Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the prod...Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the production of high-density laundry detergent powders （HDDP）, it coulingd not be employed directly as it is in the spray drying process for the production of low-density laundry detergent powders （LDDP） without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. This research paper highlights the pilot-scale experimental study, which performed to produce phosphate-free laundry detergent （PFD） powders incorporated with binary anionic surfactants of C16MES and linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid （LABSA）. Past laboratory experiments revealed that PFD powders resulted from C16MES/LABSA of 50：50 ratio and of pH 7-8 have good detergency stability upon one-week of continuous heating in an oven at 50~C with 85% relative humidity. Based on these laboratory results, subsequent experiments were carded in a 5 kg/hr capacity co-current pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations comprising six different ratios of C16MES/LABSA （0：100, 20：80, 40：60, 80：20 and 100：0） under the same pH condition. Three PFD formulations were selected for further evaluation based on their characteristics in the spray drying process. The cleaning properties and particle properties of the resulting spray dried detergent powders from these selected formulations were analyzed. Based on the overall evaluation, C16MES/LABSA in 40：60 ratio was selected as the ideal PFD formulation. Further tests confirmed that spray dried detergent powder （SDDP） from the ideal formulation has high level of biodegradability （60% in 13 d）, low eco-toxicity properties （LC50 of 11.3 mg/L） and moderate flowability charactedsUcs （Hausner ratio of 1.27 and Carr＇s index of 21.3）.展开更多
A series of Poly（arly ether sulfone ether ketone）s containing pendant methyl groups were synthesized by the reaction of 4,4＇-[sulfonylbis （1,4-phenylene）dioxy] dibenzoyl chloride （SODBC） with 4,4＇- diphenoxy d...A series of Poly（arly ether sulfone ether ketone）s containing pendant methyl groups were synthesized by the reaction of 4,4＇-[sulfonylbis （1,4-phenylene）dioxy] dibenzoyl chloride （SODBC） with 4,4＇- diphenoxy diphenylsulfone （DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di（2-methylphenoxy） diphenylsulfone （o-Me-DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di（3-methylphenoxy） diphenylsulfone （m-Me-DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di （2,6-bimethylphenoxy） biphenylsulfone（o-Me2-DPODPS） respectively, in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane （DCE） and N-methylpyrrolidone （NMP）. These reactions were catalyzed by anhydrous aluminum chloride （AlCl）. The characteristic of copolymers were studied by means of advanced analytical techniques such as FT-IR,1H-NMR, DSC, TGA and WAXD. The results show glass transition temperature （Tg） in the range of 193-206℃, thermally stable in excess of 434℃ and excellent solubility in polar solvents. Methyl-substituted Poly（aryl ether sulfone ketone）s had higher glass transition temperatures, lower initial decomposition temperatures than the unsubstituted ones.展开更多
The terpolymer of itaconic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid was synthesized through the free-radical polymerization. The IR spectra confirmed that there was no olefinic band, while th...The terpolymer of itaconic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid was synthesized through the free-radical polymerization. The IR spectra confirmed that there was no olefinic band, while the TGA results revealed that the terpolymer was of high thermal stability.展开更多
The preparation and behavior of powder stearin-based methyl ester sulfonates(MES)with the addition of builder as a glidant agent was studied.MES is an anionic surfactant and its performance is equivalent to petroleum-...The preparation and behavior of powder stearin-based methyl ester sulfonates(MES)with the addition of builder as a glidant agent was studied.MES is an anionic surfactant and its performance is equivalent to petroleum-based linear alkylbenzene sulfonates(LAS),the workhorses of the detergent industry.At the same time,zeolites or soda ash were the alternative builders for non-phosphate-based detergent.The behavior of powder MES properties was measured in terms of morphology,particle size,cohesion,caking,and compaction.Before that,these palm stearin-based MES of carbon chain 16–18 with ratios of 98:2,80:20,and 60:40 in flakes were ground using a high shear mixer by 23,000 rpm to produce powder particles.Decreasing the particle size of MES powder can reduce the powder's cohesion,caking,and compaction.The addition of zeolite or soda ash as a glidant in powdered MES can improve the caking behavior.The high stearic in MES greatly influenced getting fine particle powders and required more glidant agents.This powder MES with excellent powder characteristics can perform well as a bio-based cleaning product.展开更多
2-Acryloxyacetophenone （AAP） was prepared and subjected to suspension polymerization with methyl methacrylate （MMA） using azobisisobutyronitrile （AIBN） as free radical initiator. The differently sulfonated AAP-M...2-Acryloxyacetophenone （AAP） was prepared and subjected to suspension polymerization with methyl methacrylate （MMA） using azobisisobutyronitrile （AIBN） as free radical initiator. The differently sulfonated AAP-MMA cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by sulfonation with concentrated sulphuric acid at 70 ~C. Several characteristics of the prepared resins were evaluated, i.e. FTIR, the ion-exchange capacity （IEC）, thermo gravimetric analysis （TGA）, particle size distribution and microscopic morphology. The resin characteristics were altered with degree of sulfonation, providing that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of atenolol （ATL） loading and in vitro release in the USP stimulated gastric and intestinal fluids of the obtained resins were evaluated. The drug loaded in the resin increased with increasing degree of sulfonation and hence the drug binding site in resin employed. The drug release was lower from the resins with higher content of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The drug release was a little lower in stimulated gastric fluid （SGF） than in stimulated intestinal fluids （SIF）. The basic groups, ionized to a little greater extent in SGF and preferred binding with the resin rather than releasing. Hence, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.展开更多
文摘Palm C16 methyl ester sulphonate （C16MES）is an anionic surfactant that has the potential as active ingredient in the production of laundry detergent powders. Although C16MES has been successfully applied in the production of high-density laundry detergent powders （HDDP）, it coulingd not be employed directly as it is in the spray drying process for the production of low-density laundry detergent powders （LDDP） without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. This research paper highlights the pilot-scale experimental study, which performed to produce phosphate-free laundry detergent （PFD） powders incorporated with binary anionic surfactants of C16MES and linear alkyl benzene sulphonic acid （LABSA）. Past laboratory experiments revealed that PFD powders resulted from C16MES/LABSA of 50：50 ratio and of pH 7-8 have good detergency stability upon one-week of continuous heating in an oven at 50~C with 85% relative humidity. Based on these laboratory results, subsequent experiments were carded in a 5 kg/hr capacity co-current pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations comprising six different ratios of C16MES/LABSA （0：100, 20：80, 40：60, 80：20 and 100：0） under the same pH condition. Three PFD formulations were selected for further evaluation based on their characteristics in the spray drying process. The cleaning properties and particle properties of the resulting spray dried detergent powders from these selected formulations were analyzed. Based on the overall evaluation, C16MES/LABSA in 40：60 ratio was selected as the ideal PFD formulation. Further tests confirmed that spray dried detergent powder （SDDP） from the ideal formulation has high level of biodegradability （60% in 13 d）, low eco-toxicity properties （LC50 of 11.3 mg/L） and moderate flowability charactedsUcs （Hausner ratio of 1.27 and Carr＇s index of 21.3）.
基金This work was supported by National Science Foundation of China （No. 20264001 ）, National Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, Innovation Fund for Technology Based Firms of China （No. 06C26213601342）.
文摘A series of Poly（arly ether sulfone ether ketone）s containing pendant methyl groups were synthesized by the reaction of 4,4＇-[sulfonylbis （1,4-phenylene）dioxy] dibenzoyl chloride （SODBC） with 4,4＇- diphenoxy diphenylsulfone （DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di（2-methylphenoxy） diphenylsulfone （o-Me-DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di（3-methylphenoxy） diphenylsulfone （m-Me-DPODPS）, 4,4＇- di （2,6-bimethylphenoxy） biphenylsulfone（o-Me2-DPODPS） respectively, in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane （DCE） and N-methylpyrrolidone （NMP）. These reactions were catalyzed by anhydrous aluminum chloride （AlCl）. The characteristic of copolymers were studied by means of advanced analytical techniques such as FT-IR,1H-NMR, DSC, TGA and WAXD. The results show glass transition temperature （Tg） in the range of 193-206℃, thermally stable in excess of 434℃ and excellent solubility in polar solvents. Methyl-substituted Poly（aryl ether sulfone ketone）s had higher glass transition temperatures, lower initial decomposition temperatures than the unsubstituted ones.
文摘The terpolymer of itaconic acid, acrylamide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid was synthesized through the free-radical polymerization. The IR spectra confirmed that there was no olefinic band, while the TGA results revealed that the terpolymer was of high thermal stability.
文摘The preparation and behavior of powder stearin-based methyl ester sulfonates(MES)with the addition of builder as a glidant agent was studied.MES is an anionic surfactant and its performance is equivalent to petroleum-based linear alkylbenzene sulfonates(LAS),the workhorses of the detergent industry.At the same time,zeolites or soda ash were the alternative builders for non-phosphate-based detergent.The behavior of powder MES properties was measured in terms of morphology,particle size,cohesion,caking,and compaction.Before that,these palm stearin-based MES of carbon chain 16–18 with ratios of 98:2,80:20,and 60:40 in flakes were ground using a high shear mixer by 23,000 rpm to produce powder particles.Decreasing the particle size of MES powder can reduce the powder's cohesion,caking,and compaction.The addition of zeolite or soda ash as a glidant in powdered MES can improve the caking behavior.The high stearic in MES greatly influenced getting fine particle powders and required more glidant agents.This powder MES with excellent powder characteristics can perform well as a bio-based cleaning product.
基金The University Grants Commission,New Delhi for its funding of this workIndian Institute of Science,Bangalore for its instrumental support+2 种基金Department of Physics,Sri Venkateswara University,Tirupathi,for its assistance in the SEM studyUGC,New Delhi for its support under SAPDST,New Delhi for its support under FIST
文摘2-Acryloxyacetophenone （AAP） was prepared and subjected to suspension polymerization with methyl methacrylate （MMA） using azobisisobutyronitrile （AIBN） as free radical initiator. The differently sulfonated AAP-MMA cross-linked copolymer cationic exchange resins were prepared by sulfonation with concentrated sulphuric acid at 70 ~C. Several characteristics of the prepared resins were evaluated, i.e. FTIR, the ion-exchange capacity （IEC）, thermo gravimetric analysis （TGA）, particle size distribution and microscopic morphology. The resin characteristics were altered with degree of sulfonation, providing that differently sulfonated resins could be prepared. The behavior of atenolol （ATL） loading and in vitro release in the USP stimulated gastric and intestinal fluids of the obtained resins were evaluated. The drug loaded in the resin increased with increasing degree of sulfonation and hence the drug binding site in resin employed. The drug release was lower from the resins with higher content of sulfonic group due to the increase in the diffusive path depth. The drug release was a little lower in stimulated gastric fluid （SGF） than in stimulated intestinal fluids （SIF）. The basic groups, ionized to a little greater extent in SGF and preferred binding with the resin rather than releasing. Hence, the differently sulfonated resins could be utilized as novel carriers for drug delivery.
