Combining ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to enhance salt tolerance of Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by soil salinity.This study investigated the effects of the rhizosphere-promoting bacterium,Bacillus paramycoides JYZ-SD5,and the ectomycorrhizal fungus,Schizophyllum commune Be,on the growth of Metasequoia glyptostroboides under salt stress.Changes in biomass,root growth,root ion distribution and in vivo enzyme activities were determined under different treatments(Be,JYZ-SD5,and Be+JYZ-SD5).The results show that all inoculations increased chlorophyll content,shoot length and root diameter with or without salt stress,and the effect of Be+JYZ-SD5was the strongest.JYZ-SD5 and Be+JYZ-SD5 treatments significantly increased root length,surface area,bifurcation number,tip number,main root length and diameter under salt stress.Normal chloroplast structures developed under both single and double inoculations.Relative to the control,root activities of M.glyptostroboides in the Be,JYZSD5,and Be+JYZ-SD5 treatments increased by 31.3%,17.2%,and 33.7%.All treatments increased the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase and Ca^(2+)-Mg^(2+)-ATPase.The strongest effect was by Be+JYZ-SD5.Analysis of root ion distribution showed that,under salt stress,Na^(+)and K^(+)decreased and were concentrated in the epidermis or cortex.Na/K ratios also decreased.The Be+JYZ-SD5 treatment increased betaine by 130.3%and 97.9%under 50 mM and 100 mM salt stress,respectively.Together,these changes result in the activation of physiological and biochemical processes involved in the mitigation of salinity-induced stress in M.glyptostroboides.

Two response patterns to negative environmental changes:Cases from Populus and Metasequoia

Traditionally,plant distribution is thought to be closely related to environmental factors.But recently,it is found that Populus,quite different from other plant taxa,adapted to negative environmental changes,and successfully migrated to different climate zones from its origin places of warm temperate zone.Conversely,Metasequoia is gradually tending to extinction from the Miocene to Quaternary.Based on above contrary cases,two response patterns of plant to negative environmental changes are proposed.One is active adaptation represented by Populus,the other is passive adaptation represented by Metasequoia.The plants of passive strategy characterized for desert prevention might be easily replaced by those of active strategy characterized for desert utilization.Fast growing plants,such as Populus with characteristics of drought and salt tolerance,wind and sand resistance,are selected in Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang,China,as a good example of desert utilization in the construction of new highways and towns,not only serve as farmland shelterbelt in sandy area.In addition,Populus with high-altitude and cold adaptation has also been selected as an ideal tree planted in Tibet.Therefore,the idea of using Populus as one of the preferred pioneer trees to colonize Mars is proposed.

模拟水淹-干旱胁迫对2年生水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)幼树盆栽土壤酶活性的影响

模拟三峡库区消落带水位变化情况,对2年生水杉盆栽土壤酶活性进行了研究.试验共设置3个不同的处理阶段,阶段1为淹水阶段,包括常规供水(C),半淹(H)和全淹(F)3个处理组;阶段2为干旱阶段,将阶段1的处理组再随机分为两个处理组,一组继续保持阶段1的水分处理,另一组进行轻度干旱胁迫处理,此时,处理组包括常规供水(C),半淹(H),全淹(F),常规供水-轻度干旱(CD),半淹-轻度干旱(HD)和全淹-轻度干旱(FD)6种不同水分处理组;阶段3将所有处理组恢复到正常供水处理,整个处理持续166d.研究结果表明,与C组相比,短期淹水(75d)处理后H和F组土壤的蔗糖酶活性分别下降了44.2%和47.1%;脲酶活性分别下降了9.3%和14.0%;碱性磷酸酶活性分别下降了56.9%和35.4%;长期淹水(145d)后,与对照组C相比,F组蔗糖酶活性降低了26.3%,H,F的土壤磷酸酶活性分别降低了59.6%和32.4%,而脲酶活性分别升高了20%和26.5%.淹水处理并未对土壤过氧化氢酶活性产生显著影响.经过阶段2的干旱处理后,与CD组相比,HD,FD组土壤脲酶活性分别下降了21.5%和24.3%,土壤磷酸酶活性则降低了62.5%和44.6%.经过阶段3的正常供水处理后,除过氧化氢酶外,所有处理组水杉幼苗盆栽土壤的酶活性均恢复至C组水平.在整个处理阶段,水杉的存活率为100%,可以考虑作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复的树种之一,但是在退水期时应及时浇水灌溉,以恢复其土壤酶的活性.

Influencing factors and growth state classification of a natural Metasequoia population

By analyzing the importance of influencing factors and conducting a comparative study of the effects of different sorting algorithms, a new method is proposed that is suitable for classifying the growth state of a natural Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and W.C. Cheng population. We studied 2817 M. glyptostroboides trees over 100 years old and analyzed their growth state by measuring 15 factors from stumpage, site condition, and environmental data. The dimensionality of all factors were reduced using the random forest algorithm, and we classified the remaining factors using the following algorithms: random forest, back-propagation(BP) neural networks, and support vector machine(SVM). The applicability of each sorting algorithm was analyzed. When all the d factors are used for classification and modeling, the model's overall accuracy,kappa coefficient and test accuracy were 85.5%, 0.739 and 85.8%, respectively. By reducing the dimensionality of the factors using the random forest algorithm, 11 factors most strongly influenced the classifications of the growth state of the Metasequoia population: diameter at breast height,height, crown width, age from stumpage data; longitude,latitude, elevation, slope aspect, gradient and slope position from the site condition data; and the edge of the field from the environmental data. For classifying the Metasequoia population, the random forest algorithm has the highest overall accuracy at 87.2%, which is 3.4 and 2.3% higher than the BP neural networks and SVM algorithms,respectively. The SVM algorithm is superior to the random forest algorithm with respect to classifying the state of mortality. The combination of the random forest and SVM algorithms and their combined information can be used to classify and predict the growth state of this natural M.glyptostroboides population to provide a scientific basis for its effective protection.

Anti-listerial synergism of leaf essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides with nisin in whole,low and skim milks

Objective:To examine the individual and synergistic anti-listcrial effect of nisin and leaf essential oil of Metasequoia glyptostroboides(M.glyptostroboides) against one of the leading foodhorne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes(L.monocytogenes) ATCC 19116 in milk samples.Methods:The whole(8%),low(1%) and skim(no fat content) milk samples were inoculated with L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 along with leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides or nisin alone as well in eomhinations.Results:In this study,the leaf essential oil at the concentrations of 2% and 5% revealed strong anti-listerial effect against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in all categories of milk samples.Nisin at the concentrations of 250 and 500 IU/mL displayed a strong inhibitory effect against ATCC 19116 as compared to the control group.Additionally,synergistic combinations of leaf essential oil(1%) and nisin(62.5,125.250 and 500 IU/mL) also had a remarkable anti-listerial synergism in all the tested milk samples including whole,low and skim milk after 14 days.Conclusions:As a major finding,the leaf essential oil of M.glyptostroboides might he a useful candidate for using in food industry to control the growth of foodhorne pathogenic bacteria as confirmed by its potent anti-listerial Synergistic effect with nisin against L.monocytogenes ATCC 19116 in different milk samples.

Genetic variation in progenies of 23 relic trees of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in their original habitat

Seeds of 23 relic Metasequoia glyptostroboides trees were randomly collected from their original, natural opulations found in Lichuan City, Hubei Province, China. The seed characteristics and growth of their three-year-old rogenies were investigated. Results show that the average intra-family coefficient of variation （CV） in height growth of ：he 23 three-year-old families was 14.53%, slightly higher than that of the inter-family CV （14.02%）. Correspondingly, hese two parameters for root-collar diameter growth were 15.44% and 13.15%. The 23 relic mother trees were ignificantly differed in their general combining abilities （GCA） and relative effect values of GCA （RGCA） of height growth and root-collar diameter growth over the three years. Both height and root-collar diameter growth had high amily heritability in this seedling stage. After eliminating two inferior families, i.e., 15 and 46, 2.21% of genetic gain in he ght growth was obtained and 1.50% in root-collar diameter growth. It was also significantly different in crown size and number of branches among the 23 three-year-old seedling families. From a cluster analysis we concluded that eight families, i.e., 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 and 44 displayed superior GCA and RGCA in both height and root-collar diameter growth. Therefore, these relic mother trees displayed their potential as parents in seed orchards. With the exception of family 23, the other seven superior families were all collected at Guihua Village, Zhonglu Town, Lichuan City, which has been identified as an optimum district of M. glyptostroboides for seed collection.

Three Novel Endophytic Fungi as Potential Candidates Producing Bioactive Metabolites Isolated from Metasequoia glyptostroboides

[Objectives]This study was conducted to isolate and investigate the endophytic fungi with antimicrobial activity from the healthy leaves and bark of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu&W.C.Cheng regarded as an important medicinal plant in China.[Methods]Endophytic fungi with visible antimicrobial activity were isolated from the healthy leaves and bark of M.glyptostroboides,and primarily screened using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as test microorganisms.[Results]Three isolates with relatively higher antimicrobial activity,labeled as MG-01,MG-02,MG-09,were selected for study.Molecular and morphological analysis indicated that the three isolated endophytes belong to Penicillium sp.The ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extracts of the three endophytes were obtained and subjected to the disk diffusion assay,using E.coil,S.aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis,Monilia albicanas,and Bacillus subtilis as test microorganisms.The minimum inhibitory activity(MIC)of the endophyte with relatively highest antimicrobial activity was determined using two-fold broth micro-dilution method.All the endophytes showed a broad spectrum antimicrobial activity.Among the three endophytes,the strain MG-09 exhibited relatively highest antimicrobial activity with the zones of inhibition(ZOI)ranging from 14.15 to 24.07 mm and MIC ranging from 416.67 to 65.11μg/ml.[Conclusions]The endophytic fungi colonized in M.glyptostroboides are capable of producing effective antimicrobial compounds which may be a potential source for drug discovery and biocide production.

Further Morphological Evidence of the Affinity Between Paomu Tree and Fossil Metasequoia and Its Environmental Implication

Leaves of a Metasequoia glyptostroboides tree in Paomu Village,Longshan County,Hunan Province (Paomu Tree) possess"Even Type"cuticles and frill-margined stomata similar to those of fossil Metasequoia by far known but different from all other living Metasequoia trees(common trees).Paomu Tree is thus hypothesized as the real"living fossil",which has been supported by preliminary DNA analyses. Techniques of clearing leaf,epidermis stripping,

Protection of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng in China

Metasequoia （Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng） is an important but endangered tree species. In a sense, the course of protection of the metasequoia can be considered a miniature of the history of the protection of rare Chinese plants over the past 50 years. The approval and establishment of the National Class Nature Reserve for metasequoia is a milestone in this course. A thorough understanding of this course is beneficial to design the correct future protection plans and for taking effective measures. In this paper the entire protection course of metasequoia is reviewed, three detailed measures are proposed according to the present situation and existing problems and discussed as follows. 1） We should reinforce unceasingly the establishment of National Nature Reserves of metasequoia, put emphasis on the protection of the original natural mother trees （ONMTs） of metasequoia, design far- sighted projects to protect the ONMTs and strictly implement and enforce the regulations or laws regarding the protection of meta- sequoia. The establishment and functions of the organization should meet the demands of protecting the ONMTs and developing metasequoias. The budget should support and the quality of the personnel assigned to this task should satisfy the protection and de- velopment of the ONMTs. We should also promote the complete protection of the ONMTs at the same time and strengthen the pro- tection and restoration of the ONMTs and their ecosystem in the Xiaohe valley, Lichuan County, Hubei Province, one of the natural concentration areas of ONMTs in the world. 2） A gene bank should be established for comprehensive protection of the genes of ex- isting original mother trees of metasequoia. 3） The key is to study the theoretical fundamentals of restoration and re-establishment of natural vegetation of metasequoia in the Xiaohe valley to harmonize the relation among environmental departments, forestry sectors, academies of sciences and other educational or research units, to carry out scientific research and strengthen academic exchanges to promote jointly the protection and utilization of metasequoia and other natural resources in China.

N-Exponential Fertilization Could Affect the Growth and Nitrogen Accumulation of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Seedling in a Greenhouse Environment

Metasequoia glyptostroboides(M.glyptostroboides)is a unique plant species related to relic flora in China.It plays a positive role in afforestation and its long-term protection with high paleoclimate research value.However,due to the nutrients-supply deficiency,it is a big challenge to cultivate the high-quality seedlings of M.glyptostroboides.In this study,a pot experiment in a greenhouse environment was carried out to identify the effect of N-exponential fertilization on the growth and nutrient distribution of M.glyptostroboides seedling.The M.glyptostroboides rooted seedlings with 12-month growth were chosen.Different N fertilizer levels with conventional fertilization(CF:5.0 g seedling^(−1)),exponential fertilization including EF1,EF2,EF3 and EF4 were determined.The relevant growth indexes were measured after 210-day growth.The results indicated that non-significant differences in seedlings’height and ground diameter were found among the above treatments(P>0.05);At the same time,N-exponential fertilization promoted the M.glyptostroboides’s biomass in different organs(P<0.05),with the maximum total biomass under EF3 treatment.The N accumulation in root and stem of the N-exponential fertilization treatments were increased in to some extent(P<0.05).The maximum N accumulation was also found under EF3 treatment.Therefore,steady-state nutrition and superior growth performance of M.glyptostroboides could be obtained by N-exponential fertilization of 5.0 g cutting^(−1).

The Metasequoia genome and evolutionary relationships among redwoods

Redwood trees(Sequoioideae),including Metasequoia glyptostroboides(dawn redwood),Sequoiadendron giganteum(giant sequoia),and Sequoia sempervirens(coast redwood),are threatened and widely recognized iconic tree species.Genomic resources for redwood trees could provide clues to their evolutionary relationships.Here,we report the 8-Gb reference genome of M.glyptostroboides and a comparative analysis with two related species.More than 62%of the M.glyptostroboides genome is composed of repetitive sequences.Clade-specific bursts of long terminal repeat retrotransposons may have contributed to genomic differentiation in the three species.The chromosomal synteny between M.glyptostroboides and S.giganteum is extremely high,whereas there has been significant chromosome reorganization in S.sempervirens.Phylogenetic analysis of marker genes indicates that S.sempervirens is an autopolyploid,and more than 48%of the gene trees are incongruent with the species tree.Results of multiple analyses suggest that incomplete lineage sorting(ILS)rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny,indicating that genetic variation among redwoods may be due to random retention of polymorphisms in ancestral populations.Functional analysis of ortholog groups indicates that gene families of ion channels,tannin biosynthesis enzymes,and transcription factors for meristem maintenance have expanded in S.giganteum and S.sempervirens,which is consistent with their extreme height.As a wetland-tolerant species,M.glyptostroboides shows a transcriptional response to flooding stress that is conserved with that of analyzed angiosperm species.Our study offers insights into redwood evolution and adaptation and provides genomic resources to aid in their conservation and management.

Atomic force microscopic observation on substructure of pollen exine in Cedrus deodara and Metasequoia glyptostroboides

The substructure of pollen exine in Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud, and Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng has been examined with an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results indicate that the exine substructure units containing sporopollenin in two species are similar in shape, which are granular, but slightly different in size. In Cedrus the substructure unit of pollen exine appears to be 56-99 nm long and 42-74 nm wide, while in Metasequoia it appears to be 81-118 nm long and 43-98 nm wide. It has been observed that the subunits of pollen exine in Cedrus arranged tightly to form short-rod-like or spheroidal pollen exine units, several or more than ten of which formed an island-like structure. There are various spaces among these island-like structures which are interconnected to occupy the entire pollen exine. In Metasequoia, the subunits of pollen exine also arranged tightly with a distribution tendency of cluster of 3-10, however, no obvious boundary exists among these clusters. From our

氮添加对水杉防护林生长的影响

[目的]在我国大气氮沉降量逐年增加背景下,厘清外源氮素输入对水杉防护林生长的影响,有助于为防护林健康生长开展养分管理提供科学指导。[方法]以江苏省东台市泥质海岸12年生水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)防护林为研究对象,通过设置4个水平的连续8 a氮添加处理,即对照(CK,0 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))、低氮(LN,56 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))、中氮(MN,168 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))和高氮(HN,280 kg·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)),研究氮添加对水杉及其大小树(根据初始平均胸径划分)胸径年生长量的影响。[结果]氮添加水平和年份及其交互作用显著影响水杉胸径年生长量。氮添加对水杉胸径年生长量呈非线性影响,中氮添加的促进作用强于低氮和高氮。年际间水杉胸径生长量的变化趋势一致:初期氮添加促进作用逐渐增强(1—3年氮添加),然后促进逐渐减弱(4—6年氮添加),继而转变为抑制作用(7—8年氮添加)。在同水平氮添加处理下,径级和年份显著影响水杉生长,但无交互作用。对于小树,氮添加水平和年份及其交互作用显著影响胸径生长。对于大树,仅氮添加年份显著影响胸径生长。水杉小树的胸径年生长量低于大树,而生长量响应比则高于大树。[结论]同水平氮添加处理下,水杉大树胸径生长量高于小树,但氮添加对小树胸径生长的促进作用强于大树,表明小树生长更易受外源氮输入的调控。同时,随着年份增加,氮添加对水杉胸径生长表现出先促进后抑制,表明长期氮沉降将不利于泥质海岸水杉防护林生长。

根部淹水和非淹水生境水杉叶片功能性状的差异

以国家植物园中水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)为研究对象,对比根部淹水和非淹水生境中水杉的叶片形态特征、化学计量特征、气体交换参数及非结构性糖类的差异,分析水杉对2种生境的适应策略。结果表明:水杉根部淹水和非淹水生境土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05),土壤化学计量特征中除C/N比外均具有显著差异。根部淹水生境水杉叶面积和比叶面积均显著大于根部非淹水生境,但叶干物质含量显著低于非淹水生境,这主要通过叶长的增加实现。同一径级内,根部淹水生境仅Ⅰ〔20 cm≤胸径(DBH)<30 cm〕径级水杉叶片净光合速率显著高于非淹水生境;3个径级水杉叶片胞间CO_(2)浓度在2种生境间无显著差异;气孔导度和蒸腾速率在2种生境间均存在显著差异,且除Ⅰ径级的蒸腾速率外均为根部淹水生境显著高于根部非淹水生境。同一生境内,水杉叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率随着径级的增大呈上升趋势,而胞间CO_(2)浓度的变化趋势相反。同一径级内,根部淹水生境水杉叶片有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均高于根部非淹水生境,且除有机碳含量外均存在显著差异;根部淹水生境水杉叶片N/P比、C/N比和C/P比总体小于根部非淹水生境,其中,Ⅰ径级水杉叶片N/P比和C/N比在2种生境间差异显著,Ⅰ和Ⅱ(30 cm≤DBH<40 cm)径级水杉叶片C/P比在2种生境间差异显著。根部淹水生境水杉叶片非结构性糖类含量显著高于非淹水生境,主要表现为可溶性糖含量的升高。综上所述,水杉对淹水胁迫具有良好的适应能力,能够通过改变叶片形态、可溶性糖含量及气孔开放程度来保证正常的生命活动,在今后的迁地保护过程中可通过增加土壤含水量和光照帮助水杉适应环境的变化。

栽培水杉天然更新幼苗调查与种群结构分析

以浙江四明山国家森林公园栽培水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides的天然更新幼苗为研究对象,通过设置样地调查母树和幼苗的环境概况与生长数据,分析更新幼苗的生长规律和种群结构特征,为水杉天然更新和资源保护提供科学参考。结果表明:浙江四明山国家森林公园与水杉原生种群分布地湖北星斗山国家级自然保护区的气候条件高度相似,栽培的水杉具有更好的生长表现且能够完成天然更新;天然更新的水杉幼苗树高、地径呈指数性增长模型,并且两者呈线性关系,均表现为“先慢后快”的生长规律;样地内天然更新的水杉幼苗数量大,种群龄级结构完整,表现为低龄级数量大、高龄级数量少的增长型种群,其存活曲线为Deevey-II型。

水杉叶中木脂素类化合物的研究

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng)叶风干粉碎后用甲醇提取,利用硅胶柱层析、MCI柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析及HPLC等分离技术对其化学成分进行分离纯化,得到6个化合物,经波谱解析和对其理化性质进行对比,鉴定为1个降木脂素和5个木脂素,分别是salicifoliol (1)、lariciresinol 9′-benzoate (2)、(-)-hinokinin (3)、meridinol (4)、8-hydroxypluviatolide(5)和(-)-matairesinol (6)。化合物1、2、5为首次从该植物中分离得到。

濒危植物水杉种子形态特征与种子活力关系

为探寻快速、准确地鉴定水杉种子活力的有效方法,采用发芽试验和计算机图像识别相结合的方法分别测定水杉种子萌发指标和种子形态指标,并利用相关性分析、主成分分析和逐步回归分析等方法对种子形态特征与种子活力关系进行了分析。结果表明:水杉种子活力与千粒重、R值(红色)、G值(绿色)、B值(蓝色)、B HSB值(亮度)、L值(亮度)呈极显著或显著正相关,发芽指标与投影面积、灰度呈显著负相关。逐步回归分析表明,影响水杉种子活力的主要指标是千粒重、投影面积、R值和L值,其中千粒重、R值与种子活力呈极显著正相关关系,投影面积、L值与种子活力呈极显著负相关关系,且千粒重、R值对种子活力的影响大于其他指标。因此,千粒重和R值可作为水杉种子活力鉴定和机器视觉分级的参照指标。

孑遗植物水杉种子萌发的生理生态特性研究

从种子活力和抗氧化酶活性两个方面研究了温度和光照对孑遗植物水杉 (Metasequoiaglyptostroboides)种子萌发的生理生态特性的影响。实验结果表明 ,萌发温度对水杉种子的活力和抗氧化酶活性有较大影响 ,在 19-2 8℃范围内 ,种子的发芽率、发芽速率、活力指数、脱氢酶及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)等抗氧化酶活性均较高 ,其中在 2 4℃条件下最高 ;当温度低于 15℃或者高于 32℃时 ,种子活力很低 ;10℃条件下种子几乎不萌发。可以认为 ,水杉种子萌发的适宜温度范围为 19- 2 8℃ ,最适温度为 2 4℃。光照萌发试验表明 ,6 5 μmol·m-2 ·s-1(12h/d)光照对水杉种子的萌发有较大的抑制作用 ,黑暗条件更适于水杉种子的萌发。自然状态下水杉种子质量很差 ,空瘪率超过 90 % ,加之产地春季温度不适于水杉种子的萌发 ,这两者可能是限制水杉种群更新的重要因素。这也许是水杉种群中缺乏幼苗和幼树的原因之一。

拟蕈状芽孢杆菌JYZ-SD5与菌根真菌互作对水杉生长和耐盐性的影响

【目的】研究盐胁迫下拟蕈状芽孢杆菌(JYZ-SD5)和裂褶菌(Be)互作对水杉生长和耐盐性的影响,以探究其作用机制,为利用有益微生物提高木本植物耐盐性以及盐碱地生物修复利用提供参考依据。【方法】盐胁迫下采用盆栽试验探讨拟蕈状芽孢杆菌JYZ-SD5和裂褶菌Be对水杉相关生理代谢指标和耐盐性的影响。【结果】1)与对照相比,各接菌处理均提高了水杉的生物量和根系生长参数,其中双接种JYZ-SD5+Be效果优于单接种,双接种处理的水杉幼苗株高和地径分别提高65.47%和63.46%,根长、根表面积、根体积、总根尖数和分枝数分别显著提高1.05、1.51、2.2、1.88和2.31倍(P<0.05)。2)在盐胁迫下,与未接种对照相比,各接菌处理均有效缓解了盐胁迫对水杉叶片的损害,盐害症状减轻;单接种JYZ-SD5分别显著提高了水杉可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸12.4%、62.58%和38.99%(P<0.05),单接种Be以及双接种处理分别显著提高水杉脯氨酸122%和35.64%(P<0.05)。3)盐胁迫下,与未接种对照相比,各接菌处理均有效降低水杉H2O2含量、O_(2)·-产生速率、丙二醛含量和电解质渗漏,其中单接种JYZ-SD5分别显著降低26.58%、9%、15.85%和18.76%(P<0.05),单接种Be分别降低8.91%、7.77%、8.54%和22.09%,双接种JYZ-SD5+Be分别显著降低15.58%、26.38%、53.66%和30.39%(P<0.05);同时各接菌处理均显著降低了水杉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。4)盐胁迫下,与未接种对照相比,各接菌处理提高了水杉茎和叶中的K+含量,降低了Na^(+)含量,从而降低了Na^(+)/K^(+)比,尤以单接种Be效果最好,分别显著降低水杉茎和叶Na^(+)/K^(+)比23.84%和26.58%(P<0.05)。【结论】根际促生细菌JYZ-SD5与外生菌根真菌Be可促进水杉生长,并可通过提高水杉植株水分吸收、渗透调节物质积累、维持细胞膜稳定性、降低膜脂质过氧化水平、活性氧积累及抗氧化酶活以及降低Na+/K+比来缓解盐胁迫对水杉的损伤,提高水杉对盐胁迫的耐受性。

水杉的保护历程和存在的问题

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)的保护过程在某种程度上可以说是新中国成立50年来中国珍稀植物保护过程的一个缩影。2003年,以保护水杉为主要目的而建设的湖北省国家级星斗山自然保护区是我国水杉保护和发展中的里程碑,对于这一过程的了解有助于今后正确地制订就地和迁地保护计划和采取有效的行动。本文对水杉保护历程进行了全面回顾,针对水杉原产地的保护现状和存在的问题,提出四条具体的保护措施:(1)加强以水杉保护为主要目的的国家级自然保护区建设,建设重点应放在对水杉原生母树及其生境的保护。保护水杉原生母树及其生境要有长远的规划,机构的设置和功能以及人员的素质和经费要能支持水杉原生母树及其生境保护和发展的需要;(2)要把有关水杉保护的法规和措施落到实处;(3)建立基因保存林,对现有水杉原生母树基因进行全面保存;(4)积极协调环保、林业、科学院以及其他教育科研单位的关系,加强在这一领域的分工协作,开展科学研究,加强学术交流,共同促进水杉的保护和利用。