Relationship Between Hyperspectral Parameters and Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves

The experiment was set up for examining the physiological and biological indexes quickly and exactly, for obtaining information of tobacco-field fertilizing and tobacco growing. The ASD Field spec FR 2500 was used to measure spectra reflectance of flue-cured tobacco and the relationship between hyperspectral parameters and biochemical contents （total nitrogen, chlorophyll, carotenoid）, and physiological indexes （fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content） of flue-cured tobacco leaves was studied by correlation and stepwise regression statistic methods at different nitrogen and potassium levels. The results indicated that the spectra curves of different treatments had obvious rules and great diversities. There were high correlations between different types of spectra parameters and ten physiological and biochemical indexes of flue-cured tobacco leaves. Hyperspectral characteristic variables of ten physiological and biochemical indexes were found through stepwise regression, and SDr/SDb was the characteristic variable closest to seven biochemical contents. Simultaneously, the R2 and regression coefficient of equations reached 0.05 significant level and the equations had good estimating effects through the examination of other samples. Accordingly, this study suggested that the ten physiological and biochemical indexes could be estimated quickly by the estimating models, at the same time nitrogen-potassium fertilization and growth condition of flue-cured tobacco could be inspected.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Microscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of Chinese quality-improving fragrunce-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology, Chinese three- stage tobaeeo flue-curing technology and Zimbabwean tobaceo flue-euring technology on microscopie structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method ] Middle leaves of tobacco cultivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the microscopic structure of flue-cured tobaceo leaves. [ Result] During three flue-curing processes, leaves, palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank gradually. Three flue-euring processes exhibited significant differ- ences in the peak of tissue shrinkage ： microscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process shrank earliest, follower by Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process; flue-eured tobacco leaves in Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process presented the latest shrinkage. At 84 h post-curing, leaf thickness in three flue-curing processes showed a descend order of Chinese three-stage tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process 〉 Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing process. Upper and lower epidermal cells in Zimb- abwean tobacco flue-curing process ruptured earlier than other two flue-curing processes; eventually, the majority of cells ruptured and mixed with palisade tissues and sponge tissues. In Chinese quality-improving fragranee-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal cells in dried leaves ruptured. Among three flue-curing technologies, Zimbabwean tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited the greatest damage to epidermal cells, followed by Chinese three-stage tobaceo flue-curing technology; Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology had the minimum damage to epidermal cells. Mese- phyll cross-section exhibited significant morphological changes in stomata. To be specific, at 0 - 12 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed with slightly prominent stamatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 24 -72 h post-curing, stomata of tobaceo leaves changed gradually from opening to closure with significantly prominent stomatal apparatuses on upper and lower epidermis; at 84 h post-curing, stomata of tobacco leaves closed, and the majority of stomatal appa- ratuses were significantly prominent. In Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing process, only a small number of epidermal ceils ruptured at 84 h pest-flue-curing; palisade tissues and sponge tissues shrank almost simultaneously. Significant gaps were observed between palisade tissues and between pal- isade tissues and sponge tissues. Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curing technology exhibited lower disorder level compared with other two flue-curing technologies. [ Conclusion] Chinese quality-improving fragrance-increasing tobacco flue-curlng technology was conducive to maintaining the micro- scopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

Effects of Different Flue-curing Technologies on Submicroscopic Structure of Flue-cured Tobacco Leaves

[ Objective] This study aimed to compare the effects of low-temperature low-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology, moderate-temperature moderate- humidity tobacco flue-curing technology and moderate-temperature high-humidity tobacco flue-curing technology on submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves to provide theoretical basis for tobacco flue-curing. [ Method] Middle leaves of tobacco cuhivar K326 were collected in Pengshui County of Chongqing City for flue-curing experiment using three flue-curing technologies. Leaf samples were collected regularly in the flue-curing process, to investigate the submicroscopic structure of flue-cured tobacco leaves. [ Result] Morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred at different time during three flue-curing proces- ses. In low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred late but rapidly; in moderate-tempera- ture moderate-humidity flue-curing process and moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, morphology changes and structural rupture of chloroplasts occurred early but slowly. Among these three flue-curing processes, the speed of changes in mitochondria morphology, cristae number and membrane rupture pres- ented an upward order of low-temperature low-humidity flue-curing process 〈 moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curlng process 〈 moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process. In low-temperature low-humldity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 36 -48 h ; in moderate-temperature moderate-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 24 - 36 h; in moderate-temperature high-humidity flue-curing process, starch granules in chloroplasts ruptured after flue-curing for 12 - 24 h. [ Conclusion ] Using low-temperature low-humidity flue- curing technology could prolong the maintenance duration of the submicroscopic structure integrity of flue-cured tobacco leaves, which was conducive to fully decom- posing and transforming substances in tobacco leaves and obtaining high-quality flue-cured tobacco leaves.

The Quality Difference of Tobacco Leaves Between Different Flue-curing Processes in Honghe Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives] This study was conducted to compare the effects of different curing processes,in order to optimize the local supporting intensive fluecuring process.[Methods] A comparative experiment was carried out in Mile,Luxi and Jianshui on the four-layer tobacco-packed intensive curing process(K1)and the eight-point precise and intensive curing process(K2).[Results]The results showed that according to the appearance evaluation of the tobacco leaves,K1 was higher than K2 in respective scores of color,maturity,leaf structure and defects and the total score,while K1 equaled K2 in the scores of identity,oil content,chroma and length.The differences in respective scores of the two processes were not significant.According to the results of sensory evaluation,the two tobacco enterprises got different evaluation results of unblended cigarettes made of the middle leaves due to different raw material requirements of the enterprises by different processes.K1 was higher than K2 in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co.,Ltd.,while it was lower than K2 in that of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,and the difference in the total score between the two processes was significant.From the content of chemical components,in the conventional chemical component contents including total sugar,reducing sugar,chlorine and starch,K1 was higher than K2,while in the contents of potassium,total phytonine,total nitrogen and petroleum ether extract,K1 was lower than K2,but the differences were not significant.K1 was lower than K2 in the contents of neutral aroma components including ketones,alcohols,aldehydes,heterocyclics,neophytadiene and total content,while K1 was higher than K2 in the contents of esters,phenols,but the respective differences were not significant.Except the significant difference in the total score in the sensory evaluation of China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co.,Ltd.,there were no significant differences in other items in the appearance evaluation,sensory evaluation and chemical composition of tobacco leaves between K1 and K2.[Conclusions] The supporting intensive curing process can be further optimized on the basis of this study.

Analysis of the Appearance Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Tobacco-growing Areas of Qujing City

In order to set up the digitization indices system of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves in Qujing. According to the relevant standards,the quantitative analysis on appearance quality of 39 cutter and upper tobacco leaf samples which were collected from eight fluecured tobacco production regions of Qujing City,Yunnan Province were carried out in 2011,respectively. The results showed that the difference in evaluation score of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in eight regions was not significant. The tobacco leaves had high maturity,high oil content,loose structure and good appearance quality. The scores of appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco in Shizong County and Malong County are higher than other regions. The two regions are suitable for tobacco plantation. The preliminary digitization indices provide reference and guidance to tobacco production and standards system of tobacco leaves base.

玉溪烟区土壤钾镁交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响

以2019年玉溪烟区9个植烟县34个主要植烟乡镇各1个代表性烟田的土壤和烤烟为研究对象,分析了土壤速效钾和有效镁及其交互作用对烤烟化学及感官品质的影响。结果表明:土壤速效钾和有效镁平均含量分别为325.9 mg/kg和207.9 mg/kg,变幅分别为93.0~713.0 mg/kg和40.0~610.0 mg/kg,土壤速效钾和有效镁缺乏的烟田分别占14.7%和23.5%。随着土壤速效钾含量的增加,烟叶钾含量先增后减,烟叶镁含量递增,烟碱和总氮含量先降后增,总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比递减,其中土壤速效钾含量与烟叶镁含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。随土壤有效镁含量的增加,烟叶钾含量递减,烟叶镁含量递增,烟碱含量先增后降,总氮含量递增,总糖含量、还原糖含量、糖碱比和氮碱比先降后增,其中土壤有效镁含量与烟叶钾、镁含量分别呈极显著负相关和正相关(P<0.01)。土壤速效钾和有效镁含量的增加能分别显著提升烟叶清甜香和香气量(P<0.05)。土壤钾镁交互作用对烟叶总糖、还原糖含量及氮碱比均产生显著影响(P<0.05)。因此,为提升玉溪烤烟品质,应在适当施用镁肥的基础上增施钾肥,并同时关注氮肥等其他肥料对烤烟钾镁的影响。

陇南植烟土壤交换性镁与烟叶中镁含量特征及关系分析

为研究甘肃陇南地区植烟土壤中交换性镁和烤烟烟叶中镁的含量特征,在陇南烟区点对点采集土壤和烟叶样品进行检测和分析。结果表明：陇南地区植烟土壤交换性镁含量适中占72.4%,含量丰富占27.6%,总体处于适中~丰富水平,交换性镁含量空间分布趋势为由西北和东南部向中部逐渐增加;尽管土壤交换性镁含量丰富,但烟叶中镁含量不足,明显缺乏占2.74%,轻度缺镁占83.56%,在正常范围内仅占13.70%,总体含量偏低;烟叶中的镁与土壤交换性镁、有机质呈显著正相关,与交换性钙镁比呈极显著负相关。土壤中交换性钙镁比偏高,钙镁吸收的拮抗作用,可能为烟叶镁含量偏低的重要原因;采取平衡施肥技术,协调土壤中交换性钙镁比,适当增施有机肥以及追施镁肥是解决陇南烤烟烟叶含量偏低的重要途径。

玉溪烟区烟叶镁含量分布特征及影响因素

为研究玉溪烟区烟叶镁含量的分布状况和影响因素,采集玉溪烟区烟叶和土壤样品,通过描述性统计、方差分析、相关性分析及回归分析的方法,明确了烟叶镁含量的整体分布状况及在不同海拔高度和坡度区间的分布特征,分析了其与土壤全氮、全磷、速效钾、有效镁、有效硼和氯离子之间的关系。结果表明:玉溪烟区烟叶镁平均含量为4.28 g/kg,变幅为0.94~9.17 g/kg,41.2%的烟叶镁含量处于适宜范围(4.0~15 g/kg)。除1700~1900 m海拔区间的烟叶镁含量均值(4.67 g/kg和5.57 g/kg)处于适宜范围外,<1700、1900~2000 m和>2000 m海拔区间的烟叶存在轻度缺镁(2.0~4.0 g/kg)状况。除5°~10°坡度区间的烟叶存在缺镁状况外,<5°和>10°坡度区间的烟叶镁含量(4.55 g/kg和4.34 g/kg)处于适宜范围。烟叶镁含量与土壤全磷和有效镁含量呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),与速效钾、有效硼和氯离子含量呈显著线性正相关(P<0.05)。在玉溪烟区需要适当增施磷、钾、镁和硼肥,进一步调控氮肥和氯肥的施用。

福建烟区土壤镁素营养与镁肥合理施用

对福建烟区2253个有代表性的土样及相应田块烟样的分析结果表明:全省烟区土壤交换性镁含量在1.80￣256.80mg/kg,平均为34.49mg/kg,有88.86%的土壤交换性镁含量低于50mg/kg;烟叶中镁的含量在0.06%￣1.60%,平均为0.24%,有43.00%的烟叶含镁量小于0.20%。可见福建烟叶含镁量低,应重视镁肥合理施用。大田试验结果表明:氧化镁是福建烟区较理想的镁肥;缺镁烟田氧化镁的适宜用量是75￣150kg/hm2。