Intelligent Energy Utilization Analysis Using IUA-SMD Model Based Optimization Technique for Smart Metering Data

Smart metering has gained considerable attention as a research focus due to its reliability and energy-efficient nature compared to traditional electromechanical metering systems. Existing methods primarily focus on data management,rather than emphasizing efficiency. Accurate prediction of electricity consumption is crucial for enabling intelligent grid operations,including resource planning and demandsupply balancing. Smart metering solutions offer users the benefits of effectively interpreting their energy utilization and optimizing costs. Motivated by this,this paper presents an Intelligent Energy Utilization Analysis using Smart Metering Data(IUA-SMD)model to determine energy consumption patterns. The proposed IUA-SMD model comprises three major processes:data Pre-processing,feature extraction,and classification,with parameter optimization. We employ the extreme learning machine(ELM)based classification approach within the IUA-SMD model to derive optimal energy utilization labels. Additionally,we apply the shell game optimization(SGO)algorithm to enhance the classification efficiency of the ELM by optimizing its parameters. The effectiveness of the IUA-SMD model is evaluated using an extensive dataset of smart metering data,and the results are analyzed in terms of accuracy and mean square error(MSE). The proposed model demonstrates superior performance,achieving a maximum accuracy of65.917% and a minimum MSE of0.096. These results highlight the potential of the IUA-SMD model for enabling efficient energy utilization through intelligent analysis of smart metering data.

Discrete Particle Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in Air-Blowing Seed Metering Device

In this paper,the gas and seed flow characters in the air-blowing seed metering device are investigated by using the coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method(CFD-DEM)in three dimensions(3D).The method of establishing boundary model based on the computer-aided design(CAD)drawing,has been used to build the boundary model of seed metering device.The 3D laser scanning technique and multi-element method are adopted to establish the particle model.Through a combined numerical and experimental effort,using 3D CFD-DEM software,which is based on the in-house codes,the mechanisms governing the gas and solid dynamic behaviors in the seed metering device have been studied.The gas velocity field and the effect of different rotational speeds and air pressures on the seeding performance and particle velocity have been studied,similar agreements between numerical and experimental results are gained.This reveals that the 3D CFD-DEM model established is able to predict the performance of the air-blowing seed metering device.It can be used to design and optimize the air-blowing seed metering device and other similar agriculture devices.

Residential PV capacity estimation and power disaggregation using net metering measurements

As the intermittency and uncertainty of photovoltaic(PV)power generation poses considerable challenges to the power system operation,accurate PV generation estimates are critical for the distribution operation,maintenance,and demand response program implementation because of the increasing usage of distributed PVs.Currently,most residential PVs are installed behind the meter,with only the net load available to the utilities.Therefore,a method for disaggregating the residential PV generation from the net load data is needed to enhance the grid-edge observability.In this study,an unsupervised PV capacity estimation method based on net metering data is proposed,for estimating the PV capacity in the customer’s premise based on the distribution characteristics of nocturnal and diurnal net load extremes.Then,the PV generation disaggregation method is presented.Based on the analysis of the correlation between the nocturnal and diurnal actual loads and the correlation between the PV capacity and their actual PV generation,the PV generation of customers is estimated by applying linear fitting of multiple typical solar exemplars and then disaggregating them into hourly-resolution power profiles.Finally,the anomalies of disaggregated PV power are calibrated and corrected using the estimated capacity.Experiment results on a real-world hourly dataset involving 260 customers show that the proposed PV capacity estimation method achieves good accuracy because of the advantages of robustness and low complexity.Compared with the state-of-the-art PV disaggregation algorithm,the proposed method exhibits a reduction of over 15%for the mean absolute percentage error and over 20%for the root mean square error.

Investigation into the Independent Metering Control Performance of a Twin Spools Valve with Switching Technology-controlled Pilot Stage

In hydraulic area,independent metering control(IMC)technology is an effective approach to improve system efficiency and control flexibility.In addition,digital hydraulic technology(DHT)has been verified as a reasonable method to optimize system dynamic performance.Integrating these two technologies into one component can combine their advantages together.However,few works focused on it.In this paper,a twin spools valve with switching technologycontrolled pilot stage(TSVSP)is presented,which applied DHT into its pilot stage while appending IMC into its main stage.Based on this prototype valve,a series of numerical and experiment analysis of its IMC performance with both simulated load and excavator boom cylinder are carried out.Results showed fast and robust performance of pressure and flow compound control with acceptable fluctuation phenomenon caused by switching technology.Rising time of flow response in excavator cylinder can be controlled within 200 ms,meanwhile,the recovery time of rod chamber pressure under suddenly changed condition is optimized within 250 ms.IMC system based on TSVSP can improve both dynamic performance and robust characteristics of the target actuator so it is practical in valve-cylinder system and can be applied in mobile machineries.

A Prepaid Smart Metering Scheme Based on WiMAX Prepaid Accounting Model

Prepaid energy meters have been widely adopted by utilities in different countries across the world as an innovative solution to the problem of affordability and consumption management. However, the present smart card based systems have some inherent problems like added cost, low availability and lack of security. In the future Smart Grid paradigm, use of smart meters can completely overhaul these prepaid systems by introducing centralized accounting, monitoring and credit-control functions using state-of-the-art telecommunication technologies like WiMAX. In this paper we pro-pose a prepaid smart metering scheme for Smart Grid application based on centralized authentication and charging using the WiMAX prepaid accounting model. We then discuss its specific application to Demand Response and Roam-ing of Electrical Vehicles.

Effects of temperature-gradient-induced damage of zirconia metering nozzles

The effects of temperature-gradient-induced damage of zirconia metering nozzles were investigated through analysis of the phase composition and microstructure of nozzle samples. The analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy after the samples were subjected to a heat treatment based on the temperatures of the affected, transition, and original layers of zirconia metering nozzles during the continuous casting of steel. The results showed that, after heat treatment at 1540, 1410, or 1300°C for a dwell time of 5 h, the monoclinic zirconia phase was gradually stabilized with increasing heat-treatment temperature. Moreover, a transformation to the cubic zirconia phase occurred, accompanied by grain growth, which illustrates that the temperature gradient in zirconia metering nozzles affects the mineral composition and microstructure of the nozzles and accelerates damage, thereby deteriorating the quality and service life of the nozzles.

Control performance and energy saving of multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control

Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control is proposed combined with the independent metering control technology.The configuration principle of the system is given,the mathematical model of this system is established,and the control strategy of the system under 4 different working quadrants is put forward.Finally,the control performance and energy saving characteristics of the system are tested.The test results show that the switching of high and low pressure power supply has a certain effect on the response of step position and ramp position under impedance working condition.The displacement curves show slow climbing or abrupt change of ramp position,and the position accuracy is less than 1 mm.The multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control can recover and store energy under the transcendence working conditions.The control accuracy is about 1 mm,and the energy recovery rate is about 70%~80%.

New Hybrid IoT LoRaWAN/IRC Sensors:SMARTWater Metering System

The massive development of internet of things(IoT)technologies is gaining momentum across all areas of their possible deployment—spanning from Industry 4.0 to eHealth,smart city,agriculture or waste management.This ongoing development is further pushed forward by the gradual deployment of 5G networks.With 5G capable smart devices,it will be possible to transfer more data with shorter latency thereby resulting in exciting new use cases such as Massive IoT.Massive-IoT(low-power wide area network-LPWAN)enables improved network coverage,long device operational lifetime and a high density of connections.Despite all the advantages of massive-IoT technology,there are certain cases where the original concept cannot be used.Among them are dangerous explosive environments or issues caused by subsurface deployment(operation during winter months or dense greenery).This article presents the concept of a hybrid solution of IoT LoRaWAN(long range wide area network)/IRC-VLC(infrared communication,visible light communication)technology,which combines advantages of both technologies according to the deployment scenario.

Analysis and Research on Low-Cost and Non-Intrusive Power Metering Chip

Metering technology is one of the core technologies of the smart power grid. The overall metering solution and related products have a wide market space in the whole process of power production, which bring new opportunities for power distribution development from automation to intelligentialize, and provide technical supports for the power metering system platform. Because of the importance of metering products and their market demand, this paper focuses on the design of a simple power metering chip with low-cost, low-precision and non-invasive, so as to lay the foundation for the development and practical technology accumulation of power metering products. The design achieves low cost by reducing the acquisition accuracy, simplifying the collection and sampling methods. This paper studies the chip accuracy, sampling methods, collection methods, and the inference of the chip characteristics requirements.

Simulation Analysis of Characteristics for Independent Metering Control System Based on Downstream Compensation

Aiming at the shortcomings of the separate meter in and separate meter out?hydraulic system, a new type of independent metering control system is proposed by referring to the principle of load-sensing system. The valve group unit in the system is designed, and the AMESim/Matlab cosimulation model of the component and system is established. The actuator speed control, energy consumption and anti-flow saturation characteristics of the system are discussed. The simulation result shows that the system proposed in this article can achieve?better performances.

An Ad-Hoc Low Cost Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Gas Metering

The monitoring of power consumption has become of a great interest in recent years as well as the innovative technologies available to realize Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have experienced a great growth. While smart metering technologies for electric energy are already established, as sensors power supply comes directly from power lines, WSN nodes for gas metering should necessarily be equipped with long life batteries. The presented work describes a new prototypal low cost WSN designed ad hoc for gas smart metering. The network has a star topology: each sensor node can be completely integrated with standard reed relay gas meter, and it is capable to measure the gas consumption. The information is sent to the central node (the Access Point, AP) through an RF links. The sensor nodes have been designed with custom electronics and a proprietary firmware, in order to work with a common 3.6 V lithium battery which is able to ensure a life period of about 10 years for each node. Only the AP must be connected directly to electric power. The AP is connected through the RS-232 interface to a control embedded PC equipped with a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) framework: it stores all the information coming from each node in a coherent database and allows authorized users to check the network status using a web interface. The WSN is self-learning and it is capable to detect new nodes joining the network without altering the normal operative flow. Moreover e-mail and SMS alerts can be activated to alert if a node is disconnected from the network or some problems occur. A first prototype of the WSN has been already tested achieving good results.

Non Intrusive U Value Metering

The significance of U values in buildings’ shell energy performance is well known in the scientific community as well as in the construction sector. In addition, conducting a validation of the energy performance of a building often requires the knowledge of real U value figures, since their theoretical peers may deviate considerably from the real ones. The theoretical U value of a shell element may be calculated using complex material and surface related information, while its practical validation is conducted usually by equipment that requires tedious installation and constant contact with the examined element. Aim of this paper is to introduce an easily deployed, plug and play, contact less technology, able to provide a reasonable approximation of the building element U value and its variation with external air speed as well as an accurate estimation of the U value change in case of a shell (wall or window) retrofit.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle Charging

The widely adoption of Electric Vehicle (EV) has been identified as a major challenge for future development of smart grids. The ever increasing electric vehicle charging further increases the energy demand. This paper reports the development of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) as an effective tool to reshape the load profile of EV charging by adopting appropriate demand side management strategy. This paper presents a total solution for EV charging service platform (EVAMI) based on power line and internet communication. It must be stressed that the development of Third Party Customer Service Platform in this investigation facilitates a single bill to be issued to EV owners. Hence, EV owners understand their energy usage and thus may perform energy saving activity efficiently. Experiment and evaluation of the proposed system show that the throughput achieved is about 5 Mbps at 10 ms end to end delay in Power line Communication. By introducing two dimensional dynamic pricing and charging schedule, the proposed EVAMI successfully reduces 36% peak consumption and increases the “off peak” consumption by 54%. Therefore the EVAMI does not only reduce the peak consumption but also relocates the energy demand effectively.

Exploiting the Cellular Infrastructure for Data Transmission in Smart Metering Systems

To implement the access and backhaul networks for Smart Metering (SM) systems various technologies are combined with the existing communications infrastructure. This paper deals with data transmission in SM systems, focusing on how the existing cellular networks infrastructure is employed to implement SM access communication networks. The analysis aims at analyzing the role of the cellular communications infrastructure taking into account the spatial distribution and installation points of the smart meters, the urban and topological characteristics of the SM deployment areas and the common practice so far followed by the utilities. It is demonstrated that cellular communications, either exclusively or combined with power line communications, enable immediate and scalable deployment of SM access communication networks at low installation cost, thus constituting the basic option for the implementation of smart metering.

Analysis of the metering performance for typical shape maize seeds using DEM

The irregular shape,varying internal compositions,and uneven distributions of maize seeds can degrade the metering performance of maize seeders.This study investigates the effect of irregular maize on the performance of a high-filling-rate seed metering device using DEM.The results show that the seed population in the seed box formed large and small cycles of seed transport due to the disturbances caused by the three wheels.The increasing angular speed of the three wheels reduced the rate of seed filling in the seed filling regions by gravity and disturbances.In addition,an analysis of the repose angle formed by the dropped seed indicated that the angular speed of the taking seed wheel has a certain effect.The large angular speed reduced the coefficient of variation of the seed drop location.The repose angle of the horse tooth seed was greater than those of the other.Meanwhile,the irregular maize seed can also reduce the coefficient of variation of the seed drop location.A comparison between the simulation and experiment results indicates the number of metering seed were basically the same.

Optimal Day-ahead Dynamic Pricing of Grid-connected Residential Renewable Energy Resources Under Different Metering Mechanisms

Nowadays,grid-connected renewable energy resources have widespread applications in the electricity market.However,providing household consumers with photovoltaic(PV)systems requires bilateral interfaces to exchange energy and data.In addition,residential consumers’contribution requires guaranteed privacy and secured data exchange.Dayahead dynamic pricing is one of the incentive-based demand response methods that has substantial effects on the integration of renewable energy resources with smart grids and social welfare.Different metering mechanisms of renewable energy resources such as feed-in tariffs,net metering,and net purchase and sale are important issues in power grid operation planning.In this paper,optimal condition decomposition method is used for dayahead dynamic pricing of grid-connected residential renewable energy resources under different metering mechanisms:feed-intariffs,net metering,and net purchase and sale in conjunction with carbon emission taxes.According to the stochastic nature of consumers’load and PV system products,uncertainties are considered in a two-stage decision-making process.The results demonstrate that the net metering with the satisfaction average of 68%for consumers and 32%for the investigated electric company leads to 28%total load reduction.For the case of net purchase and sale mechanism,a satisfaction average of 15%for consumers and 85%for the electric company results in 11%total load reduction.In feed-in-tariff mechanism,in spite of increased social welfare,load reduction does not take place.

Investigation of the pin-roller metering device and tube effect for wheat seeds and granular fertilizers based on DEM

The metering device is the central part of the seeder discharging granular fertilizers or seeds from the hopper to the colter passing through the tube.Depending on the metering device design,the batches of particles are discharged or discharged evenly.This research analyzes existing metering devices,and a new pin-roller metering device is recommended to discharge evenly high doses of granular fertilizers and wheat seeds at low rotation speeds.The objective was to adapt the metering device to precision agriculture so that a little electric motor containing gearbox drives every metering device.Therefore,the pin-roller metering device parameters were investigated to apply high doses of granular fertilizers and wheat seeds evenly.The optimal pin positions were determined according to response surface methods(RSM)by simulating the granular fertilizers and wheat seeds'behavior on DEM.The coefficient of variation(CV)and the slip rate(SR)of the particles between the pins were chosen as indicators for evaluating the pin-roller.The shape of the pin was specified,and then the number of lines,the number of pins in a line,and the pin height were chosen to optimize.The analysis of the simulation results shows the optimal parameters:the number of pins in a line is four,and the number of lines is sixteen.The SR of granular fertilizers and wheat seeds were 8%and 2%,respectively.The pin-roller metering device is compared with the six-grooved and twelve-grooved metering devices.The comparison results show that the pin-roller metering device distributes twice more uniformly than other metering devices.The CV of the granular fertilizer distribution for six-grooved,twelve-grooved,and pin-roller metering devices was 111.13%,80.74%,and 37%,respectively.The CV of the wheat seed distribution for twelve-grooved and pin-roller metering devices was 96%,and 37%,respectively.As long as the particles interact with the tube,leaving the metering device,the effect of tube type and position is investigated.As a result,it was determined that the tube has minimal effect on the pin-roller metering device while positively impacting the six-grooved and twelve-grooved metering devices,improving the CV of the particle distribution into the soil.

Design and experiment of the pneumatic cylinder type precision metering system for wheat

The main goal of this study was to design a pneumatic cylindrical-type metering device with six-rows for wheat precision and to analyze its output under different rotating speeds and vacuum pressure values.The effect of the pressure,rotating speed and rows on seed suction,retention and dropping was shown inspected.Six levels of rotating speed(5,10,15,20,25 and 30 r/min.)combined with the applying of different vacuum pressures(1.8,2.1,2.4,2.7,3.0,and 3.3 kPa)were inspected to detect the optimum pressure which was adequate for seed sucking at each speed.In addition,to predict the vacuum pressure corresponding with each rotating speed,a regression model was developed.Based on seed mass analysis,statistical differences under the influence of velocities and negative pressure were found at 5 percent significance according to Duncan’s Test,whereas the differences were existed between and within rows.Results revealed that the highest seed mass means of 19.02 g and 22.64 g were obtained by row1while the lowest means of 18.02 g and 21.49 g were attained by row6 under the effect of the speed and vacuum pressure,respectively.The noticeable variation between row1 and row 6,particularly under high speeds(25 and 30 r/min),might be returned to the truth that row 1 was closer to vacuum inlet,and row 6 was the farthest one.Results concluded that the multiple-row pneumatic cylinder with oblong shape seed nozzle was found to be capable for single seed picking with a small rows variation but without seed damage.

An Intrusion Detection Method for Advanced Metering Infrastructure System Based on Federated Learning

An advanced metering infrastructure(AMI)system plays a key role in the smart grid(SG),but it is vulnerable to cyberattacks.Current detection methods for AMI cyberattacks mainly focus on the data center or a distributed independent node.On one hand,it is difficult to train an excellent detection intrusion model on a self-learning independent node.On the other hand,large amounts of data are shared over the network and uploaded to a central node for training.These processes may compromise data privacy,cause communication delay,and incur high communication costs.With these limitations,we propose an intrusion detection method for AMI system based on federated learning(FL).The intrusion detection system is deployed in the data concentrators for training,and only its model parameters are communicated to the data center.Furthermore,the data center distributes the learning to each data concentrator through aggregation and weight assignments for collaborative learning.An optimized deep neural network(DNN)is exploited for this proposed method,and extensive experiments based on the NSL-KDD dataset are carried out.From the results,this proposed method improves detection performance and reduces computation costs,communication delays,and communication overheads while guaranteeing data privacy.