Scale-up of biomass conversion using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as the solvent

This scale-up study demonstrated the feasibility of an ionic liquid(IL)pretreatment process at 40 kg scale,using the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate([C2C1Im][OAc])as the solvent.The pretreatment was followed by enzymatic hydrolysis through which the process efficiency for biomass conversion to monomeric sugars was determined.The results show that 43 wt%of switchgrass was dissolved in IL after 2 h of pretreatment at 160℃ with 15 wt%solid loading.A 120 h enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated switchgrass results in 96%glucan and 98%xylan conversion.[C2C1Im][OAc]pretreatment has been successfully scaled up to 40 kg with improved sugar titers and yields relative to bench scale(6 kg).The mass flow of the overall process was established and the major scale-up challenges of the process were identified.

DFT Study on the Structure of Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate

This paper reports the ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies on the structure of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([EMIM]+[PF6]-). Hartree-Fock (HF) and DFT(B3LYP) methods are respectively used to obtain the stable structure of the gas phase ion pair at the 6-311++G(d, p) basis set level. The theoretical IR spectra of [EMIM]+[PF6]- were obtained from the calculated vibrational frequencies and intensities. The changes of atomic charge population have been investigated using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The computational results show that there may exist hydrogen bonds between the cation and the anion. After ZPE and BSSE corrections, the interaction energy between the cation and the anion is –314.44 kJ?mol-1.

New Method for the Synthesis of 1-Methylimidazolium Trifluoroacetate and Its Application in Biginelli Reaction

A new method for the synthesis of 1-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate ([Hmi]Tfa), a protic ionic liquid (PIL), under ultrasonic irradiation has been developed. In addition, the product [Hmi]Tfa was successfully employed as solvent and catalyst in Biginelli reaction to prepare 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) in high yield under mild reaction conditions.

Isobaric Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for tert-Butyl Alcohol + Water + Propane-1,3-Diol + 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride at 101.3 kPa

In this study, we used a mixture of organic liquid propane-1,3-diol and ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([emim]Cl) as the entrainer to separate tert-butyl alcohol(TBA) + water. We measured the isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium(VLE) for the quaternary system TBA + water + propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl at 101.3 kPa, and found the VLE data to be well correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid model. These results show that the mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol + [emim]Cl can increase the relative volatility of TBA to water and break the azeotropic point. We found no notable synergetic effect between them, and observed that the liquid mixed solvent of propane-1,3-diol and [emim]Cl had lower viscosity than [emim]Cl, which makes it a promising entrainer for separating the TBA + water azeotrope in industrial applications.

Impact of Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate Mediated Extraction on Lignin Features

This study aims at investigating the impact of ionic liquid extraction on lignin structure by studying the mechanism of lignin depolymerization in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate EMIM[OAc]) and comparing it with that of organosolv and milled wood methods. Ionic liquid mediated lignin (ILL) using EMIM[OAc]), ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) and milled wood lignin (MWL) were isolated from Typha capensis (TC) and subjected to several analytical characterizations. Experimental data shows that ILL exhibited a relatively lower degree of condensation, lower aromatic C-C structures and a higher aliphatic OH with values of 0.42/Ar, 1.94/Ar and 1.33/Ar moieties compared with EOL values of 0.92/Ar, 2.22/Ar and 0.51/Ar moieties respectively. The ILL was depolymerized under mild conditions giving relatively higher β-aryl ether linkages content, higher molecular mass, and exhibited closer structures and reactivity to native lignin than EOL. These insights on TC lignin depolymerization in EMIM[OAc]) acetate may contribute to better value-addition of lignocellulosic biomass.

Definition of Planarian Mortality in an Acute Toxicity Test:A Case Study on Dugesia japonica Exposed to 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide

In order to define the mortality criteria of planarian objectively,a case study of Dugesia japonica exposed to 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([C8mim]Br)was performed followed by a recovery culture.The results showed that defining planarian mortality in light of its body disintegration was appropriate.If the disintegrated tissue of a planarian was more than 1/4 of its body length,it would completely degenerate.However,a planarian would regenerate the lost tissue and return to normal after a few days’recovery culture if the disintegrated part was less than 1/4 of body length.Therefore,we propose to use body disintegration as the endpoint of planarian mortality,i.e.,1/4 body length degenerated is the critical threshold of mortality and survival of planarians when exposed to toxicants.This criterion could be adapted in the standardization of testing protocols and comparability of acute toxicity test or other toxicological research using planarian as the test animal.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Ionic Liquid Polymer: Poly(1-(3-aminobenzyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride)

A new type of polymerizable ionic liquid （IL） 1-（3-aminobenzyl）-3-methylimidazolium chloride （AMIC） was synthesized to obtain a novel polymer salt poly（1-（3-aminobenzyl）-3-methylimidazolium chloride） （PAMIC）. The AMIC was structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR）. The structure, morphology and properties of PAMIC were investigated by FTIR, ultraviolet visible absorption spectra （UV-Vis）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDX）, conductivity measurement and thermo- gravimetric analysis （TGA）. The PAMIC was spherulitic with an average diameter of about 50 nm and showed high conductivity and excellent thermal stability.

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of silver nanoparticles in water using ionic liquid1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

Using the ionic liquid（IL）1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as the extractant and methanol as the dispersion solvent,a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed to extract silver nanoparticles（AgN Ps）from environmental water samples.Parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency such as IL concentration,pH and extraction time were optimized.Under the optimized conditions,the highest extraction efficiency for AgN Ps was above 90% with an enrichment factor of 〉90.The extracted AgN Ps in the IL phase were identified by transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy,and quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion,with a detection limit of 0.01 μg/L.The spiked recovery of AgN Ps was 84.4% with a relative standard deviation（RSD）of 3.8%（n = 6）at a spiked level of 5 μg/L,and 89.7% with a RSD of 2.2%（n = 6）at a spiked level of 300 μg/L,respectively.Commonly existed environmental ions had a very limited influence on the extraction efficiency.The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of Ag NPs in river water,lake water,and the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant,with recoveries in the range of 71.0%–90.9% at spiking levels of 0.11–4.7 μg/L.

N-Methylimidazolium perchlorate as a new ionic liquid for the synthesis of bis(pyrazol-5-ol)s under solvent-free conditions

N-Methylimidazolium perchlorate（[MIm]ClO_4） was synthesized and some of its physico-chemical properties, such as density, surface tension were investigated. A thermo gravimetric analysis（TGA） and solvent performance were also studied. The results show that this ionic liquid is an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of 4,4＇-（arylmethylene）bis（1H-pyrazol-5-ol） derivatives under solvent-free conditions.This method has the advantages of high yield, clean transformation, simple operation and short reaction time. The ionic liquid can be recycled without significant loss of activity.

1,3-二(2′-氨基亚乙基)-2-甲基咪唑溴盐与环氧树脂E-51的固化工艺

通过咪唑环上的季铵化反应,制备一种适用于环氧树脂的双氨基咪唑类离子液体固化剂1,3-二(2′-氨基亚乙基)-2-甲基咪唑溴盐(DAIL)。以环氧树脂E-51作为基体树脂,深入研究DAIL作为固化剂的固化工艺条件和固化物的性能。结果表明,DAIL可作为环氧树脂E-51的中温固化剂使用,二者的最佳质量比为DAIL∶E-51=20∶100,最佳固化温度范围为74~105℃,后固化温度为162℃,固化后的浇注体样条抗拉强度为159 MPa,弹性模量为2281 MPa,断裂伸长率为12.8%,热分解温度为424.4℃。DMA分析表明DAIL/E-51浇注体最大损耗因子tanδ为0.56,玻璃转化温度θg为83℃,对应的贮存模量E为290 MPa,交联密度为30149 mol·m^(-3)。该结果为高力学性能中温环氧树脂固化剂的使用提供了重要实验依据。

离子液体中间硝基苯酚在玻碳电极上的电化学还原行为研究

在 [EMIM]Br体系中 ,以玻碳为工作电极 ,铂丝为辅助电极 ,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极 ,研究了间硝基苯酚的电化学行为 .采用循环伏安法和计时电量法 ,研究了扫描速度、温度和底物浓度等因素对其电化学行为的影响 ,求得扩散系数 D为 9.1 84× 1 0 - 7cm2 /s,传递系数α为 0 .3 7,证明了在 [EMIM]Br体系中 ,此反应是受扩散控制的不可逆反应 .

室温离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐的合成研究

由1-甲基咪唑和溴代正丁烷合成了中间体溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑,讨论了温度和反应自身放热对此步反应的影响。中间体再经过阴离子交换,得到了标题化合物,收率为92%。产物的结构经IR和1HNMR确认。

1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物离子液体TGA-FTIR研究

利用TGA-FTIR技术,研究了空气及氮气气氛下1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物的热性能.结果表明,在不同的气氛下,在离子液体的沸点附近,存在一定的蒸汽压,随着温度的升高,1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物主要以蒸气的形式汽化.在离子液体汽化过程中,未观察到离子液体发生明显的分解现象.在受热过程中,离子液体可能发生碳化作用,在空气气氛中,离子液体可能发生氧化作用,并且,离子液体的碳化速率与氧化速率基本接近.随着温度的升高,离子液体的氧化及碳化产物被进一步深度氧化.

甲醇-苯-离子液体等压汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了甲醇-苯与三种离子液体的三元物系的等压汽液平衡数据,即甲醇-苯-1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([EMIM]BF4),甲醇-苯-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4),甲醇-苯-1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([OMIM]BF4)。实验结果表明,加入离子液体可以使汽液平衡线偏离甲醇-苯二组分物系的汽液平衡线,离子液体摩尔分数越大,偏离程度越大。[OMIM]BF4表现出明显的盐析效应,使甲醇对苯的相对挥发度发生改变,消除了甲醇—苯物系的共沸点。离子液体对甲醇的盐析效应顺序为:[OMIM]BF4>[BMIM]BF4>[EMIM]BF4。因此[OMIM]BF4可以作为甲醇-苯物系萃取精馏的溶剂。

乙酸乙酯-乙醇-1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐物系汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32 kPa下,用改进的Othmer汽液平衡釜测定了乙酸乙酯-乙醇-1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([omim]BF_4)三组分物系的等压汽液相平衡数据。采用NRTL方程对实验数据进行了关联,得到方程参数,活度系数的计算值与实验值的偏差为3.12%。实验结果表明,加入[omim]BF_4使汽液平衡线偏离乙酸乙酯-乙醇二组分物系的汽液平衡线,[omim]BF_4含量越大,偏离程度越大;[omim]BF_4具有明显的盐析效应,能够增大乙酸乙酯对乙醇的相对挥发度;当x([omim]BF_4)为10%时,乙酸乙酯-乙醇物系的共沸点消失,随[omim]BF_4含量的增加,乙酸乙酯对乙醇的相对挥发度增加。

离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二丁酯的制备与应用

以磷酸三丁酯和N-甲基咪唑为原料,一步合成出了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二丁酯盐。该产品为一种新型的水溶性离子液体,浅棕色,其在25℃下的黏度和密度分别为3.45×10-3Pa.s和1.045 kg/m3。经电喷雾质谱测定其阴阳离子分别为磷酸二丁酯[(BuO)2P(O)O]-和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑。由于空间位阻的影响,无论磷酸三丁酯和N-甲基咪唑的摩尔比如何,其产物中只有磷酸二丁酯阴离子,因此产物纯度高,易分离。实验表明,该离子液体对汽油中的3-甲基噻吩和二苯并噻吩具有良好的萃取效果,可望用于汽柴油的脱硫过程。

离子液体中钴的电沉积行为

在含有氯化钴的室温离子液体氯化1-甲基-3-乙基咪唑(EMIC)和乙二醇(EG)体系中研究了金属钴的电沉积.循环伏安法测试表明,在EMIC-CoCl2熔盐中,乙二醇的加入促进了EMIC的解离,从而使氧化还原电流增大,在EMIC-CoCl2-EG体系中钴的电沉积是受扩散控制的非可逆电极过程,在该电解液体系中,Co(Ⅱ)在Pt电极上的传递系数α为0.30,扩散系数D0为4.16×10-6cm·s-1;计时电流法研究表明,钴在铂电极上的电结晶过程符合三维连续成核的生长机理;场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)观察镀层的微观形貌显示,金属钴的结晶细小.XRD分析证实,镀层为纯钴,沉积的钴是晶态和微晶态的混合物,并且晶粒尺寸为纳米级.

[EMIM]HSO_4离子液体的合成及其在氧化铝电解中的应用

以N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了[EMIM]HSO_4离子液体,采用红外光谱、核磁氢谱和热分析对产物进行了表征,并测定了与电解相关的物理性质,如密度、表面张力、粘度和电导率等,通过研究Al2O3在[EMIM]HSO4离子液体中的溶解度和电化学行为,探讨了其直接电解的可能性.结果表明,[EMIM]HSO4在加热至270℃前比较稳定,密度和粘度均随温度升高而减小,在100℃时摩尔电导率为2.890S-cm2/mol,满足电解质要求.20℃时测得Al2O3在[EMIM]HSO4中的溶解度为3.81g/L,满足直接电沉积对溶解度的要求.Al2O3在Pt电极上能发生电沉积,在-0.26V发生铝的欠电位沉积,-0.54V发生铝的沉积,电解过程受扩散控制.

1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘的合成及在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

利用高压釜使1-甲基咪唑和碘代正己烷直接反应生成离子液体1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘,并考察了温度对反应的影响.结果表明,升高反应温度,可使1-甲基咪唑和碘代正己烷按化学计量比进行反应,产率近100%,该方法操作简单,所得产品纯度高,反应过程不需要使用有机溶剂,且对环境友好.同时还测量了I_3^-在1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘和1-甲基咪唑混合液中的表观扩散系数及其所组成的染料敏化太阳电池的光伏性能.

离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐对斜生栅藻的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了不同浓度离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIM]Cl)对斜生栅藻的影响,测定了半数抑制浓度(IC50)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及藻细胞通透性的变化,观察了80mg/L[BMIM]Cl处理96h对藻细胞的影响.结果表明:[BMIM]Cl对斜生栅藻生长具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,叶绿素含量下降,48h IC50、72h IC50和96hIC50分别为103.77、76.44和68.49mg/L.藻细胞对[BMIM]Cl有一定的氧化应激反应,CAT和SOD活性随[BMIM]Cl浓度升高而降低.[BMIM]Cl对藻细胞的细胞膜有一定程度的破坏作用,藻细胞通透性随浓度升高而增大,同时藻细胞的超微结构受到了[BMIM]Cl的影响,造成质壁分离,叶绿体片层断裂,线粒体嵴数量减少.