中氧化15~20 min,可伐合金表面形成0.7~1.6μm厚的氧化层,金属-玻璃封接外壳可获得较高的气密可靠性。

防钛火隔热层抗开裂界面粗糙化设计制备研究

钛合金在航空发动机中应用广泛,但它们在遇到剧烈冲击、摩擦等极端情况时易发生钛火,继而引起整台发动机着火,造成严重后果。在钛合金表面涂覆阻燃涂层是目前解决钛火问题的主要方法之一。然而,阻燃涂层是由陶瓷隔热层与金属基可磨耗面层组成的多层复合结构,在服役过程中,陶瓷/金属异质界面常发生剥落失效。基于此,主要开展陶瓷隔热层表面粗糙化设计,提升涂层抗开裂能力。首先,为确定喷涂工艺对粉末熔化程度的影响规律,采用模拟与试验相结合的方法,研究了空心与实心两种YSZ粉末粒子在等离子束流内的加热加速过程,明确了调控粉末熔化状态的控制参数,试验沉积单个扁平粒子验证了模拟结果的合理性。其次,开展了陶瓷隔热层表面形貌调控研究。基于模拟结果,确定隔热层主体应采用高功率,以保证粉末充分熔化;表面粗化层采用较低功率以获得半熔化态氧化锆球壳,从而制备得到表面具有较大粗糙度、内部具有良好隔热防钛火功能的新型隔热层结构。涂层表面的粗糙化设计,有利于提高金属陶瓷的异质界面结合强度,支撑涂层的长寿命防护。

金属U-E密封结构重复使用性能数值分析

液体火箭发动机金属密封结构工作在严苛的力热耦合环境中,其循环应力-应变行为和棘轮应变累积效应会显著影响密封环的回弹能力和疲劳寿命。基于统一黏塑性理论对其循环使用过程进行数值研究,采用Chaboche非线性随动硬化和饱和型各向同性硬化模型共同描述密封环基体材料的循环力学行为,分析了密封环经历8次循环使用过程中主副密封唇宏观接触合力的演化规律和局部塑性应变累积部位的损伤进程。结果表明:副密封经历循环力热载荷作用后,由于叠加了显著的棘轮应变,残余塑性应变和累积塑性应变远高于主密封,导致其回弹能力衰减快于主密封且疲劳寿命短于主密封,在重复使用过程中不能发挥冗余设计作用。此外,提高的介质压力和预紧力不足均会导致塑性应变的加速累积,进而影响密封环的循环压缩回弹性能和疲劳寿命,应在装配过程中注意控制预紧力。

芯轴式套管悬挂器金属密封设计及性能分析

为了避免芯轴式套管悬挂器密封失效,根据芯轴式套管悬挂器的结构及密封工作原理,设计了一种新型的金属密封结构。建立了芯轴式悬挂器密封性能有限元模型,研究了不同顶丝压力和套管悬重对密封锥面变形及接触压力的影响。结果表明:随顶丝推力的增加,上、下密封锥面上平均接触压力都增加,有利于实现密封;随套管悬重的增加,上密封锥平均接触压力增加,下密封锥平均接触压力减小,除下内锥面外,均能满足密封要求。研究结果可为芯轴式悬挂器密封部位的结构设计提供参考。