Design,delivery and efficacy testing of therapeutic nucleic acids used to inhibit hepatitis C virus gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Despite major achievements in the treatment ofchronic hepatitis C with the combination ofinterferons and the nucleoside analog ribavirin themajority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection cannot be treated effectively.Toimprove this response rate we used antisensetechnologies to inhibit HCV translation as possibleadditional option for experimental treatment.Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) are

Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of <i>Aloe vera</i>: A Review

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.

Continuous Wear of Hydrogel Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and complications of continuous wear of etafilcon A for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 228 eyes of 219 outpatients prescribed contact lens (CL) for one week of continuous therapeutic wear during 10 years. The reason for prescription of CLs, the primary disease, the duration of CL wear and the complications were assessed retrospectively. Results: The predominant reason for prescription of CLs was relief of pain or a foreign-body sensation (62.3%) and protection of the corneal epithelium (20.6%). The primary disease was post-penetrating keratoplasty (36.8%), followed by corneal epithelial erosion (14.5%), post-lamellar keratoplasty (14.0%) and bullous keratopathy (12.2%). The average duration of wearing single lens was 6.5 ± 3.2 days. The average duration of wearing CLs in total was 9.2 ± 10.7 months. The most frequent problem associated with continuous wear of CLs was their dropping out of CLs (12.3%). The complications associated with CLs included conjunctivitis with papillary hyperplasia, corneal erosion and superficial punctate keratitis, but corneal ulcer and corneal infiltrates were not found. Conclusion: Serious complications were not shown changing the lenses every week to keep to the prescribed time limit for continuous therapeutic wear, even if corneal epithelial barrier function is impaired.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Functional dyspepsia of ulcer-dysmotility type:clinical incidence and therapeutic strategy

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Therapeutic role of template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract has attracted the attention of physicians. The mapping study of lymphatic spread has shown that a relatively wide area should comprise the regional nodes for tumors of the right renal pelvis or the right upper two-thirds of the ureter. A prospective study showed that an anatomical templatebased lymphadenectomy significantly improved patient survival in tumors of the renal pelvis. This benefit was more evident for patients with p T2 stage tumors or higher. The risk of regional node recurrence is significant reduced by template-based lymphadenectomy,which is likely to be associated with improved patient survival. The removal of lymph node micrometastases is assumed to be the reason for therapeutic benefit following lymphadenectomy. The number of resected lymph nodes can be used to assess the quality of lymphadenectomy,but not to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy. The guidelines currently recommend lymphadenectomy for patients with muscle-invasive disease,even though the current recommendation grades are still low. The present limitation of lymphadenectomy is the lack of standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy and the randomized trials. Further studies are warranted to collect the evidence to support lymphadenectomy.

Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis),an anaerobic unicellular protist parasite,is known for its diverse clinical manifestations upon infecting the human gastrointestinal tract.Although globally distributed,it is particularly prevalent in developing nations.Examining the symptoms and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings holds immense significance,providing healthcare practi-tioners with valuable insights to enhance patient care.AIM To synthesize existing evidence on the symptomatology and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines,a systematic review was conducted.The search spanned electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.After a comprehensive screening process,a thorough examination of the papers,adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data extraction from eligible studies was conducted.The findings underwent summarization through simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS The search yielded 1200 papers,with 17 meeting inclusion criteria.Chronic diarrhea due to B.hominis infection was reported in only two studies,while abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms.Recovery rates after one week of treatment ranged from 71.8%to 100%,and after two weeks,from 60%to 100%.CONCLUSION In low-resource settings,chronic diarrhea resulting from B.hominis infection is infrequent.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting.Post-treatment,clinical outcomes are notably favorable,supporting the recommendation for treatment.Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent,with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response.

Clinacanthus nutans:a review of the medicinal uses,pharmacology and phytochemistry

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor successfully treated with metformin: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT)is a distinct tumor with a low incidence rate,which can be diagnosed at any age with a predilection for children and adolescents.Although IMT is visible in any tissues and organs,it is more commonly found in the lungs.The clinical and radiological manifestations of IMT lack specificity,hence resulting in frequent misdiagnosis.Surgical resection is currently the main therapeutic approach for IMT.Only scarce cases of IMT treated with metformin have been reported.Here we report the case of an IMT patient with partial penile resection treated with metformin.CASE SUMMARY A 1-year-old boy was born with a shorter penis,and his foreskin could not be completely turned over.When he was 6 month old,a well-circumscribed mass on the glans was found,while it did not attract the attention of his parents.The mass gradually increased in size over time before he was admitted to the hospital,where physical examination was performed.It was revealed that the glans hidden behind the foreskin had a mass with a diameter of about 4 cm surrounding the penis.The mass appeared to be hard with a smooth surface and poor mobility.The two testicles examined at the bottom of the scrotum were revealed to have a normal size.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor with rich blood supply encircling the cavernosum with a size of 3.5 cm×2.1 cm×2.0 cm.A thick urinary line was found without urine dripping,urgency,and urodynia.Surgical treatment was performed.During the operation,it was observed that the mass had surrounded and invaded the cavernosum without obvious boundaries,and that the tumor occupied about one-half of the penis cross-section as well as infiltrated more than one-half of the glans.In addition,the tumor had caused urethral invasion and anterior urethrostenosis.With the intention of keeping the glans and cavernosum,the tumor at the anterior urethra was partially removed,leaving about 30%of the tumor mass.Pathology analysis demonstrated that the tumor was rich in spindle cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells.Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that the cells were positive for CD4,CD99,Ki67,BCL2,and CD68,and negative for ALK,MyoG,S100,SOX10,PR,and EMA.Hence,the tumor was diagnosed as IMT.Metformin was prescribed for the patient after the operation,following which an oral dose of 7 mg/kg was given three times a day after meals.Three months later,it was observed that the remaining tumor had completely disappeared and that the urination process from the urethra opening had resumed normal.In addition,there were no side effects observed.There was also no tumor recurrence.The growth and development of the boy were unaffected as a result of the treatment.CONCLUSION The tumor was observed to have completely disappeared after treatment with metformin.Our finding is of great significance to facilitate future clinical treatment with IMT.

High-intensity focused ultrasound extracorporeal ablation of liver tissuesin rabbits

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Comparative Review of Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus—New and Old

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronically elevated glucose level in the blood either due to insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both. In addition, it may occur due to defective metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are 3 main types of DM: Type 2 DM is more prevalent in adults and is typically due to relative insulin deficiency, deficiency of insulin in children leads to DM type 1;and lastly, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy resulting from an imbalance of placental hormones. Introduction: Insulin, Biguanides and Sulfonylureas are some of the drug classes used to treat DM. However, their use is complicated by numerous side effects, such as;hypoglycemia & weight gain from insulin and sulfonylureas;lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 deficiency and gastrointestinal upset with metformin. Route of administration and cost are also important factors to consider when prescribing. It is for this reason the quest for newer, safer and easier to administer drugs is ongoing. Methodology: Used all the articles available on anti Diabetic drugs on web especially in British Medical Journal, Elsevier, Pubmed, Google scholar and Wikipedia etc. Got a final review article to compare the older and newer anti Diabetic drugs. Results and Conclusion: Insulin is good for controlling acute hyperglycemic states in DM but it causes acute hypoglycemia and lipodystrophy. Metformin is good hypoglycemic and easily available but causes hypoglycemia, metallic taste, Lactic acidosis and B12 deficiency. Sulfonylureas are good hypoglycemic but causes severe hypoglycemia acutely and weight gain so contraindicated for obese or hypertensive patients. While newer antidiabetics such as GLP 1 agonists increases insulin secretions has very low risk of hypoglycemia, causes weight loss as compared to insulin and decreases risk of cardiovascular side effects but still can’t be used in renally impaired patients, causes pancreatitis and can not be given in gastroparesis patients, similarly a newer drug of this class known as LY2189265 has long halflife of 90 hours, better efficacy, but causes pancreatitis and increase diastolic BP in high doses, pancreatitis is not associated with lixisenatide (GLP 1 agonist), while DPP4 inhibitors which increases GLP 1 in body has less risk of hypoglycemia, GI side effects, are weight neutral can be used in CKD but causes headaches and Nasopharyngitis. Bromocriptine or pegvisomant are used in patients of growth hormones adenoma induced DM as a medical therapy but are associated with psychosis and hallucinations. Meglitinides increases insulin secretion and has minuscule risk of hypoglycemia but can not be used in CKD patients. Otelixizumab and Teplizumab decrease T cell functions and save beta cells from immune reactions used in DM 1 but cause immune suppression and is an orphan drug. Recombinant GAD used in vaccines decreased antibody mediated beta cell damage but is still under studies.

吡格列酮二甲双胍片联合甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效研究

目的探讨吡格列酮二甲双胍片联合甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效及对血清胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)、apelin水平、糖脂代谢和胰岛功能的影响。方法选取2021年9月至2023年12月就诊于合肥市第二人民医院的102例T2DM患者作为研究对象,纳入患者按照随机数字表法分为联合组与对照组,每组51例。两组均以甘精胰岛素为干预药物,联合组同时加用吡格列酮二甲双胍片。对两组患者的疗效、糖脂代谢、胰岛功能均进行评估和分析,并统计不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,联合组总有效率更高,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组血清IGF-1、apelin水平均较治疗前升高,且联合组更高(P<0.05);两组空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平与治疗前比较均降低,且联合组更低(P<0.05);两组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平均较治疗前下降,血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平与治疗前比较均升高,且联合组血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平更低,血清HDL-C水平更高(P<0.05);两组胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)水平均较治疗前升高,胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平均较治疗前下降,且联合组HOMA-β更高,HOMA-IR更低(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论吡格列酮二甲双胍片联合甘精胰岛素可提高对T2DM患者的治疗效果,增强患者糖脂代谢及胰岛功能的改善效果,且治疗安全性较好。

二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性2型糖尿病的效果及对胰岛功能的影响研究

目的分析二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性2型糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus Type 2,T2DM)患者的效果及对患者血糖控制、胰岛功能的影响。方法选取2023年1-12月赤峰市肿瘤医院收治的70例难治性T2DM患者为研究对象,以掷骰子法分为两组,各35例。对照组接受二甲双胍联合地特胰岛素治疗,观察组接受二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗。比较两组治疗效果、血糖指标、胰岛功能指标、不良反应发生情况以及生活质量。结果观察组治疗总有效率、生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组血糖指标低于对照组,且胰岛功能指标优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较(14.28%vs 11.42%),差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.128,P>0.05)。结论二甲双胍、德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性T2DM的安全性高,促进患者胰岛功能、血糖改善,提升疾病治疗效果。

Controversies regarding transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have tantalized regenerative medicine with their therapeutic potential,yet a cloud of controversies looms over their clinical tran-splantation.This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of MSC controversies,drawing upon 15 years of clinical experience and research.We delve into the fundamental properties of MSCs,exploring their unique immuno-modulatory capabilities and surface markers.The heart of our inquiry lies in the controversial applications of MSC transplantation,including the perennial debate between autologous and allogeneic sources,concerns about efficacy,and lingering safety apprehensions.Moreover,we unravel the enigmatic mechanisms surro-unding MSC transplantation,such as homing,integration,and the delicate balance between differentiation and paracrine effects.We also assess the current status of clinical trials and the ever-evolving regulatory landscape.As we peer into the future,we examine emerging trends,envisioning personalized medicine and innovative delivery methods.Our review provides a balanced and informed perspective on the controversies,offering readers a clear understanding of the complexities,challenges,and potential solutions in MSC transplantation.

二甲双胍联合门冬胰岛素30注射液在妊娠期糖尿病患者中的治疗效果及安全性分析

目的探讨二甲双胍联合门冬胰岛素30注射液在妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者中的治疗效果及安全性。方法选取2021年1月—2024年1月石首市妇幼保健院收治的80例GDM患者作为研究对象,通过不同的治疗方法分为两组,每组40例。常规组仅接受门冬胰岛素30注射液治疗,探究组在常规组基础上额外应用二甲双胍进行治疗。比较两组血糖水平、症状积分及并发症发生情况。结果治疗3周后,探究组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平及症状积分均低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。探究组并发症发生率低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论二甲双胍联合门冬胰岛素30注射液在GDM患者中的治疗效果优于单独使用门冬胰岛素30注射液,不仅能够更有效地改善不适症状,控制血糖水平,并降低并发症发生率。

USE OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAY FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS

The single most important factor in modernization efforts of traditional oriental medicines is the limited understanding of active compounds responsible for claimed therapeutic effects.Indeed,the unknown identity of biologically active molecules generates major difficulties associated with botanical therapeutics in general.This includes management of raw materials,poor understanding of

利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍在2型糖尿病患者中的防治效果及对机体免疫的影响研究

目的:探讨利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病患者中的防治效果及对机体免疫的影响。方法:将150例2型糖尿病患者按入院顺序随机分为观察组与对照组,每组75例。对照组应用二甲双胍治疗,观察组应用利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗。分析两组患者治疗15周后临床治疗效果、平均体质指数、血糖水平(餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖)、免疫球蛋白水平(IgA、IgG、IgM)以及不良反应发生率等指标。结果:(1)治疗前,两组患者的平均体质指数、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖、IgA、IgG、IgM等比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,观察组患者IgA、IgG水平显著低于对照组、IgM水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组患者平均体质指数、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖水平显著优于对照组(P<0.05);(2)观察组治疗总有效率为94.67%(71/75),对照组治疗总有效率为77.33%(58/75),观察组治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05);(3)观察组不良反应发生率为4.00%(3/75),对照组不良反应发生率为5.33%(4/75),两组患者不良反应发生率比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍在2型糖尿病患者中的防治效果显著,能有效提高机体免疫功能。

SLC22A1、SLC22A4基因多态性与2型糖尿病患者二甲双胍疗效的相关性

目的探讨甘肃地区2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者SLC22A1 rs628031与SLC22A4 rs272893位点基因多态性与二甲双胍疗效的相关性。方法以300例T2DM患者与300例健康对照者为研究对象,用PCR-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法检测2个基因多态性位点突变在甘肃汉族人群中的分布频率。选取其中新诊断的T2DM患者105例,接受每日口服500 mg二甲双胍的治疗,随访90 d;根据基因型分组,分析空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2h PPG)及糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)变化情况与各基因型的关系。结果 SLC22A1 rs628031与SLC22A4 rs272893在T2DM患者和健康对照者之间的分布频率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。SLC22A1 rs628031 AG型与AA型、GG型与AA型FPG、Hb A1c治疗前后变化幅度差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。SLC22A4 rs272893基因多态性中GG型与AA型FPG治疗前后变化幅度差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SLC22A1rs628031和SLC22A4 rs272893基因多态性位点突变与2型糖尿病患者二甲双胍的疗效存在一定的关联。

活血降糖饮联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗患者糖脂代谢及脂肪因子的影响

【目的】探讨自拟方活血降糖饮联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)患者糖脂代谢及脂肪因子的影响。【方法】将84例2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和试验组各42例。2组均给予糖尿病饮食控制、运动疗法、禁烟酒及心理疏导等基础治疗,对照组同时给予二甲双胍治疗,试验组在对照组治疗基础上加用活血降糖饮(由黄芪、生地黄、丹参、太子参、五味子、麦冬、山药、黄精、牡丹皮、大黄、红花、桃仁等组成)治疗,疗程均为20周。观察2组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、体质量指数(BMI)、血脂[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDC-C)]、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、分泌型卷曲相关蛋白5(SFRP5)水平。【结果】治疗后,2组FPG、2h PG、Hb A1c、BMI、FINS、TC、TG、LDC-C、HOMA-IR、TNF-α、IL-6水平均较治疗前显著下降(P<0.01或P<0.05),SFRP5水平均较治疗前显著增高(P<0.05),且试验组对各项指标的改善作用均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。【结论】活血降糖饮联合二甲双胍不仅可以控制体质量,调节2型糖尿病患者的糖脂代谢,还可以通过影响IL-6、TNF-α、SFRP5等脂肪因子从而改善胰岛素抵抗。

二甲双胍联合促排卵药治疗多囊卵巢综合征的疗效观察

目的 :观察二甲双胍联合克罗米酚 (CC)治疗多囊卵巢综合征 (PCOS)合并不孕患者的疗效。方法 :选择 4 0例 PCOS患者 ,随机分成 A组和 B组。 A组 :2 0例从月经周期第 1～ 3天开始服药二甲双胍 ,3次 / d,每次 5 0 0 mg,于第 2个月经周期第 5天加服 CC10 0 mg/ d× 5治疗 1个周期。 B组 :于月经周期第 5天服 CC10 0 mg/ d× 5 ,促排卵治疗 1个周期。测定所有患者的性激素、空腹血糖 (FG)及空腹胰岛素 (Fins)。结果 :服二甲双胍后 ,血 L H、T及 Fins的水平明显下降(P<0 .0 5 )。 A组妊娠 9例 ,妊娠率为 4 5 % ,B组妊娠 3例 ,妊娠率 15 % ,两组妊娠率有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :二甲双胍治疗 PCOS不仅能降低血 L H、T及 Fins,同时能提高 CC治疗 PCOS的妊娠率。