Factors and expectations influencing concussion disclosure within NCAA DivisionⅠathletes:A mixed methodological approach

Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms.Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure,use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)athletes that may influence concussion disclosure.Methods:This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports,all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview.Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster.The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors,knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,norms,and intentions about disclosing concussion.Interviews focused on the athletes’experiences related to concussion disclosure.Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition.Results:Participants had good concussion knowledge(median=46.0),positive attitudes(median=38.0),strong beliefs(median=13.0),and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms(median=7.0).None of the constructs differed by participants’gender.Although quantitative findings were mostly positive,interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult.Educational efforts,sport culture,and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants.Stigma,pressure,and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers.Conclusion:The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions.Interventions must prioritize stakeholder-and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.

Utilization of online systems to promote youth participation in research:A methodological study

BACKGROUND Online surveys can align with youth’s increased use of the internet and can be a mechanism for expanding youth participation in research.This is particularly important during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,when inperson interactions are limited.However,the advantages and drawbacks of online systems used for research need to be carefully considered before utilizing such methodologies.AIM To describe and discuss the strengths and limitations of an online system developed to recruit adolescent girls for a sexual health research study and conduct a three-month follow up survey.METHODS This methodology paper examines the use of an online system to recruit and follow participants three months after their medical visit to evaluate a mobile sexual and reproductive health application,Health-E You/Salud iTuTM,for adolescent girls attending school-based health centers(SBHCs)across the United States.SBHC staff gave adolescent girls a web link to an online eligibility and consent survey.Participants were then asked to complete two online surveys(baseline and 3-month follow-up).Surveys,reminders,and incentives to complete them were distributed through short message service(SMS)text messages.Upon completing each survey,participants were also sent an email with a link to an electronic gift card as a thank-you for their participation.Barriers to implementing this system were discussed with clinicians and staff at each participating SBHC.RESULTS This online recruitment and retention system enabled participant recruitment at 26 different SBHCs in seven states across the United States.Between September 2021 and June 2022,415 adolescent girls were screened using the Qualtrics online survey platform,and 182 were eligible to participate.Of those eligible,78.0%(n=142)completed the baseline survey.Participants were racially,geographically,and linguistically diverse.Most of the participants(89.4%)were non-White,and 40.8%spoke Spanish.A total of 62.0%(n=88)completed the 3-month follow-up survey.Limitations of this system included reliance on internet access(via Wi-Fi or cell service),which was not universally available or reliable.In addition,an individual unrelated to the study obtained the survey link,filled out multiple surveys,and received multiple gift cards before the research team discovered and stopped this activity.As a result,additional security protocols were instituted.CONCLUSION Online systems for health research can increase the reach and diversity of study participants,reduce costs for research personnel time and travel,allow for continued study operation when in-person visits are limited(such as during the COVID-19 pandemic),and connect youth with research using technology.However,there are challenges and limitations to online systems,which include limited internet access,intermittent internet connection,data security concerns,and the potential for fraudulent users.These challenges should be considered prior to using online systems for research.

On the Options of EFL Methodological Approaches

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Methodological quality(risk of bias) assessment tools for primary and secondary medical studies: What are they and which is better?

Methodological quality(risk of bias)assessment is an important step before study initiation usage.Therefore,accurately judging study type is the first priority,and the choosing proper tool is also important.In this review,we introduced methodological quality assessment tools for randomized controlled trial(including individual and cluster),animal study,non-randomized interventional studies(including follow-up study,controlled before-and-after study,before-after/pre-post study,uncontrolled longitudinal study,interrupted time series study),cohort study,case-control study,cross-sectional study(including analytical and descriptive),observational case series and case reports,comparative effectiveness research,diagnostic study,health economic evaluation,prediction study(including predictor finding study,prediction model impact study,prognostic prediction model study),qualitative study,outcome measurement instruments(including patient-reported outcome measure development,content validity,structural validity,internal consistency,cross-cultural validity/measurement invariance,reliability,measurement error,criterion validity,hypotheses testing for construct validity,and responsiveness),systematic review and meta-analysis,and clinical practice guideline.The readers of our review can distinguish the types of medical studies and choose appropriate tools.In one word,comprehensively mastering relevant knowledge and implementing more practices are basic requirements for correctly assessing the methodological quality.

Effectiveness of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome: methodological quality of meta-analyses and systematic reviews

Objective: This study assessed the methodological quality of systematic reviews/meta-analysis of the effectiveness of probiotics against irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using the accepted methodological quality assessment scale AMSTAR and explored the factors that influenced the quality of methodology. It was designed to provide a reference for future research and systematic reviews/metaanalysis. Methods: The methodological quality of existing systematic reviews/meta-analysis was evaluated using the AMSTAR scale. Influencing factors of methodological quality were statistically analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. The included systematic reviews/metaanalysis must include the following characteristics:(1) methods using systematic evaluation/meta-analysis,(2) probiotic intervention, and (3) language limitation to Chinese and English. Results: The AMSTAR score was 5-9 (7.42 ± 1.22), and the quality is above average. The factors affecting the methodological quality are the number of authors and whether they cooperate with the institution. Conclusions: Studies have shown that current systematic reviews/meta-analysis of the effectiveness of probiotics on IBS does not fully comply with methodological quality standards, and therefore the methodological quality of research in this area needs to be strengthened. To better clarify how probiotics affect IBS, future systematic reviews and meta-analyses should not only follow methodological quality standards but also include more effective outcome measures, and they should focus more on the discussion of research results. We look forward to the development of higher-quality randomized controlled trials in the future.

METHODOLOGICAL EVALUATION ON CLINICAL RESEARCH LITERATURE OF ACUPUNCTURE TREATMENT OF FACIAL PARALYSIS

Objective: To try to give an objective evaluation on the clinical research situation about acupuncture treatment of facial paralysis in the past 50 years and try to provide a possible evidence for clinical practice. Methods: All papers are searched and assessed according to the international standards and clinical epidemiology. Results: There is no systematic review (SR) on acupuncture treatment of facial palsy in a total of 1021 articles enlisted in the present paper. Comparing with the quantity of the descriptive studies and expert opinions (constituting 84.84%), that of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical controlled trials (CCTs) is smaller (constituting 15.16%), besides, the quality of RCTs and CCTs is unsatisfactory. Conclusion: At present, the quantity and quality of studies with RCTs about acupuncture treatment of facial paralysis can’t meet the need of clinical practice, and in order to improve the therapeutic effect, a higher quality of RCTs and SR is required.

Methodological Proposition of an Integrated System for Urban Floods Control

In the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, especially in the Itajai valley, there are records of accidents and disasters mainly associated to landslides and floods, which have caused significant damages and losses, including human lives. In order to make the coexistence with such natural disasters possible, most particularly with floods, a integration is required among the technical, political, environmental, and human knowledge. Measures that encompass integrated actions for the entire river basin, with the help from an updated technical cadastre and tools, such as the GIS, allow the development of planning tools that might effectively help the people to live with the water, or else to cope with floods in a more appropriate manner. This paper attempts to propose a methodology for urban flood control, based on the integration among the several public entities involved in the flood control, along with the CTM （Multipurpose Technical Cadastre） and GIS tool. In order to solve or minimize the problems, the model proposed here aims at promoting a balance between the agents involved, and enables to rank the degrees of importance assigned to the different needs, thus allowing to eliminate or to improve those areas and processes that are duplicated or superimposed.

Hate Crimes Methodological, Theoretical ＆ Empirical Difficulties A Pragmatic ＆ Legal Overview

Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a ＂regular＂ criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes？ This article analyses the concept of ＂hate crimes＂ via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy （mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker＇s point of view） and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient.

Current Issues in Software Re-Usability: A Critical Review of the Methodological &Legal Issues

The main objective of this research is to discuss the current legal and methodological issues in the field of software Re-Usability. Though there are enormous online forums discussing such issues via Q&A but this paper is an attempt to raise the awareness about the legal issues, which a software engineer may trap into. The paper discussed the current issues with software reusability within the legal and methodological context. This paper applied an extensive literature review to critically appraise the past studies to come to a collective conclusion. Prior to discussing the issues, the benefits of reuse were mentioned, including the saving of time and cost for users. But legally the reuse of software assets creates complexities for the user in relation to meeting all the licensing requirements and dealing with the liability in case of a breach. Methodologically, there are major barriers to reused software when it comes to technical competence and managerial issues such as a lack of resources. Even when reusing software to save time, and leverage off the specialization of other authors, the end-user must also have the technical expertise to search, adapt and merge these reusable assets into the larger software infrastructure. The review ultimately shows the high barriers still remain to software reuse which could mean that smaller developers and businesses will still be reluctant to fully utilize open-source components to the best advantage.

Methodological quality assessment of meta-analyses of cognitive interventions among Alzheimer's disease

Aims:The current study is designed to assess the methodological quality of the meta-analyses of cognitive interventions among Alzheimer's disease,and to investigate the compliance with 16 AMSTAR 2 items.Method:We searched Web of Scie nce,Sino med,PubMed,Embase,and Cochra ne Library from 2016 to 2021,to get the meta-a nalyses of cog nitive in terve nti ons in Alzheimer's disease.The AMSTAR 2 was used to assess the methodological quality.Furthermore,we also explored the complia nce with AMSTAR.Resul ts:We in cluded 9 studies in our research.Of them,6 articles were rated as"extremely low",2 articles as"low"and 1 article as"high".Furthermore,the reporting rates for 16 AMSTAR 2 items ranged from 22.22%to 100%.Conclusion:The methodological quality of meta-analyses of cognitive interventions in Alzheimer's disease is not ideal,and there is still room for improvement.Future studies are supposed to explore the releva nt factors that possibly in flue nce the methodological quality.

Methodological quality evaluation of systematic reviews of music therapy for Alzheimer’s disease in the recent five years

Aims:This study aims to investigate the methodological quality of the systematic reviews of music therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease in the past five years,and to explore their compliance with each AMSTAR(A Measure Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews)item.Based on the above,this study is intended to facilitate the evidence transformation of music therapy in Alzheimer's Disease.Method:Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Embase and PubMed were searched from 2017-2021,to obtain the systematic reviews of music therapy among Alzheimer’s Disease.We used the AMSTAR,to evaluate their methodological quality.Additionally,their compliance with 16 AMSTAR items was investigated.Results:12 systematic reviews were included in this study.The methodological quality of 10 articles was“very low”,1 article was“low”,and 1 article was“high”.The 12 systematic reviews had 25%to 100%compliance with 16 AMSTAR items.Conclusion:The methodological quality of systematic reviews of music therapy among Alzheimer’s Disease in the recent five years is not high,and needs to be further improved.Future research should continue to explore the factors that affect their methodological quality,to promote the transformation of evidence-based evidence.

Applying Theoretical-Methodological Tools for the Implementation of ISO 9001： 2015 Clause 4 Context of the Organization

Nowadays, in order to satisfy the ISO 9001： 2015 requirements, organizations access to information from web sites, consultant guides, Internet forums, books, and courses, as a first approximation, however, the quality, reliability, validity, and accuracy of the information content in these is limited. The research topic of this study is the use of theoretical methodological tools, whose implementation supports the organizations in the fulfillment of requirement 4 of ISO 9001：2015, adapting it to their particular needs, minimizing rework in the documentation, increasing the motivation of the personnel involved and promoting well-being within the work environment. Some theoretical methodological tools were implemented in the case of Engineering laboratories of the Faculty of Higher Studies Arag6n, that support and complement the teaching-learning process in the theoretical-practical subjects of the curricula of the engineering bachelor＇s degrees, providing students with practical training in the use of equipment, devices, and tools, as well as extracurricular courses. In the study participated the stakeholders of laboratories. From the results, it was observed that the time for the documentation of the quality management system was reduced using the theoretical tools proposed in this study. In conclusion, this study will thus be useful as a starting point in using formal tools for the implementation of ISO 9001： 2015 standard.

Assessing Disclosure Quality： A Methodological Issue

The voluntary disclosure studies conducted until today, in social accounting and related fields, use different approaches to evaluate the so-called ＂disclosure quality＂. Disclosure quality is not so easy to measure, and it is derived from the application of different methodologies. In particular, the methodologies to assess the level of disclosure could be classified as subjective or objective. To the first category belong all the ＂tools＂ that are used directly without relying on the analysis of the original source of the information studies （Imhoff, 1992; Coleman ＆ Eccles, 1997; Welker, 1995）. The objective measurements used to assess the disclosure quality are, instead, based on the direct study of the original information source in order to obtain the information required （Krippendorff, 1980; Weber, 1985; Botosan, 1997; Lang ＆ Lundholm, 2000）. The aim of the paper is to give scholars and researchers a brief framework to understand the different methodologies used in accounting literature to assess the disclosure quality, providing examples of the application of the same in different research contexts.

Methodological Approach to Regulating CO_(2eq)Emissions from Major Energy Transition Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa:The Case of Hydroelectricity

The energy transition,validated by 194 countries at the end of CoP21 in Paris,requires new development design methods.This requirement,for the sub-Saharan African countries(SAC),could be an opportunity to finance their development.Following the mixed results of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),partly due to its rather restrictive selection criterion,the desire to implement carbon asset transfer mechanisms is proposed by many countries including Cameroon.However,the success of such a mechanism would be guaranteed by encouraging policies to regulate emissions.It is in this perspective that our work falls.It aims at proposing a regulation approach for major projects.We have dwelt on hydroelectric projects.To do this,we ordered considering their quantitative feature,113 projects or visions proposed by 37 countries.Subsequently,a classification of projects according to compartments and trends was made.We finally pointed out 6 visions,including the mitigation in production,mitigation in distribution or service,adaptation in production,mitigation in transport,adaptation in distribution or service,and the adaptation in transport.The regulation methodology proposed for mitigation projects in the hydroelectric sector on a variable threshold hypothesis has led us to three trends in regulation.

Methodological Research in the Field of Civil Aviation Safety

In order to promote the application and development of civil aviation safety(CAS)in the field of safety and enrich the theoretical system of CAS research,the methodology of CAS was studied.The definition of CAS was reconstructed,its connotation was explained from four aspects,and its research object was clarified.This paper discussed the mechanism of CAS,that is,to maintain system security through the establishment of safety prevention and control system(SPCS),and explained the research content of CAS from theory and technology application.Five principles and applicable methods for CAS research were summarized.In addition,it put forward the general procedure of CAS research,explained the specific content and implementation method or basis of each step.The research results show that the methodology of CAS is a systematic theoretical system with certain guiding significance,combined with the mechanism,research content,research principles and methods,and research procedures of CAS.

Unsatisfied methodological qualities assessment of systematic reviews/Meta-analyses on Chinese medicine for stroke and their risk factors

Background:Stroke is not only high in morbidity and mortality but also poses a great burden of disease and it is also the most reported disease in Chinese medicine systematic reviews.Therefore,the quality of such evidence couldn’t be ignored.This study aims to use a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews(AMSTAR)to assess the methodological qualities of SR/Meta-analyses of Chinese medicine on stroke.Methods:Systematic searching of seven electronic databases and PROSPERO registration platform was carried out.Two researchers separately selected studies,extracted bibliographical characteristics and scored every included study independently after training.Total score and the proportion of each item completion were explored in different subgroup comparisons.Spearman rank correlation and multivariable logistic regression were used to measure the association between bibliographical characteristics and total score or each item.Results:Total average score of AMSTAR 1.0 checklists of 234 systematic reviews/Meta-analyses was 4.47(95%CI 4.27–4.68)and the qualities were unsatisfied especially in terms of priori setting(2.14%),grey literature inclusion(5.13%),providing a list of excluded studies(2.14%)and conflict of interest(0.00%).No improvement was found in 3 years even after the publication of AMSTAR.Chinese or nonregistered systematic reviews/Meta-analyses showed even worse methodological qualities(P<0.01).Positive correlation was found between individual items and number of pages,number of authors,research questions,languages or Meta-analyse separately(P<0.05).Conclusion:The methodological qualities of systematic reviews/Meta-analyses of Chinese medicine on stroke are poor especially Chinese studies,non-registered studies,brief studies and studies without Meta-analyse or cooperation.There is no obvious improvement over these years even after the publication of AMSTAR tool,so it is urgent to promote the use of AMSTAR or develop other efficient methods to control the quantity and monitor the quality in future.

Sociolinguistic Research in Single Parent Families in China: a Methodological Perspective

It is extremely difficult to collect naturally occurring interactions in private settings.In this article,I discuss the back⁃ground of the research,and show the evidence that where the research can fit into the literature,and discuss the possible strategies that we can use to collect naturally occurring interactions in informal settings.

Researching Forms of Shadow Education:Methodological Challenges and Complexities of Private Supplementary Tutoring in Myanmar

Purpose:The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,addresses multiple dimensions and roles.However,many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring.This paper examines these matters in Myanmar,highlighting complexities and ambiguities in descriptors and in the nature of provision.Design/Approach/Methods:Using a mixed-methods design,this study was conducted in Mandalay Region and Chin State.The data were obtained from interviews with I10 Grade II students,34 high school teachers,30 parents,29 private tutoring providers,and two private school owners.Findings:The article categorizes tutoring forms based on their styles and orientations,particularly lecture-type teaching and homework supervision by guides,class sizes,durations of fee-charging(e.g,annually),the number of subjects taught per tutor,and tutoring locations.The study brings the topic out of the shadows for clearer analysis of the phenomenon and thus for assessment of its implications.OriginalityNalue:The study makes a methodological contribution to the wider picture by demonstrating the need for greater clarity and precision in the national and international comparative literatures.It also underscores shortcomings of predetermined categories in questionnaires and the value of qualitative interviews.

Metadata as a Methodological Commons:From Aboutness Description to Cognitive Modeling

Metadata is data about data,which is generated mainly for resources organization and description,facilitating finding,identifying,selecting and obtaining information.With the advancement of technologies,the acquisition of metadata has gradually become a critical step in data modeling and function operation,which leads to the formation of its methodological commons.A series of general operations has been developed to achieve structured description,semantic encoding and machine-understandable information,including entity definition,relation description,object analysis,attribute extraction,ontology modeling,data cleaning,disambiguation,alignment,mapping,relating,enriching,importing,exporting,service implementation,registry and discovery,monitoring etc.Those operations are not only necessary elements in semantic technologies(including linked data)and knowledge graph technology,but has also developed into the common operation and primary strategy in building independent and knowledge-based information systems.In this paper,a series of metadata-related methods are collectively referred to as'metadata methodological commons',which has a lot of best practices reflected in the various standard specifications of the Semantic Web.In the future construction of a multi-modal metaverse based on Web 3.0,it shall play an important role,for example,in building digital twins through adopting knowledge models,or supporting the modeling of the entire virtual world,etc.Manual-based description and coding obviously cannot adapted to the UGC(User Generated Contents)and AIGC(AI Generated Contents)-based content production in the metaverse era.The automatic processing of semantic formalization must be considered as a sure way to adapt metadata methodological commons to meet the future needs of Al era.

City Network Evolution Characteristics of Smart Industry: Evidence from Yangtze River Delta, China

The dual-path model of industrial evolution and spatial progression has been widely acknowledged and incorporated into the strategic planning to promote the development of urban industries and regional collaborations.However,current research on inter-enter-prise city networks mainly focuses on the single sector of flows on all enterprise branches,such as product value chains and production factors,but neglects that of particular industry department.Built upon the new economic geography and city networks theory,this paper develops a methodological framework that focuses on the analysis of city network evolution characteristics of smart industry.Particu-larly,a conceptual model of smart industry enterprise-industry-city is proposed and then applied to a case study of smart industry in the Yangtze River Delta Region,China.Using enterprise supplier-customer data,a city network of smart industry is constructed and sub-sequently analyzed with the proposed model.Findings indicate that the smart industry network in Yangtze River Delta Region exhibits a hierarchical structure and the expansion of the network presents a small-world network characteristic.The study not only makes a meth-odological contribution for revealing the industrial and spatial evolution path of the current smart industry,but also provides empirical support for the formulation of new economic development policies focused on smart industries,demonstrating the role of city clusters as carriers of regional synergistic development.