Uniform nanoplating of metallic magnesium film on titanium dioxide nanotubes as a skeleton for reversible Na metal anode

To meet the low-cost concept advocated by the sodium metal anode,this paper reports the use of a pulsed electrodeposition technology with ionic liquids as electrolytes to achieve uniform nanoplating of metallic magnesium films at around 20 nm on spaced titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))nanotubes(STNA-Mg).First,the sodiophilic magnesium metal coating can effectively reduce the nucleation overpotential of sodium metal.Moreover,three-dimensional STNA can limit the volume expansion during sodium metal plating and stripping to achieve the ultrastable deposition and stripping of sodium metals with a high Coulombic efficiency of up to 99.5%and a small voltage polarization of 5 mV in symmetric Na||Na batteries.In addition,the comparative study of sodium metal deposition behavior of STNA-Mg and STNA-Cu prepared by the same route further confirmed the advantage of magnesium metal to guide sodium metal growth.Finally,the prepared STNA-Mg-Na metal anode and commercial sodium vanadium phosphate cathode were assembled into a full cell,delivering a discharge capacity of 110.2 mAh·g^(-1)with a retention rate of 95.6%after 110 cycles at 1C rate.

Fabrication, tribological and corrosion behaviors of detonation gun sprayed Fe-based metallic glass coating

A metallic glass coating with the composition of Fe51.33Cr14.9Mo25.67Y3.4C3.44B1.26 （mole fraction, %） on the Q235 stainless steel was developed by the detonation gun （D-gun） spraying process. The microstructure and the phase aggregate were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, respectively. Microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion behavior were assessed using a Vickers microhardness tester, a ball-on-disk wear testing machine and the electrochemical measurement method, respectively. Microstructural studies show that the coatings possess a densely layered structure with the porosity less than 2.1%. The tribological behavior of the coatings examined under dry conditions shows that their relative wear resistance is five times higher than that of the substrate material. Both adhesive wear and abrasive wear contribute to the friction, but the former is the dominant wear mechanism of the metallic glass coatings. The coatings exhibit low passive current density and extremely wide passive region in 3.5% NaCl solution, thus indicating excellent corrosion resistance.

Effects of TiB_2+TiC content on microstructure and wear resistance of Ni55-based composite coatings produced by plasma cladding

TiB2-TiC reinforced Ni55 matrix composite coatings were in-situ fabricated via plasma cladding on steels using Ti, B4C, and Ni55 as precursor materials at different proportions. Effects of TiB2+TiC content of ceramics phase on the microstructure and wear resistance were studied. The results showed that ceramic phases TiB2 and TiC were in-situ synthesized by plasma cladding, and the ceramic phase content significantly affected tribological performance and the wear mechanism of coatings under different loads. The composite ceramics protected coatings from further delamination wear by crack-resistance under a load of 30 N. Severe abrasive wear and adhesive wear were prevented when the load increased to 60 N because of the high hardness and strength of ceramic phases. Moreover, a compacted layer appeared on the wear surface of coatings with high content of ceramic phases, which effectively decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate. The TiB2-TiC composite ceramics significantly improved the wear performance of metal matrix composite coatings by different mechanisms under loads of 30 and 60 N.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CO_2 LASER CUTTING OF METALLIC COATED SHEET STEELS

An experimental investigation is outlined for the CO 2 laser cutting process of metallic coated sheet steels, GALVABOND. It shows that by proper control of the cutting parameters, good quality cuts are possible at high cutting rate. Visual examination indicates that when increasing the cutting rate to as high as 5000 mm/min (about 100 times that suggested previously), kerfs of better quality can be achieved. Some kerf characteristics such as the width, heat affected zone and dross in terms of the process parameters are also discussed. A statistical analysis has arrived at a recommendatio on the optimum cutting parameters forprocessing GALVABOND.

MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL STRESSES OF METAL MULTILAYER COMPOSITE COATINGS

The principle, formula and determination of internal stresses of metal multilayer composite coatings by means of the bending strip method were studied. Using this method, internal stresses of ion-plated metal multilayer composite coatings and thick monolayer coating of aluminium bronze, stainless steel and nickel-iron alloy were determined. The reason of decrement in internal stresses of multilayer composite coatings was discussed.

On the Regression-Tensor Analysis of the Hardening Process of Metal Coatings

This paper constructs and studies a nonlinear multivariate regression-tensor model for substantiation of necessary/sufficient conditions of optimization of technological calculation of multifactor physical and chemical process of hardening of complex composite media for metal coatings. An adaptive a posteriori procedure for parametric formation of the target quality functional of integrative physical and mechanical properties of the designed metal coating has been proposed. The results of the research may serve as elements of a mathematical language when creating automated design of precision nanotechnologies for surface hardening of complex composite metal coatings on the basis of complex tribological and anticorrosive tests.

Preparation and Characterization of Poly(melamine-urea-formaldehyde) Tetradecanol Microcapsules Coated with Silver Particles

A novel type of microencapsulated phase change materials(microPCMs)based on 1-tetradecanol(TD)core and silver-coated poly(melamine-urea-formaldehyde)(MUF)shell was successfully synthesized by in situ polymerization method followed by silver reduction.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM/EDS),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)were used to characterize the chemical structure,morphology and thermal properties of the as-prepared silver-coated microPCMs.FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of TD with MUF wall materials.The SEM and EDS results indicated that the prepared silver-coated MUF microPCMs exhibited uniform spherical shape with a perfect silver outer layer.From XRD analysis,the Ag metal dispersed on the surface of microcapsules presented the form of elementary substance.The deposition weight of silver particles on the microcapsule surface increased with increasing the amount of silver nitrate,as indicated by EDS tests.The DSC results indicated that the melting temperature and the melting latent heat of microPCMs modified with 0.7g of silver nitrate in 150mL aqueous solution were 39.2°C and 126.6J·g^-1,respectively.Supercooling of the microPCMs coated with silver particles was effectively suppressed,compared with that of microPCMs without Ag.Thus,the encapsulation of TD with silver-coated MUF shell developed by this work can be an effective method to prepare the microPCMs with enhanced thermal transfer performance and phase change properties.

Microstructures and properties of Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb coating prepared by laser cladding and remelting

High power laser cladding of [ （ Fe0. 5 Co0. 5 ） 0. 75 B0. 2 Si0.05 ] 95. 7 Nb4. 3 powder mixture afier-remelting was performed to fabricate Fe-based metallic glass coating on the surface of steel of China Classification Society： Grade B （CCS-B）. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） with energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS）, Vickers hardness tester and corrosion resistance tester were employed to characterize microstructures and evaluate properties of this coating. According to the results of SEM, XRD and TEM, the cladding coating consisted of nanocrystalline embedded in amorphous phase. EDS data indicated that Nb segregated in the amorphous matrix. The results of hardness test revealed that the hardness of the top layer was higher than that of the inner layer of the coating. The coating exhibited excellent corrosion resistance in a 3.5% NaCl solution.

Effect of Salt Spray Corrosion on Tribological Properties of HVOF Sprayed NiCr-Cr3C2 Coating with Intermediate Layer

The objective of the present work was to determine the influence of the neutral salt spray corrosion on the wear resistance of HVOF sprayed NiCr-Cr3C2 coating with intermediate layer. Ni-Zn-Al2O3 coatings as interlayers were prepared by low pressure cold spray（LPCS） between NiCr-Cr3C2 cermet coatings to form a sandwich structure to enhance the corrosion resistance properties. The tribological properties were examined using the UMT-3 fricition and wear tester by line-contact reciprocating sliding under dry and salt spray one week corrosion. The morphology, element distribution, and phase compositions of the coating and worn sufaces were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction respectively. The corrosion behavior of the coating was studied by the open-circuit potential, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, and salt spray corrosion methods. It is found that the sandwich structured coating has better corrosion resistance than the single layer coating. The results show that under dry wear conditions, the wear mechanism is abrasive and adhesive wear, whereas under salt spray corrosion conditions it becomes corrosion wear. The friction coefficient of the sandwich structured coating after salt spray corrosion is slightly lower than the dry friction coefficient, but the weight of the wear loss is lower than that under dry condition.

Effective modification of MgO with surface transition metal oxides for NF_3 decomposition

NF3 decomposition over transition metal oxides coated MgO reagents in the absence of water is investigated. The results show that NF3 can be decomposed completely over pure MgO but the time of NF3 steady full conversion kept as short as 80 min, while the reactivities of coated MgO reagents were remarkably enhanced by transition metal oxides, for example the time of NF3 complete conversion over 12%Fe/MgO extended to 380 min. It is suggested that not only an increase in surface area but also a significant enhancement in the fluorination of MgO substrate caused by the surface transition metal oxides result in an improved reactivity of coated MgO reagents for NF3 decomposition.

Fabrication and Thermal Conductivity Improvement of Novel Composite Adsorbents adding with Nanoparticles

Thermal conductivity is one of key parameters of adsorbents, which will affect the overall system performance of adsorption chiller. To improve adsorbent＇s thermal conductivity is always one of research focuses in chemisorption field. A new chemical composite adsorbent is fabricated by adding carbon coated metal（Aluminum and Nickel） nanoparticles with three different addition amounts into the mixture of chloride salts and natural expanded graphite aiming to improve the thermal conductivity. The preparation processes and its thermal conductivity of this novel composite adsorbent are reported and summarized. Experimental results indicate that the nanoparticles are homogenously dispersed in the composite adsorbent by applying the reported preparation processes. The thermal conductivity of the composite adsorbent can averagely enlarge by 20% when the weight ratio of the added nanoparticles is 10 wt%. Moreover, carbon coated aluminum nanoparticles exhibit more effective enlargement in thermal conductivity than nickel nanoparticles. As for the composite adsorbent of CaCl2-NEG, there is a big reinforcement from 30% to 50% for Al@C nanoparticles, however only 10% in maximum caused by Ni@C nanoparticles. The proposed research provides a methodology to design and prepare thermal conductive chemical composite adsorbent.

Reactive synthesis Ti （CN） -based metal ceramic coating by electric-spark deposition

Electric-spark deposition （ESD） was adopted for depositing a Ti（ CN） -based ceramic coating on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate using a laboratory-developed electric-spark deposition system, a nitrogen-sealed atmosphere and graphite electrode. The surface morphology, microstructure, interfacial behavior between the coatings and substrate, phase and element composition of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope （ SEM ） , X-ray diffraction （ XRD ） , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （ XPS ） and Auger electron spectroscopy （ AES ） . Microhardness profile was measured with a Vickers microhardness tester. The results show that metallurgical bond between the coating and substrate is realized and the phase of coatings are made up of Ti（ CN ） spherocrystal and dendritic crystal, TiV and C. Ti（ CN） ceramic particles, which is in-situ synthesized by the reaction among titanium from the substrate, carbon from the graphite electrode and nitrogen from the shielding nitrogen gas, is about 600 mn and distributes dispersively among the coatings. Microharduess profile falls off with the coatings thickness increasing and the highest microhardness values of the superficial coating could be up to 1 496HV, which is six times more than that of the substrate.

Influence of oxidant KMnO_4 on film-forming process of rare earth metal conversion coating on LY12 aluminum alloy

A Cu/Al galvanic couple was established to study the influence of the oxidantKMnO_4 on the film-forming process of rare earth metal (REM) conversion coating on LY12 aluminumalloy. It is found that the galvanic couple simulative experiment accords with the actual immersion,and it can be substantially used to simulate the behavior of LY12 aluminum alloy in thefilm-forming process. It is showed that the formation of the coating is quickened in CeCl_3 solutioncontaining KMnO_4 compared with that not containing KMnO_4. XPS results reveal that the coatingformed on cathode is composed of oxide or hydroxide of Ce and Mn, so the mechanism of formation ofREM conversion coating changes when KMnO4 is added.

Progress in corrosion-resistant coatings on surface of low alloy steel

Low alloy steels are widely used in bridges,construction,chemical and various equipment and metal components due to their low cost and excellent mechanical strength.Information in the literature related to the preparation,advantages and disadvantages,and applications along with research progress of various types of protective coatings suitable for low-alloy steel surfaces is reviewed,while a conclusive and comparative analysis is also afforded to the numerous factors influencing the protective ability of coatings.The characteristics of coatings drawn from the latest published literature are discussed and suggest that the modification of traditional metal coatings and the development of new organic coatings under the consideration of environmental protection,low cost,simplicity and large-scale industrial application are simultaneously proceeding,which holds promise for improving the understanding of corrosion protection in related fields and helps to address some of the limitations identified with more conventional coating techniques.

Ceramics Surface Modification by Excimer Laser Metal Coating

Thin metallic layers (~ 2 μm) of Ni were deposited on polycrystalline Al2O3. ZrO2 and (Ce-TZP)+Al2O3 ceramic substrates. and further irradiated with pulsed excimer (Xeno chloride) laser pulses. The laser energy density was varied from 0.21 to 0.81 J / cm2 to optimize bending strength. For ZrO2 ceramic, it was found that the strength increases from 530 to 753 MPa at 0.51 J / cm2 irradiation. For Al2O3 and (Ce-TZP)+ Al2O3 the fracture strength also increases in varying degree. The causes of strength increment were discussed.

Sensing characteristics of a metal film coated long-period fiber grating

To obtain the influence rules of the coating parameters of a long-period fiber grating(LPFG)with respect to temperature,strain and refractive index sensing properties,based on the mode coupling theory,a strict four-layer theorietical model of a metal film coated LPFG is established,and these parameters that affect the spectral characteristics of the metal film coated LPFG are studied.The simulation results show that there is an optimal metal film thickness on the surface of the LPFG that will induce the surface-plasmon resonance(SP R)effect,which results in higher sensitivity to the environmental temperature and refractive index but has little influence on the strain There is theoretical evidence that when the silver thickness is between0.8and1.2nm,the refractive index sensitivity will reach the peak point of42.4026,at which the refractive index sensor sensitivity is increased by4.S%.The theoretical results of coating a long-period fiber grating provide a good theoretical basis and guidance for LPFG design and parameters optimization

Effect of rare earth Eu on anti-passivation of metal oxide anode coating

The anti passivation effect of metal oxide anode coating doped with rare earth element Eu was discussed. The morphology and the composition distribution of the metal oxide coating anode before and after electrolysis were studied by SEM and EDX analyses. The results show that the erosion of the electrolyte at the defects is the main cause for the failure of the coating. The erosion rate of the electrolyte is anisotropic. In area with high density of defects, the erosion rate is very fast and the failure of the coating is very quick. Moreover, the life time of the coating is prolonged by the doping of Eu. [

Physical Alloying of Plasma Metallization Carbide Nanocomposite Coating by Allotropic Carbon Nanostructures

The fundamental scientific problem for micro- and nano-electronics has been solved—methods for creating and investigating properties of physically doped materials with spatially inhomogeneous structure at the micro- and nano-meter scale have been developed. For the application of functional nanocomposite film coatings based on carbides of various transition metals structured by nanocarbon, for the first time in the world, we developed a new technique for their plasma deposition on a substrate without the use of reaction gases (hydrocarbons such as propane, acetylene, etc.). We have created nanostructured film materials, including those with increased strength and wear resistance, heterogeneous at the nanoscale, physically doped with nanostructures—quantum traps for free electrons. We learned how to simultaneously spray (in a plasma of a stationary magnetron discharge) carbides and graphite from a special mosaic target (carbide + carbon) made mechanically. As a result of such stationary sputtering of carbides and carbon, plasma nanostructured coatings were obtained from nanocarbides, metal nanocrystals and nanocarbon. Our design of such a target made it possible to intensively cool it in the magnetron body and spray its parts (carbide + carbon) simultaneously with a high power density of a constant plasma discharge—in the range of values from 40 W/cm2 to 125 W/cm2. Such sputtering with a change in the power or the initial relative surface areas of various parts of the mosaic target (carbon and carbide) made it possible to change the average density of carbide, metal and carbon in a nanostructured (nanocarbon and metal nanostructures) coating. The changed relative density of various components of the nanocomposite (nanostructures of carbide, metal, and carbon in the form of graphite) significantly affected the physical properties of the nanocomposite coating. The creating method of multiphase nanostructured composite coatings (based on carbides of transition metals) with high hardness of 30 GPa, a low coefficient of friction to dry 0.13 - 0.16, with high heat resistance up to 3000°C and thermal stability in the nanocrystalline state over 1200°C is developed. It is established that the presence of nanographite in the composite significantly improves the impact strength and extends the range of possible applications, compared with pure carbides. The solution to this problem will allow creating new nanostructured materials, investigating their various physical parameters with high accuracy, designing, manufacturing and operating devices with new technical and functional capabilities, including for the nuclear industry and rocket science.

Corrosion Control of Coated Structural Components in Marine Environment

Tropical waters are with more salinity and harbor millions of micro organisms.Such environmental condition challenges the strength and reliability of marine structures.The behaviour of structural materials due to pitting and uniform corrosion is studied,and a method based on coating is suggested to improve the life cycle ensuring reliability in its functionality.The structural materials like high strength steel and AA6063 were selected for the study and metallic coating performed for evaluation of corrosion resistances.Samples are investigated in chloride concentration of 3.5%NaCl by weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization.The coating was done by electroplating and PVD(Physical Vapour Deposition)method for high strength steel,where as aluminum samples were coated by an electroplating method.The high strength steel samples were mono coated by Ni and Cr using the electroplating method,and composite coating was done with Al-N(Aluminium nitride)and Ti-Al-N(Titanium Aluminium Nitride)by PVD techniques.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used for evaluation of fracture toughness of coating around the pits formed.The investigation showed that the methods and thickness of coating influenced corrosion resistances of the substrate metals.Composite coated samples by PVD showed excellent corrosion resistance properties compared to electroplated samples after the investigations.Finite element analysis was performed by FRANC 2D/L(Fracture Analysis Code)showed a decrease in stress intensity values for composite coated samples of PVD compared to mono coated electroplated samples.Increase in the duty cycle of the structure was observed in the simulation has a result of a decrease in stress intensity values for PVD coated samples.

Suppression of flux avalanches in YBCO superconducting thin films by coating metal investigated using magneto-optical imaging

Flux avalanches,prevalently existing in superconducting thin films,can cause catastrophic breakdowns of electromagnetic properties and even irreversible damage to superconducting materials.Metal coating is an effective way to suppress the flux avalanches in superconducting thin films.Nevertheless,it is difficult to reveal the suppression mechanisms due to the challenge of effectively separating the simultaneous eddy currents and heat exchange in the metal coating.In this work,the eddy currents and heat exchange in the Ag metal coating are separated by setting a thermal insulation layer,and its inhibiting effect on the flux avalanches of the YBCO superconducting thin films is elucidated.The results indicate that eddy currents play an important part in suppressing magnetic flux avalanches,and their effect strengthens with increasing Ag thickness.Meanwhile,employing the double-exposure method,the flux avalanche velocity of YBCO superconducting thin films was measured,revealing a significant decrease in the magnetic flux avalanche velocity due to suppression by eddy currents.Moreover,a theoretical model was established to investigate the influence of eddy currents on the motion of a single vortex,and the calculated results showed good agreement with the experiments.These findings provide a better understanding of the flux avalanches and their suppression in YBCO superconducting thin films.