ANTIVIRAL TESTS OF METHYLENE BLUE INJECTION ON VZV IN VITRO

Methylene blue injection has a stronger direct inactivation on VZV in vitro. When the injection was diluted from 116 to 1128, which was obvious (P<001 and P<005). The MIC was 1222, the IC50 was 1135 and IC90 was 177. The results of microcellculture method showed when the injection was diluted from 116 to 164, it also effectively inhibited the proliferation of VZV in WISH continuous celllines (P<001 and P<005). The MIC was 195, the IC50 was 145 and the IC90 was 121.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue over MIL-100(Fe)/GO composites: a performance and kinetic study

Adsorption coupled with photocatalytic degradation is proposed to fulfill the removal and thorough elimination of organic dyes.Herein,we report a facile hydrothermal synthesis of MIL-100(Fe)/GO photocatalysts.The adsorption and photocatalytic degradation process of methylene blue(MB)on MIL‐100(Fe)/GO composites were systematically studied from performance and kinetic perspectives.A possible adsorption‐photocatalytic degradation mechanism is proposed.The optimized 1M8G composite achieves 95%MB removal(60.8 mg/g)in 210 min and displays well recyclability over ten cycles.The obtained MB adsorption and degradation results are well fitted onto Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second order kinetic model.This study shed light on the design of MOFs based composites for water treatment.

Fabrication of Core-Shell Hydrogel Bead Based on Sodium Alginate and Chitosan for Methylene Blue Adsorption

A novel core-shell hydrogel bead was fabricated for effective removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.The core,made of sodium alginate-g-polyacrylamide and attapulgite nanofibers,was cross-linked by Calcium ions(Ca^(2+)).The shell,composed of a chitosan/activated carbon mixture,was then coated onto the core.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the grafting polymerization of acrylamide onto sodium alginate.Scanning electron microscopy images showed the core-shell structure.The core exhibited a high water uptake ratio,facilitating the diffusion of methylene blue into the core.During the diffusion process,the methylene blue was first adsorbed by the shell and then further adsorbed by the core.Adsorption tests showed that the coreshell structure had a larger adsorption capacity than the core alone.The shell effectively enhanced the adsorption capacity to methylene blue compared to the single core.Methylene blue was adsorbed by activated carbon and chitosan in the shell,and the residual methylene blue diffused into the core and was further adsorbed.

Colorectal cancer lymph node staining by activated carbon nanoparticles suspension in vivo or methylene blue in vitro

AIM:To investigate whether activated carbon nanoparticles suspension(ACNS) or methylene blue(MB) can increase the detected number of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer.METHODS:Sixty-seven of 72 colorectal cancer patients treated at our hospital fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study which was conducted from December 2010 to February 2012.Seven patients refused to participate.Eventually,60 patients were included,and randomly assigned to three groups(20 in each group):ACNS group(group A),MB group(group B) and non-stained conventional surgical group(group C).In group A,patients received subserosal injection of 1 mL ACNS in a 4-quadrant region around the mass.In group B,the main artery of specimen was identified and isolated after the specimen was removed,and 2 mL MB was slowly injected into the isolated,stretched and fixed vessel.In group C,no ACNS and MB were injected.All the mesentery lymph nodes were isolated and removed systematically by visually inspecting and palpating the adipose tissue.RESULTS:No difference was observed among the three groups in age,gender,tumor location,tumor diameter,T-stage,degree of differentiation,postoperative complications and peritoneal drainage retention time.The total number of detected lymph nodes was 535,476 and 223 in the three groups,respectively.The mean number of detected lymph nodes per patient was significantly higher in group A than in group C(26.8 ± 8.4 vs 12.2 ± 3.2,P < 0.001).Similarly,there were significantly more lymph nodes detected in group B than in group C(23.8 ± 6.9 vs 12.2 ± 3.2,P < 0.001).However,there was no significant difference between group A and group B.There were 50,46 and 32 metastatic lymph nodes dissected in 13 patients of group A,10 patients of group B and 11 patients of group C,without significant differences among the three groups.Eleven of the 60 patients had insufficient number of detected lymph nodes(< 12).Only one patient with T 4a rectal cancer had 10 lymph nodes detected in group B,the other 10 patients were all from group C.Based on the different diameter categories,the number of detected lymph nodes in groups A and B was significantly higher than in group C.However,there was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B.The metastatic lymph nodes were not significant different among the three groups.Similarly,tumor location,T stage and tumor differentiation did not affect the staining results.Body mass index was a minor influencing factor in the two different staining methods.The stained lymph nodes can easily be identified from the mesenteric adipose tissues,and the staining time for lymph nodes was not significantly different compared with unstained group.None of the patients in groups A and B had drug-related complications.CONCLUSION:Both activated carbon nanoparticles suspension in vivo and methylene blue in vitro can be used as tracers to increase the detected number of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer.

Enhanced adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites

A series of chitosan-g-poly （acrylic acid）/vermiculite hydrogel composites were synthesized and used as adsorbents for the investigation of the effect of process parameters such as vermiculite content, pH of dye solution, contact time, initial concentration of dye solution, temperature, ionic strength and concentration of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate on the removal of Methylene Blue （MB） from aqueous solution. The results showed that the adsorption capacity for dye increased with increasing pH, contact time and initial dye concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature, ionic strength and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration in the present of the surfactant. The adsorption kinetics of MB onto the hydrogel composite followed pseudo second-order kinetics and the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. By introducing 10 wt.% vermiculite into chitosan-g-poly （acrylic acid） polymeric network, the obtaining hydrogel composite showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB, and then could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for cationic dye removal in a wastewater treatment process.

Hidden Relaxation Channels in Aqueous Methylene Blue after Functionalization of Graphene Oxide Probed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

The mixture of graphene oxide （GO） and dye molecules may provide some new applications due to unique electronic, optical, and structural properties. Methylene blue （MB）, a typ- ical anionic dye, can attach on GO via π-π stacking and electrostatic interaction, and the molecule removal process on GO has been observed. However, it remains unclear about the ultrafast carrier dynamics and the internal energy transfer pathways of the system which is composed of GO and MB. We have employed ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy to investigate the excited dynamics of the GO-MB system dispersed in water by exciting the samples at 400 nm pump pulse. The pristine MB and GO dynamics are also analyzed in tandem for a direct comparison. Utilizing the global analysis to fit the measured signal via a sequential model, five lifetimes are acquired：（0.61±0.01） ps, （3.52±0.04） ps, （14.1±0.3） ps, （84±2） ps, and （3.66±0.08） ns. The ultrafast dynamics corresponding to these lifetimes was analyzed and the new relaxation processes were found in the GO-MB system, compared with the pristine MB. The results reveal that the functionalization of GO can alter the known decay pathways of MB via the energy transfer from GO to MB in system, the increased intermediate state, and the promoted energy transfer from triplet state MB to ground state oxygen molecules dissolved in aqueous sample.

TiO_2/polyaniline composites:An efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue under natural light

Polyaniline （PAn） sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 composites （TiO2/PAn） were successfully prepared and used as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of dye methylene blue （MB）. The results showed that PAn was able to sensitize TiO2 efficiently and the composite photocatalyst could be activated by absorbing both the ultraviolet and visible light （λ： 190 ～ 800 nm）, whereas pure TiO2 absorbed ultraviolet light only （λ 〈 380 nm）. Under the irradiation of natural light, MB could be degraded more efficiently on the TiO2/PAn composites than on the TiO2 Furthermore, it could be easily separated from the solution by simple sedimentation.

High surface area and mesoporous activated carbon from KOH-activated dragon fruit peels for methylene blue dye adsorption:Optimization and mechanism study

In this study,an alternative precursor for production of activated carbon was introduced using dragon fruit(Hylocereus costaricensis)peel(DFP).Moreover,KOH was used as a chemical activator in the thermal carbonization process to convert DFP into activated carbon(DFPAC).In order to accomplish this research,several approaches were employed to examine the elemental composition,surface properties,amorphous and crystalline nature,essential active group,and surface morphology of the DFPAC.The BrunauerEmmettTeller test demonstrated a mesoporous structure of the DFPAC has a high surface area of 756.3 m2g 1.The cationic dye Methylene Blue(MB)was used as a probe to assess the efficiency of DFPAC towards the removal of MB dye from aqueous solution.The effects of adsorption input factors(e.g.DFPAC dose(A:0.040.12 g L 1),pH(B:310),and temperature(C:3050℃))were investigated and optimized using statistical analysis(i.e.BoxBehnken design(BBD)).The adsorption kinetic model can be best categorized as the pseudofirst order(PFO).Whereas,the adsorption isotherm model can be best described by Langmuir model,with maximum adsorption capacity of DFPAC for MB dye was 195.2 mg g 1 at 50℃.The adsorption mechanism of MB by DFPAC surface was attributed to the electrostatic interaction,pp interaction,and Hbonding.Finally,the results support the ability of DFP to be a promising precursor for production of highly porous activated carbon suitable for removal of cationic dyes(e.g.MB).

Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions onto Palygorskite

The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue from aqueous solutions on purified palygorskite was investigated. The kinetics data related to the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions are in good agreement with the pseudo-second order equation in ranges of initial concentration of 120-210 mg/L, oscillation speed of 100-200 r/min and temperature of 298-328K. The experimental results show that methylene blue is only adsorbed onto the external surface of purified palygorskite, and the apparent adsorption activation energy is 13.92 kJ/mol. The relatively low apparent adsorption activation energy suggests that the adsorption of methylene blue involves in not only a chemical, but also a physical adsorption process, and it is controlled by the combination of chemical adsorption and fiquid-film diffusion.

Effect of Methylene Blue (MB)-value of Manufactured Sand on the Durability of Concretes

The relation between the methylene blue （MB） value of MS and its limestone powder content and clay content was investigated. The effects of MB values ranging from 0.35 to 2.5 on the workability of fresh concrete, the mechanical properties, the resistance to freezing as well as the resistance to chlorine ion permeation of the hardened concrete were all investigated. The experimental results showed that the MB value had no correlation with the limestone powder content of MS, while it was directly related to the clay content. With an increase of MB value, concrete workability decreased, as did the flexural and 7-day compressive strengths, however, the 28-day compressive strength was not affected. Furthermore, influence of MB value on concretes of different strength levels was different. For low-strength concretes, an increase of MB value could improve its impermeability, but this was not the case for high-strength concretes. Instead, their resistance to chloride ion permeability decreased slightly. However, even a slight increase in MB value remarkably accelerated freeze-thaw damage of MS concrete. It was thus concluded that the critical MB value of 1.4 would not cause significant deterioration in the performance of MS concretes.

Three modes of a direct-current plasma jet operated underwater to degrade methylene blue

A direct-current air plasma jet operated underwater presents three stable modes including an intermittently-pulsed discharge, a periodically-pulsed discharge and a continuous discharge with increasing the power voltage. The three discharge modes have different appearances for the plasma plumes. Moreover, gap voltage-current characteristics indicate that the continuous discharge is in a normal glow regime. Spectral lines from reactive species（OH, N2, N2^＋, Hα,and O） have been revealed in the emission spectrum of the plasma jet operated underwater.Spectral intensities emitted from OH radical and oxygen atom increase with increasing the power voltage or the gas flow rate, indicating that reactive species are abundant. These reactive species cause the degradation of the methylene blue dye in solution. Effects of the experimental parameters such as the power voltage, the gas flow rate and the treatment time are investigated on the degradation efficiency. Results indicate that the degradation efficiency increases with increasing the power voltage, the gas flow rate or the treatment time. Compared with degradation in the intermittently-pulsed mode or the periodically-pulsed one, it is more efficient in the continuous mode, reaching 98% after 21 min treatment.

Methylene blue enhances polyethylene glycol-fusion repair of completely severed rat sciatic nerves

Complete transection of peripheral mixed nerves immediately produces loss of sensory perception,muscle contractions and voluntary behavior mediated by the severed distal axons.In contrast to natural regeneration(~1 mm/d)of proximal axons that may eventually reinnervate denervated targets,re-innervation is restored within minutes by PEG-fusion that consists of neurorrhaphy and a sequence of well specified hypo-and isotonic calcium-free or calcium-containing solutions,the anti-oxidant methylene blue(MB)and the membrane fusogen polyethylene glycol(PEG).In this study,we examined the relative efficacy of PEG-fusion with no MB(0%),0.5%MB,or 1%MB on the recovery of voluntary behaviors by female Sprague-Dawley rats with a complete mid-thigh severance of their sciatic nerve bathed in extracellular fluid or calcium-containing isotonic saline.The recovery of voluntary behaviors is the most relevant measure of success of any technique to repair peripheral nerve injuries.We assessed recovery by the sciatic functional index,a commonly used measure of voluntary hindlimb behaviors following complete sciatic transections.We reported that both 1%MB and 0.5%MB in sterile distilled water in our PEG-fusion protocol with neurorrhaphy significantly increased the rate and extent of behavioral recovery compared to PEG plus neurorrhaphy alone.Furthermore,0.5%MB was as effective as 1%MB in voluntary behavioral recovery as assessed by the sciatic functional index.Since sterile 1%MB is no longer clinically available,we therefore recommend that 0.5%MB be included in upcoming human clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PEG-fusion.All animal procedures were approved by the University of Texas Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(AUP-2019-00225)on September 9,2020.

Kinetics and mechanism of the adsorption of methylene blue onto ACFs

The kinetics and mechanism of methylene blue (MB) adsorption onto activated carbon fibers (ACFs) have been studied. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as the initial MB concentration and the ACF mass, on the adsorption rate were investigated. Equilibrium data were fit well by a Freundlich isotherm equation. Adsorption measurements show that the process is very fast. The adsorption data were modeled using first- and second-order kinetic equations and intra–particle diffusion models. It was found that the first-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. The adsorption process was found to be complex and controlled by both surface and pore diffusion with surface diffusion at the earlier stages, followed by pore diffusion at the later stages. The thermodynamic parameters △G0, △S0 and △H0, have been calculated. The thermodynamics of the MB-ACF system indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous.

Microstructure and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue by TiO2-Mounted Halloysite, a Natural Tubular Mineral

On the basis of analysis of structure and properties, halloysite, a natural tubular mineral, was developed for an environmental treatment. TiO2 was mounted into halloysite by using hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate at room temperature. The adsorption and photocatalytic performance of halloysite and TiO2-mounted halloysite have been examined in methylene blue aqueous solution in the dark and under ultraviolet ray irradiation, respectively. Their performance of adsorption and photodecomposition was evaluated from the adsorbed and degraded amounts of methylene blue （MB）. Due to the mixture of adsorption and photodecomposition, the concentration of MB, organic pollution, in water decreased rapidly with TiO2-mounted halloysite powder, which is a faster reaction than that with halloysite-only adsorption. This new use of halloysite is leading to many interesting applications in the decomposition and elimination of various pollutants in air and water.

Photodegradation of Methylene Blue in Natural Seawater

This paper reports the photochemical degradation of Methylene Blue(MB)in natural seawater(NSW).The photode-gradation reaction conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics with the rate constant 0.0158 min-1.MB was photochemically de-gradated faster under high-pressure mercury lamp(HPML)than under sunlight.When MB was in lower concentrations,salinitycould inhibit the photoreaction whereas MB in higher concentration,salinity could accelerate the photoreaction.Humid acid couldalso inhibit the photoreactions.Toxicity tests with marine phytoplankton Skeletonema costatum(Sk)and Heterosigma akashiwo Hada(Ha)showed decreased acute toxicity after photodegradation.

Relationships between Modified Methylene Blue Value of Microfines in Manufactured Sand and Concrete Properties

To better understand and assess the effect of microfines on concrete properties, the synergetic effect of methylene blue value and content of microfines on properties of low and high strength concrete was studied and then the relationships between the index of modified methylene blue value （MMBV） and concrete properties were investigated. The results show that relationships between MMBV and fresh and hardened properties of concrete can be fully established, and the correlation between MMBV and C60 concrete property is higher than the correlation between MMBV and C30 concrete. With the increase of MMBV, concrete workability and frost resistance decrease while drying shrinkage decreases; however, compressive strength and chloride-ion penetration resistance of C30 concrete have not been negatively affected whereas those of C60 concrete are significantly deteriorated when MMBV exceeds 100. To make use of microfines without remarkably damaging concrete quality, it is suggested that MMBV of microfines in MS used in C30 and C60 concrete be no more than 100.

Preparation of Bi_(2)O_(3)/BiOI Step-scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts and Their Degradation Mechanism of Methylene Blue

Bi_(2)O_(3)/BiOI step-scheme(S-scheme) heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by green calcination method, its degradation ability of methylene blue was investigated, and the photocatalytic performance of the Bi_(2)O_(3)/BiOI heterojunction, Bi_(2)O_(3) and BiOI was compared. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM), and UV-vis diffuse reflection spectrum (UV-vis DRS). The degradation rate of methylene blue was analysised by spectrophotometry, and the calculation result showed that the degradation rate of methylene blue was 97.8% in 150 minutes. The first order kinetic rate constant of 10%Bi_(2)O_(3)/BiOI is 0.021 8 min^(-1), which are2.37 and 2.68 times of BiOI(0.009 18 min^(-1)) and Bi_(2)O_(3) (0.008 03 min^(-1)) respectively. The calculation result shows that the work function of Bi_(2)O_(3) and BiOI are 3.0 e V and 6.0 e V, respectively, by density functional theory(DFT). When this S-scheme heterojunction is used as a photocatalyst, the weaker electrons in the conduction band of BiOI will be combined with the weaker holes in the Bi_(2)O_(3) valence band under combined effect with built-in electric field and band bending, which will retain stronger photoelectrons and holes between Bi_(2)O_(3) and BiOI. This may be the internal reason for the efficient degradation of tetracycline by Bi_(2)O_(3)/BiOI S-scheme heterostructures.

Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Over CaTiO_3

Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue(MB) over Ca Ti O3 was studied. Effects of the solution p H, the MB concentration, the Ca Ti O3 dosage, and the type of light source on photocatalytic degradation rate of MB over Ca Ti O3 were investigated in detail. The results show that photocatalytic degradation of MB over Ca Ti O3 followed the first-order reaction. The apparent rate constant(kobs) of MB significantly increased with increasing solution p H while it greatly decreased with increasing MB concentration. The kobs of MB increased with increasing Ca Ti O3 dosage from 0.05 to 0.1 g, whereas it slightly decreased with increasing Ca Ti O3 dosage in the range of 0.1-0.4 g. The kobs of MB under UV-visible light irradiation was larger by factors of 2.2 than that under visible light irradiation. The kobs of MB was(4.8±0.3)×10-1h-1 under optimal conditions with the solution p H of 11, the MB concentration of 1 ppm, the Ca Ti O3 dosage of 0.1 g, and UV-visible light irradiation.

Photodynamic therapy of oral leukoplakia and orallichen planus using methylene blue:A pilot study

Premalignant lesions like oral lichen planus(OLP),oral leukoplakia(OL)has a fair probability of transforming into malignancy and they are perverse toward conventional therapies.Photody-namic therapy(PDT)has been considered as an alternative/complimentary therapeutic mo-dality for the management of premalignant lesions.In this study,methylene blue mediated photodynamic therapy(MB-PDT)was used as a possible alternative method for the treatment of OLP and OL.A total of 15 OLP lesions and 13 OL lesions were enrolled in the study.The patients were irradiated 1using metal halide lamp filtered at 630土10nm,with a light exposure dose of 120 J/cm^(2) per stting.For the OLP lesions,MB-PDT was performed once a week for four weeks and for the OL lesions,MB-PDT was performed twice a week for three weeks.Lesions were evaluated pre-and post-and at follow-u sessions by changes in sign and symptom scores,and size of lesions.We have observed a 53.3%of complete reduction in the treated OLP lesions and their decrease in size,sign and symptom score after treatment and at follow-up session was statistially signifcant.We have also observed complete response for one OL lesion of the 13 treated lesions.The result indicates that MB-PDT is an effective modality in management of OLP and OL.Among the two types of premalignancies treated with MB-PDT,OLP lesions responded much better than that of OL.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by nanostructured Fe/FeS powder under visible light

The photocatalytic performance of mechano-thermally synthesized Fe/FeS nanostructures formed from micron-sized starting materials was compared with that of a thermally synthesized nanostructure with nano-sized precursors in this paper. The properties of as-synthesized materials were studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, vibrating sample magnetometry（VSM）, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy（DRS）, and ultraviolet–visible（UV-Vis） spectroscopy. The effects of irradiation time, methylene blue（MB） concentration, catalyst dosage, and p H value upon the degradation of MB were studied. Magnetic properties of the samples showed that both as-synthesized Fe/FeS photocatalysts are magnetically recoverable, eliminating the need for conventional filtration steps. Degradation of 5 ppm of the MB solution by mechano-thermally synthesized Fe/FeS with a photocatalyst dosage of 1 kg/m^3 at pH 11 can reach 96% after 12 ks irradiation under visible light. The photocatalytic efficiency is higher in alkaline solution. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation in both samples is controlled by a first-order reaction. However, the rate-constant value in the thermally synthesized Fe/FeS photocatalyst sample is only 1.5 times greater than that of the mechano-thermally synthesized one.