1-Butene isomerization and metathesis over Mo/mordenite-alumina: Factors influencing product distribution and induction period

Effects of space velocity, reaction temperature and support acidity on product distribution and induction period in 1-butene isomerization and metathesis over Mo/mordenite-alumina were investigated. As revealed by the catalytic performance results, induction period and objective product were closely related to the reaction conditions. Lower space velocity led to longer induction period and higher propene yield. The optimal reaction temperature for propene production is around 150 ~C and it shifted to 100 ~C for ethene production. 1-Butene auto-metathesis predominated in the reaction network if the support with lower degree of sodium exchanged. And propene gradually became the dominant product upon increasing the support sodium exchange degree. 6Mo/H100Na0M-30A1 catalyst with a support of full sodium exchange degree exhibited the highest propene yield.

Production of propene from 1-butene metathesis reaction on tungsten based heterogeneous catalysts

A new propene production route from 1-butene metathesis has been developed on heterogeneous 10WO3/Al2O3-HY catalysts with different HY contents. It is found that the catalysts play bi-functionally first for the isomerization of 1-butene to 2-butene and then for the cross-metathesis between 1-butene and 2-butene to propene and 2-pentene. The combination of HY zeolite and Al2O3 is prerequisite for the production of propene. The propene yield keeps increasing with the HY content in the range of 10-70 wt%, where 10WO3/Al2O3-70HY exhibits the highest propene yield. The MS-H2-TPR and MS-O2-TPO characterizations indicate that the increase of HY content in the catalysts weakens the interaction between W species and supports, whereas enhance the probability of coking on the metal species and acid sites.

Effect of Reaction Temperature and Pressure on the Metathesis Reaction between Ethene and 2-Butene to Propene on the WO_3/Al_2O_3-HY Catalyst

Effect of reaction temperature and pressure on the metathesis reaction between ethene and 2-butene to propene was studied on the WO3/γ-Al2O3-HY catalyst. The activity is found to increase with elevated temperature and reaches a plateau at 150-240 ℃. After that, the activity undergoes a remarkable decrement at too high temperature. The effect of temperature is elucidated by the oxidation state of tungsten species. The evaluation results also indicate that the stability is dependent on this reaction parameter. Medium pressure （0.5-0.8 MPa） is favorable for stability, while atmospheric pressure or too high pressure （〉1.0 MPa） deteriorates the stability. For explanation, UV Vis, FT-IR, O2-TPO, and TG techniques are used to characterize the spent catalysts.

Cross metathesis of butene-2 and ethene to propene overMo/MCM-22-Al_2O_3 catalysts with different Al_2O_3 contents

A series of 3.0Mo/MCM-22-Al2O3 catalysts with γ-Al2O3 contents in the range of 0-100 wt% were prepared and applied in the metathesis reaction of ethene and butene-2. Addition of γ-Al2O3did not affect the structure of MCM-22 zeolite as evidenced by XRD and N2 adsorption measurements. It was deduced from TPR experiments that γ-Al2O3 phase favored the formation of polymolybdate or multilayered Mo oxide, while more Al2（MoO4）3 species were generated over MCM-22 zeolites. Alumina content in the support was directly related to the metathesis activity of ethene and butene-2 to propene. Mo species with higher valence （Mo6＋or Mo5＋） contributed more to the excellent performance of catalyst than metallic Mo. The best catalyst activity and stability was obtained over 3.0Mo/（MCM-22-30%Al2O3） under the reaction condition of 1.0 MPa and 125℃ using N2 as the pretreatment gas.

Recent advance in high-pressure solid-state metathesis reactions

High-pressure solid-state metathesis(HPSSM)reaction is an effective route to novel metal nitrides.A recent advance in HPSSM reactions is presented for a number of examples,including 3d transition metal nitrides(ε-Fe_(3)N,ε-Fe_(3-x)Co_(x)N,CrN,and Co_(4)N_(x)),4d transition metal nitrides(MoNx),and 5d transition metal nitrides(Re_(3)N,WN_(x)).Thermodynamic investigations based on density functional theory(DFT)calculations on several typical HPSSM reactions between metal oxides and boron nitride indicate that the pressure could reduce the reaction enthalpy △H.High-pressure confining environment thermodynamically favors an ion-exchange process between metal atom and boron atom,and successfully results in the formation of well-crystalized metal nitrides with potential applications.

Metathesis of 1-butene and 2-butene to propene over Re_2O_7 supported on macro-mesoporous γ-alumina prepared via a dual template method

Macro-mesoporous γ-alumina support（MMA） was prepared by a sol-gel route in aqueous medium using pseudo-boehmite as aluminum source and polystyrene microspheres and Pluronic P123 as hard and soft dual templates,respectively.MMA had a BET specific surface area of about 259 m2 g-1,total pore volume of about 1.61 cm3 g-1,macropore diameter of about 102 nm,and mesopore diameter of about 14 nm.Re2O7/MMA and conventional Re2O7/Al2O3 were prepared by a incipient-wetness impregnation method,and their catalytic performances in the metathesis of 1-butene and 2-butene were tested in a fixed-bed tubular reactor.The result showed that Re2O7/MMA possessed higher activity and far longer working life-span than conventional Re2O7/Al2O3.

Role of support nature (γ-Al_2O_3 and SiO_2-Al_2O_3) on the performances of rhenium oxide catalysts in the metathesis of ethylene and 2-pentene

The metathesis of ethylene and 2-pentene was studied as an alternative route for propylene production over Re2O7/γ-Al2O3 and Re2O7/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts. Both NH3 temperature-programmed desorption （NH3-TPD） and H2 temperature-programmed reduction （H2-TPR） results showed that Re2O7/SiO2-Al2O3 exhibited stronger acidity and weaker metal-support interaction than Re2O7/γ-Al2O3. At 35 60℃, isomerization free metathesis was observed only over Re2O7/γ-Al2O3, suggesting that the formation of metal-carbene metathesis active sites required only weak acidity. Our results suggest that on the Re2O7/SiO2-Al2O3, hydrido-rhenium species （[Re]-H） were formed in addition to the metathesis active sites, resulting in the isomerization of the initial 1-butene product into 2-butenes. A subsequent secondary metathesis reaction between these 2-butenes and the excess ethylene could explain the enhanced yields of propylene observed. The results demonstrate the potential for high yield of propylene from alternative feedstocks.

Influence of catalyst support structure on ethene/decene metathesis and coke formation over WO_3/SiO_2 catalyst

8wt%WO3/SiO2 metathesis （disproportionation） catalysts with different pore structures were prepared by the incipient-wetness-impregnation method. The as-synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorpfion-desorption, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （DRS） and scanning transmission electron microscopy-high-angle annular dark field （STEM HAADF）. The results of STEM HAADF showed that WO3 species were not uniformly distributed on the SiO2 support. The experimental results of 8wt%WO3/SiO2 performance in ethene/decene metathesis revealed that the catalytic effect of 8wt%WO3/SiO2 catalyst and coke formation over it were closely related to the support pore structure： The 8wt%WO3/SiO2 catalyst with a more complicated pore structure showed better catalytic performance but the coke deposition rate was also faster.

Preparation of mesoporous alumina with large pore size and their supported rhenium oxide catalysts in metathesis of 1-butene and 2-butene to propene

Mesoporous γ-aluminas with large pore size （up to 19 nm, denoted as MAI9） are prepared from dispersed pseudo-boehmite using pluronic P123 as template. It is found that these mesoporous alumina supported rhenium oxide catalysts were more active and have far longer working life-span in gas-phase metathesis of 1-butene and 2-butene to propene than rhenium oxide on conventional alumina with small pore size （5 nm）. At 60 ℃ and atmospheric pressure with WHSV = 1 h^-1, the similar stable conversions of butene （ca. 55%） for all the 13 wt% Re207/alumina catalysts were obtained near the chemical equilibrium, and the stable working life-spans of Re2OT/MA19 were far longer than that of Re2O7/A1203, being about 70 h and 20 h, respectively.

SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BI-FUNCTIONAL COPOLYMER BEARING STERICALLY HINDERED PHENOL AND HINDERED AMINE GROUPS VIA RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION

Norbornene derivatives exo,endo-2-[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-acetoxy]methyl-5-norbornene(M1) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl 5-norbornene-exo,endo-2-carboxylate(M2)were synthesized and polymerized by RuCl_2(=CHPh)(PCy_3)_2 to prepare a novel kind of bi-functional polymer bearing sterically hindered phenol(SHP)and hindered amine(HLAS)groups via ring-opening metathesis polymerization(ROMP).The resulting copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography(GPC),~1H-NMR and differen...

Synthesis of Cobalt Containing Block Copolymers Via Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerizastion (ROMP)

In order to realize a metal containing nano-structure, a block-copolymer containing alkynyl groups in one block was designed and synthesized by living ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique. The newly developed bis-3-bromopyridine complex of Grubbs catalyst was employed in the series of polymerization and it yielded the desired polymers with great molecular weight control and narrow polydispersities. The characteristics of the block copolymers were investigated by gel permeation chromatography, H- and 13H- NMR spectroscopy. Complexation of the alkynyl group containing block copolymers by treatment with dicobalt octacarbonyl occurred smoothly in 5 min at room temperature. GPC analysis before and after cobalt complexation indicated a significant increase of the hydrodynamic volume. AFM images of the films before and after the complexation also showed a noticeable change in its morphology where grain sizes become smaller and more regular upon complexation.

Cross-metathesis of biomass to olefins:Molecular catalysis bridging the gap between fossil and bio-energy

Terminal olefins are important building blocks for the industry of biofuels,oligomers,and lubricants production.The industrial processes for production of olefins involving oligomerization of ethylene or cracking of petrochemical waxes have several flaws including low yield and high cost in product separation.Cross-metathesis of bio-derived unsaturated fatty esters and olefins with ethylene(ethenolysis),allows the conversion of sustainable waste biomass to various renewable olefins with much safer,less toxic,sustainable,and zero-CO_(2) emission processes.To our best knowledge,however,a comprehensive summary of key advances in this field(since 2017)is yet to be available,particularly on molecular features of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.This paper presents a critical review on molecular structures of metal complex and oxide catalysts for ethenolysis of olefins and oleochemicals.The influence of cationic centers,coordination conditions,nature of ligands,operating conditions on catalyst performances will be systematically discussed along with relevant reaction mechanism.The key challenges for rational design of coordinated cationic hybrids have been summarized,which will provide insights to technological advancement of large-scale production of oleochemical-derived olefins.

Synthesis,Structure,and Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization of η~5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-(η~5-exo-tricyclo [5.2.1.0^(2,6)]deca-2,5,8-trien-6-yl) Iron

η^5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-（η^5-exo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]deca-2,5,8-trien-6-yl） iron（3） was synthesized and characterized by ^1H NMR, ^13C NMR, MS, elemental analysis, IR, UV and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3 was polymerized with ring-opening metathesis polymerization（ROMP） initiator （PCy3）2Cl2Ru=CHPh. ^1H NMR and IR spectra revealed the presence of CH=CH units in the polymer and supported the ROMP mechanism. GPC analysis of the polymer showed that the weight-average molecular weights（Mw） was 5967, and the polydispersity index（PDl） was 1.16. The polymer was also investigated by UV and cyclic voltammetry.

Production of propylene from an unconventional metathesis of ethylene and 2-pentene over Re_2O_7/SiO_2-Al_2O_3 catalysts

An unconventional metathesis of ethylene and 2-pentene over Re2O7/SiO2-A1203 catalysts has been studied as an alternative route for the production of propylene. Complete conversion of 2-pentene and propylene yield as high as 88 wt% were obtained under mild reaction conditions at 35 ℃ and atmospheric pressure. Unlike the conventional metathesis of ethylene and 2-butenes in which isomerization is a competing side reaction, the isomerization of 1-butene product from the unconventional metathesis of ethylene and 2-pentene to 2-butenes can further react with excess ethylene in the feed, resulting in additional increase in propylene yield. The secondary metathesis reaction was found to be favored under ethylene/2-pentene （E/2P） molar ratio ≥3 and gas hourly space velocity （GHSV） ≤ 1000 h-1 at the reaction temperature of 35 ℃. No catalyst deactivation was observed during the 455 min time-on-stream under the selected reaction conditions.

A New Approach to Inducing Silicon Tethered Ring-closing Metathesis Reactions

Ring-closing metathesis reactions involving diallyldiphenylsilane and diallyloxydiphenylsilane were successfully performed by using only 0 01 mol or even less of Grubbs' catalyst 1. The effects of reaction parameters, such as solvents, temperature and concentration of the catalyst are discussed.

Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of a Two-core Ruthenium Carbene Complex: a Unique Catalyst for Ring Closing Metathesis Reaction

The reaction of a ruthenium carbide complex RuCl2（C：）（PCy3）2 with [H（Et2O）x]＋[BF4]- at a molar ratio of 1：2 produced a two-core ruthenium carbene complex, {[RuCl（=CHPCy3）（PCy3）]2（μ-Cl）3}＋·[BF4]-, in the form of a yellow-green crystalline solid in a yield of 94%. This two-core ruthenium complex is a selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis of unsubstituted terminal dienes. More importantly, no isomerized byproduct was observed for N-substrates when the two-core ruthenium complex was used as the catalyst at an elevated temperature（137 °C）, indicating that the complex is a chemo-selective catalyst for ring closing metathesis reactions.

Comparison of the Kinetics of 1-Hexene Metathesis by Ruthenium Carbene Catalysts

A kinetic study of two ruthenium carbene catalysts, （PCy3）2Cl2Ru=CHPh 1 （Grubbs catalyst） and a new catalyst [1,3-bis（2,6-dimethylphenyl）4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene]（PPh3） （Cl）2Ru-CHPh 3, were conducted in metathesis of 1-hexene. The kinetic behavior of these catalysts at 40, 50, 60 and 70℃ was compared. Complex 3 has the more active catalytic effect at temperatures 40-70℃.

Metathesis of Butylene-2 and Ethylene to Propylene over 3.0Mo/(Hβ+γ-Al_2O_3) Catalysts with Different γ-Al_2O_3 Contents

A series of 3.0Mo/(Hβ+γ-Al_2O_3) samples with γ-Al_2O_3 contents in the range of 0_100%(mass fraction) was studied by means of XRD, NH_3-TPD, TPR and BET determinations for characterizing their structures. The Hβ zeolite structure in the 3.0Mo/Hβ sample can be effectively stabilized by adding some γ-Al_2O_3 to Hβ zeolite. γ-Al_2O_3 mainly favors the formation of polymolybdate or multilayered Mo oxide, while Hβ mainly forms the Al_2(MoO_4)_3 species, as evaluated by the TPR technique. When used as the catalyst for the metathesis of butylene-2 and ethylene to propylene, there exists a close correlation between the specific surface area and stability of the catalyst. The specific surface area of the catalyst shows the maximum when {(Hβ+}γ-Al_2O_3) contains 30%γ-Al_2O_3, which is in agreement with that of the time needed for the reaction stablization. In the case of maximum surface area, the rate of coke deposition is the minimum.

RUTHENIUM CARBENE INITIATED RING-OPEN METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION OF ENDO-BICYCLO[3.2.0]HEPT-6-EN-3-YL BENZOATES WITH TACTICITY STUDIES

After tentative ring-opening cross metathesis （ROCM） of endo-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en-3-yl 4-bromobenzoate with PhCH = CH2 initiated by （Cy3P）2Cl2Ru = CHPh in CH2Cl2, ring-opening metathesis polymerization （ROMP） of a series of endo-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en-3-yl benzoates was achieved under the same conditions, furnishing a variety of the corresponding polymers. Then some of them were selected to hydrogenate the C=C double bonds in their backbone with p-tosylhydrazide, affording saturated and thus more flexible polymers. All of these polymers were well characterized by spectroscopic means including GPC, UV-Vis, NMR and IR, based on which the tacticity of these polymers was investigated together with nonlinear optical （electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation, EFISH）） analysis.

Ring-closing Metathesis on anAllyl-terminated Carbosilane Dendrimer

Grubbs’ catalyst was used to prepare a series of carbosilane dendrimers with silacyclopentene peripheral groups. It was found that ring closing metathesis reaction was influenced strongly by the reaction temperature and the amount of catalyst.