KL-0153, a novel inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexAB-OprM efflux pump

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that contributes to high morbidity and mortality. MexAB-OprM is the main efflux pump among the Resistance-Nodulation-Division family multi-drug effiux systems, which contribute greatly to the multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa. Effiux pump inhibitors （EPIs） of MexAB-OprM could enhance the activity of the antibiotics effiuxed by MexAB-OprM, and thus they might be useful in the clinic as antibacterial synergistic agents. In this work, a new EPI of MexAB-OprM, KL-0153, was discovered by screening of a small molecular library. Its inhibition of MexAB-OprM was confirmed by assays of synergistic activity and EB accumulation. The activity of KL-0153 was shown to be synergistic with antibiotics effiuxed by MexAB-OprM when they were tested against strains expressing MexAB-OprM, especially so for the strains that express MexAB-OprM at high levels. KL-0153 showed more activity than the positive drug carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone in the EB accumulation assay. It cannot be neglected that KL-0153 has significant liver and kidney toxicity. However, KL-0153 may be a lead comoound for the research and development of new tvoes of EPIs.

Influence of efflux pump inhibitors on the multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori

AIM:To evaluate the effect of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) on multidrug resistance of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).METHODS: H. pylori strains were isolated and cultured on Brucella agar plates with 10% sheep's blood. The multidrug resistant (MDR) H. pylori were obtained with the inducer chloramphenicol by repeated doubling of the concentration until no colony was seen, then the susceptibilities of the MDR strains and their parents to 9 antibiotics were assessed with agar dilution tests. The present study included periods before and after the advent of the EPIs, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), reserpine and pantoprazole), and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined accordingly. In the same way, the effects of 5 proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), used in treatment of H. pylori infection, on MICs of antibiotics were evaluated.RESULTS: Four strains of MDR H. pylori were induced successfully, and the antibiotic susceptibilities of MDR strains were partly restored by CCCP and pantoprazole, but there was little effect of reserpine. Rabeprazole was the most effective of the 5 PPIs which could decrease the MICs of antibiotics for MDR H. pylori significantly.CONCLUSION: In vitro, some EPIs can strengthen the activities of different antibiotics which are the putative substrates of the efflux pump system in H. pylori.

Efflux pump gene hefA of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in multidrug resistance

AIM: To determine whether efflux systems contribute to multidrug resistance of H pylori. METHODS: A chloramphenicol-induced multidrug resistance model of six susceptible H pylori strains (5 isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) was developed. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were selected and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eryth-romycin, metronidazole, penicillin G, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin in multidrug resistant strains and their parent strains was determined by agar dilution tests. The level of mRNA expression of hefA was assessed by fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR. A H pylori LZ1026 knockout mutant (ΔH pylori LZ1026) for (puta-tive) efflux protein was constructed by inserting the kanamycin resistance cassette from pEGFP-N2 into hefA, and its susceptibility profiles to 10 antibiotics were evaluated. RESULTS: The MIC of six multidrug-resistant strains (including 5 clinical isolates and H pylori NCTC11637) increased signifi cantly (≥ 4-fold) compared with their parent strains. The expression level of hefA gene was significantly higher in the MDR strains than in their parent strains (P = 0.033). A H pylori LZ1026 mutant was successfully constructed and the ΔH pylori LZ1026 was more susceptible to four of the 10 antibiotics. All the 20 strains displayed transcripts for hefA that con-fi rmed the in vitro expression of these genes.CONCLUSION: The efflux pump gene hefA plays an important role in multidrug resistance of H pylori.

Plant-derived secondary metabolites as the main source of efflux pump inhibitors and methods for identification

The upsurge of multiple drug resistance(MDR)bacteria substantially diminishes the effectiveness of antibiotic arsenal and therefore intensifies the rate of therapeutic failure.The major factor in MDR is efflux pump-mediated resistance.A unique pump can make bacteria withstand a wide range of structurally diverse compounds.Therefore,their inhibition is a promising route to eliminate resistance phenomenon in bacteria.Phytochemicals are excellent alternatives as resistance-modifying agents.They can directly kill bacteria or interact with the crucial events of pathogenicity,thereby decreasing the ability of bacteria to develop resistance.Numerous botanicals display noteworthy efflux pumps inhibitory activities.Edible plants are of growing interest.Likewise,some plant families would be excellent sources of efflux pump inhibitors(EPIs)including Apocynaceae,Berberidaceae,Convolvulaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Fabaceae,Lamiaceae,and Zingiberaceae.Easily applicable methods for screening plant-derived EPIs include checkerboard synergy test,berberine uptake assay and ethidium bromide test.In silico highthroughput virtual detection can be evaluated as a criterion of excluding compounds with efflux substrate-like characteristics,thereby improving the selection process and extending the identification of EPIs.To ascertain the efflux activity inhibition,real-time PCR and quantitative mass spectrometry can be applied.This review emphasizes on efflux pumps and their roles in transmitting bacterial resistance and an update plant-derived EPIs and strategies for identification.

Role of MexA-MexB-OprM Efflux Pump System in Chronic Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pulmonary Infection in Mice

In order to investigate the role of the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump system in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PA)-induced pulmonary infection,pulmonary infection models were established by intratracheal injection of K767(wild type),nalB(MexA-MexB-OprM up-regulated mutant),and △m exB(knockout) strains,separately.All mice were treated with Meropenem(intraperitoneal injection,100 mg/kg body weight,twice every day),and strain-related pathology,bacteria count,cytokine level,myeloperoxidase(MPO,indicator of neutrophil recruitment) activity,and macrophage inflammatory protein-2(MIP-2) expression were evaluated at early(3rd day post-infection) and late(7th and 14th day post-infection) stages of infection.E-test showed that △mexB was more significantly sensitive to panipenan(ETP),meropenem(MP) and imipenem(IP) than K767 and nalB strains.There was no significant difference in sensitivity to cefepime(TM) among the three stains.In contrast to the K767 and nalB groups,the △ mexB group showed decreased bacteria burden over time and less extensive pathological change.Additionally,MPO activity and levels of inflammatory cytokines(IL-1b,IL-12,and TNF-α) were increased at the early stage(day 3) and decreased at the later stage(day 14).Serum MIP-2 expression level was steadily increased in all three groups from early to late stages,but significantly higher in △m exB group than in K767 and nalB groups(P<0.05).In conclusion,the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump system might play an important role in PA-induced chronic pulmonary infection.High expression of the MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump could increase antibacterial resistance and promote infection.

Characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran

Objective: To explore the characterization and frequency of antibiotic resistance related to membrane porin and efflux pump genes among Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) strains obtained from burn patients in Tehran, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 100 strains of A. baumannii isolated from burn patients visiting teaching hospitals of Tehran were collected from January 2016 to November 2017. After A. baumannii strains were confirmed, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. PCR amplification was performed for detection of β-lactamase adeR, OprD, adeS genes among A. baumannii strains. Results: All isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin, and most isolates indicated high resistance (95%-97%) to meropenem, imipenem, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, and tetracycline. The most effective antibiotic against A. baumannii isolates was colistin (97% sensitivity), followed by tigecycline. The frequency of OprD, adeS, and adeR genes were 98%, 91%, and 77%, respectively. Conclusions: This study shows that the majority of A. baumannii isolates are highly resistant to the antibiotics most commonly used in burn patients. Also, high distribution of OprD and adeRS genes may be responsible for the observed resistances among A. baumannii isolates that demonstrate the possible role of both efflux pumps in simultaneous of carbapenemase production during antibiotic resistance.

Mechanisms Efflux Pumps of <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>(MDR): Increasing Resistance to Antibiotics

Acinetobacter baumannii has greatly increased its degree of resistance to become multidrug resistant (MDR) over the past 30 years and is on the red line of the most widely replicated bacteria according to World Health Organization (WHO). The efflux pumps are the main cause for the increasing antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii originated from nosocomial infection. The progressive resistance of A. baumannii even on the recent drugs (tigecycline and fosfomycin) reduces to very effective antibiotic scale. With attention focused on MDR and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) in A. baumannii multiple works on efflux pumps chemical inhibitor (NMP, PAβN, omeprazole, verapamil, reserpine, CCCP) are still in progress. Certain inhibitors from plants (Biricodar and timcodar, Falvone, Mahonia, Dalea versicolor, Lycopus europaeus, and Rosmarinus officinalis) have the capability to have such compounds according to their very significant synergistic effect with antibiotics. In this review we focused on the growth of antibiotic resistance to explain the mechanism of efflux pumps into these different super families and a comprehensive understanding of the extrusion, regulation and physiology role of drug efflux pumps in the essential development of anti-resistivity drugs. We recapitulated the evolution of the work carried out in these fields during the last years and in the course of elaboration, with the aim of increasing the chances of decreasing bacterial resistivity to antibiotics.

Drug interactions of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors involving CYP enzymes and P-gp efflux pump

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) inhibitors are oral antidiabetic drugs approved to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saxagliptin is a substrate of CYP3A4/5 enzymes while other DPP4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin, linagliptin, gemigliptin and teneligliptin are weak substrates of CYP3A4. DPP4 inhibitors have also been identified as substrates of P-gp. Hence, the drugs inhibiting or inducing CYP3A4/5 enzymes and/or P-gp can alter the pharmacokinetics of DPP4 inhibitors. This review is aimed to identify the drugs interacting with DPP4 inhibitors. The plasma concentrations of saxagliptin have been reported to be increased significantly by the concomitant administration of ketoconazole or diltiazem while no significant interactions between various DPP4 inhibitors and drugs like warfarin, digoxin or cyclosporine have been identified.

Antibacterial activity and inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus NorA efflux pump by ferulic acid and its esterified derivatives

Objective:To evaluate the inhibitory activity of ferulic acid and four of its esterified derivatives(methyl,ethyl,propyl,and butyl)against resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus strains.Methods:Ferulic acid derivatives were obtained by esterification with methanol,ethanol,propanol,and butanol,and then characterized by hydrogen and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC)of ferulic acid and its esterified derivatives,ethidium bromide,and norfloxacin were obtained using the microdilution test,while the efflux pump inhibition test was conducted by examining reduction in the MICs of norfloxacin and ethidium bromide.Molecular docking was also carried out using the Schrodinger Suite 2015 molecular modeling software.A three-dimensional model of NorA efflux pump was generated using I-TASSER.The best scoring model was used as a receptor for ligand-receptor docking.Results:The methyl and butyl ester derivatives did not demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity.However,a significant synergic effect was evidenced when norfloxacin was combined with the ethyl and propyl esterified derivatives.The docking study demonstrated favorable energy of interaction between ferulate derivatives and NorA,and amino acid residues TYR57,TYR58,and LEU255 were present commonly in stabilizing all complexes.The PCA analysis corroborated the docking hypothesis that the lipophilic character and hydrogen bond interactions were the most relevant characteristics involved with NorA inhibitors.The pharmacokinetic parameters of ferulic acid derivatives showed good ADMET properties,demonstrating that they can be easily absorbed and have no effect or inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex,revealing their potential as drug candidates.Conclusions:This study provides strong evidence that the molecular basis for this activity is potentially due to the NorA efflux pump.

Mutational and Phylogenetic Analysis of <i>nfxB</i>Gene in Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolates of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Hyperexpressing MexCD-OprJ Efflux Pump

The present study focused on MexCD-OprJ efflux pump and its regulatory gene nfxB in multidrug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from Kerala, South India. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR technique was employed to detect hyperexpression of the efflux pump gene, mexD. Amplicons from nfxB gene of isolates hyperexpressing the efflux pump were sequenced for mutational and phylogenetic analysis. Among 29 isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa, increased mexD transcription was detected in 10.3% of the isolates when compared with P. aeruginosa reference strain, PAO (MTCC-3541). Various synonymous and non-synonymous mutations in nfxB regulatory gene sequences were detected. Notably, mutations detected in the strains designate Pa6 and Pa7 have been found to be novel and are hitherto unreported in GenBank data base. The genetic divergence and homogeneity of the nfxB regulatory gene sequences of mexCD-oprJ operon were clearly apparent in the phylogram generated employing similar sequences retrieved from the public database.

Detection of the Mex Efflux Pumps in <i>Pseudomonas</i><i>aeruginosa</i>by Using a Combined Resistance-Phenotypic Markers and Multiplex RT-PCR

The aim of this study was to detect the expression of 4 clinically-important efflux pumps in the Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) family including MexAB-OprM, MexXY, MexCD-OprJ and MexEF-OprN in Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a combination of resistance-phenotypic markers and multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR). The antibiotic substrates specific for each Mex systems were used as phenotypic markers including carbenicillin, MexAB-OprM, erythromycin, MexCD-OprJ, norfloxacin and imipenem, MexEF-OprN and gentamicin, MexXY-OprM. The methods were validated with reference strains with known genotypes of the Mex systems and the potential applicability in clinical practice was tested with clinical isolates. The results for the reference strains support that the combination of resistance phenotype and mRT-PCR is a potential-attractive method for diagnosis of efflux-mediated resistance in P. aeruginosa. Further development to make it more practical for clinical use and study in a larger number of clinical isolates is required.

Detection of oqxA and oqxB efflux pump genes among nosocomial coliform bacilli:An observational cross-sectional study

Objectives:To identify and test the antibiotic susceptibility of nosocomial coliform bacilli and investigate the presence of oqxA and oqxB genes among the multidrug-resistant(MDR)phenotypes.Methods:One hundred and twenty different healthcare-associated infection samples were collected.Coliform bacilli were isolated,identified by conventional methods,and then antibiotic susceptibility tests were done using the VITEK2 system and disk diffusion methods.OqxAB operon was identified using a conventional PCR-based technique.oqxA and oqxB genes were compared between MDR Klebsiella pneumonia(K.pneumonia)phenotypes and MDR Escherichia coli(E.coli)phenotypes.Besides,oqxAB operons were compared between phenotypes of K.pneumonia and E.coli isolates.Results:Seventy coliform bacilli were isolated with the predominance of K.pneumonia and E.coli.Besides,82.1%of K.pneumonia strains and 53.3%of E.coli isolates were MDR phenotypes.Significant more oqxB genes alone were found in MDR E.coli than that in MDR K.pneumoniae phenotypes(χ^(2)=10.160,P=0.003).OqxAB operon was significantly more in MDR phenotypes of E.coli than that in the susceptible phenotypes(P<0.001).There was significantly less of this operon in susceptible E.coli isolates than that in susceptible K.pneumoniae isolates(P<0.001).OqxAB positive isolates that were also resistant to fluoroquinolones,tetracycline,trimethoprim,and chloramphenicol,most probably suggested functional pumps.Conclusions:MDR coliform bacilli are strongly implicated in healthcare-associated infection.Attention should be paid to the presence of oqxAB pump,as an important mechanism in the development of resistance against many antimicrobials because it contributes to co-resistance with other categories;therefore,this pump could be a good target for efflux pump inhibitors.

AcrAB Efflux Pump in Fluoroquinolone Resistant Salmonella gallinarum Induced by Ciprofloxacin Selective Pressure

Salmonella gallinarum has shown multiple drug resistance(MDR),especially high level fluoroquinolone(FQ)resistance in recent years.To determine whether the active efflux system was responsible for high-level FQ resistance,this research studied AcrAB efflux pump in Salmonella gallinarum on molecular level.The resistant strains were induced by standard strain C79-13 with ciprofloxacin in vitro.With carbonylcyanide-p-chlorophenyl hydrazone(CCCP)as an energy inhibitor,efflux inhibition test initially showed the potential impact of efflux pump on drug resistance.Sequence analysis of acrA gene indicated that gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was not definitely associated with MDR and drug resistance level of Salmonella gallinarum.Detected by competitive RT-PCR,the mRNA expression of acrA and acrB genes in the resistant strains significantly increased(p<0.01)compared with that of the control strain C79-13.The mRNA expression level of acrB gene(increased from 1.6-to 2.9-folds)was consistent with that of acrA gene(increased from 1.6-to 2.8-folds),which increased with the drug resistance level.However,gene mutation of acrA gene showed no correlation with its mRNA expression level,indicating that gene mutation did not affect the expression of AcrAB pump itself.The results suggested that the overexpression rather than the gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was an important factor causing the high level drug resistance of Salmonella gallinarum.

阿奇霉素对铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM外排泵及耐药性的影响

目的探讨阿奇霉素对铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM外排泵的影响,为指导临床合理选择抗生素提供依据。方法排泵抑制剂(苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-β-萘酰胺PAβN)干预铜绿假单胞菌后,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定常见药物的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)值的变化,筛选主动外排表型阳性菌株。PCR扩增主动外排表型阳性菌株oprM、mexB和mexR;real-time PCR检测主动外排表型阳性菌株mexB的mRNA水平;对主动外排表型阳性菌株进行mexR基因测序分析。在阿奇霉素作用下,观察铜绿假单胞菌的mexB基因表达及对头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和美罗培南的MIC值变化。结果从20个临床多重耐药的铜绿假单胞菌菌株中筛选出8株主动外排表型阳性菌。检测表明这8株菌oprM、mexB和mexR均呈阳性,mexB的mRNA水平均较PAO1显著增高。对8株MexAB-OprM高表达菌mexR基因进行测序,发现菌株PAO03的mexR基因存在突变。阿奇霉素可显著降低mexR基因未突变MexAB-OprM高表达菌株的mexB基因的表达和对头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和美罗培南的MIC值,而对菌株PAO03和nalB突变株(mexR基因突变MexAB-OprM高表达菌株)无显著影响。结论阿奇霉素可抑制铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM外排泵的表达,提高铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的敏感性。

铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM主动外排表型筛选和外排基因检测

目的研究解放军总医院临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的主动外排系统,为指导临床合理选择抗生素提供依据。方法采用外排泵抑制剂(苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-β萘酰胺)与喹诺酮类抗生素,以微量肉汤稀释法测定加与不加外排泵抑制剂时环丙沙星与左氧氟沙星的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值,并计算MIC值的变化,根据加与不加外排泵抑制剂MIC值降低3个稀释度及以上筛选主动外排表型阳性菌株;PCR扩增外排表型阳性菌的耐药基因oprM、mexB和mexR,并对3株菌进行mexR基因测序分析;RT-PCR检测oprM基因的mRNA水平,分析耐药基因的表达情况。结果苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-β萘酰胺能极大的降低左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的MIC值,70株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中46株表型阳性(65.7%),其中PCR检测oprM、mexB和mexR基因同时阳性菌株42株(91.3%),仅oprM基因阳性2株(4.3%),oprM、mexB和mexR基因均阴性2株(4.3%)。RT-PCR产物测定A值(A260/A280)与PAO1对照阳性菌株13株,以PAO1的oprM/rpoD的A值为对照阳性菌株4株,同时满足A值(A260/A280)和oprM/rpoD比值均高于PAO1的菌株3株。测序结果与GenBank中已知的mexR基因比对,其中2株同源性为100%,1株第434位核苷酸插入2bp(AT)。结论中国人民解放军总医院多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌大多存在主动外排的耐药机制,其耐药与外排泵过度表达相关。

碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌外排泵MexAB-OprM的研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药与外排泵MexAB-OprM的相关性。方法琼脂稀释法测定亚胺培南和美罗培南对75株铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),联合外排泵抑制剂MC207110进行外排泵表型的筛选;用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增MexAB-OprM融合蛋白结构基因mexA以及内参基因rpoD,并测定其mRNA的表达量,用PCR扩增MexAB-OprM相对高表达菌株的外排泵调节基因mexR、nalC和nalD,对扩增产物进行DNA双向测序;结果进行BLAST比对分析。结果 75株铜绿假单胞菌中外排泵表型阳性菌株13株,其中10株细菌的MexAB-OprM相对表达量增高,此高表达MexAB-OprM菌株的调节基因mexR、nalC及nalD均阳性。其中9株菌nalC均发生第71位氨基酸突变(甘氨酸→谷氨酸)、8株菌同时还有第209位氨基酸突变(丝氨酸→精氨酸),仅发现1株菌nalD第158位氨基酸突变(苏氨酸→异亮氨酸),8株菌mexR发生突变。结论外排泵MexAB-OprM的高表达在铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药中可能起到重要作用。MexAB-OprM的高表达与其调节基因突变相关。

铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统的耐药作用

目的探讨MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM主动外排系统(外排泵)在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制中的作用。方法选取36株临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌,采用琼脂二倍稀释法,测定环丙沙星对铜绿假单胞菌的MIC及进行泵抑制剂碳酰氰基-对-氯苯腙(CCCP)存在情况下的干预试验;用实时定量RT-PCR测定结构基因mexA、mexX的mRNA表达水平来判断MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM外排泵表达情况;用PCR法分别扩增其调控基因mexR、mexZ,并对其产物测序,用Blast软件在GenBank与已知序列比较,研究其过度表达的机制。结果在CCCP作用下,36株铜绿假单胞菌中24株菌对环丙沙星的敏感性(MIC)由20～320 mg/L提高到2.5～40 mg/L,主动外排表型阳性率为66.7%(24/36),15株菌高表达Mex-AB-OprM外排系统(41.7%),21株高表达MexXY-OprM外排系统(58.3%)。15株高表达MexAB-OprM外排系统铜绿假单胞菌同时表达MexXY-OprM外排系统;12株干预试验阴性的铜绿假单胞菌均无mexA、mexX高表达;随机选择mexA、mexX高表达的4株细菌均发生mexR、mexZ基因突变,出现氨基酸替代。结论主动外排系统MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中过度表达是铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药的机制之一;外排泵MexAB-OprM、MexXY-OprM高表达分别与调控基因mexR、mexZ发生变异有关。

烟曲霉外排泵唑类耐药研究进展

烟曲霉是一种广泛存在于自然界的机会性病原体,可引起侵袭性曲霉病,在免疫功能低下的患者中死亡率很高。三唑类药物是侵袭性曲霉病的一线治疗药物,然而近年来全球范围内烟曲霉唑类耐药分离株不断增多,极大地威胁到患者的生命健康。外排泵由跨膜蛋白质组成,可以将不需要的物质排出细胞,对微生物的存活有着重要的保护作用,与此同时,研究表明它还介导了微生物的耐药。文章综述了近年来关于烟曲霉药物外排泵的功能及调控机制的研究进展,为深入理解烟曲霉耐药机制及筛选抗烟曲霉感染药物新靶点提供理论基础。

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药表型与外排泵MexAB-OprM表达的关系

目的了解多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(multidrug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosaPa)临床菌株外排泵抑制剂对抗生素活性的影响;探讨多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制及其耐药性与外排泵表达水平关系。方法PCR法对30株铜绿假单胞菌进行MexB基因检测;采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测MexAB-OprM的mRNA相对表达水平;对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌采用琼脂对倍稀释法进行外排泵抑制剂的抑制试验,观察抗生素的MIC变化。结果联合外排泵抑制剂后,庆大霉素和环丙沙星MIC值与之前相比大部分有2个折点的变化,有4株Pa的MIC值有4个折点以上的变化,但总体耐药率差异无统计学意义(P】0.05);30株多重耐药Pa株中,均存在外排泵MexAB-OprM的高表达,多重耐药菌株外排泵表达量达敏感株的60倍之多。结论外排泵MexAB-OprM在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中起着十分重要的作用,当外排泵抑制剂CCCP浓度为7.5μg/ml对头孢噻肟等抗Pa活性影响较小,不能明显增强其对耐药菌的抗菌活性;而对庆大霉素、环丙沙星等抗Pa活性影响较大,能较为明显增强其对耐药菌的抗菌活性。MexAB-OprM的高表达与多重耐药菌的耐药性有着密切关系,可能起着基础性耐药作用,具体机制有待进一步的研究。

扶正解毒化瘀方对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM外排泵表达影响的研究

目的:研究扶正解毒化瘀方对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌MexAB-OprM外排泵表达的影响。方法:针对筛选出的MexAB-OprM阳性的铜绿假单胞菌菌株,通过微量稀释法,测定哌拉西林-他唑巴坦的最小抑菌浓度和扶正解毒化瘀方水提物的最小杀菌浓度,从而确定荧光定量PCR细菌样本时培养剂中哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和扶正解毒化瘀方水提物的浓度。绘制细菌生长曲线,确定细菌样本的培养时间。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测药物干预前后mex B、oprM、mexR的表达量。结果:扶正解毒化瘀方水提物能降低MexAB-OprM外排泵阳性MDRPA菌株的mex B、oprM表达量(P <0. 05),同时能增加mexR的表达量(P <0. 05)。结论:扶正解毒化瘀方对MDRPA所致肺炎的作用机制之一可能是通过抑制MexAB-OprM外排泵的表达实现的。