Crack elimination and strength enhancement mechanisms of selective laser melted Si-modified Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy

In order to increase the processability and process window of the selective laser melting(SLM)-fabricated Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy,a novel Si-modified Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy was designed.The effect of Si alloying on the surface quality,processability,microstructure,and mechanical properties of the SLM-fabricated alloy was studied.The results showed that introducing Si into the Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy prevented balling and keyhole formation,refined the grain size,and reduced the solidification temperature,which eliminated cracks and increased the processability and process window of the alloy.The maximum relative density of the SLM-fabricated Si/Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr alloy reached 99.6%.The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy were(371±7)MPa and(518±6)MPa,respectively.These values were higher than those of the SLM-fabricated Al−Mn−Mg−Er−Zr and other Sc-free Al−Mg-based alloys.

Sc、Zr对Al-Mg-Mn合金再结晶行为及内耗性能的影响

为了研究微量Sc、Zr在Al-Mg-Mn合金中的作用,采用铸锭冶金方法制备了Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-(Sc、Zr)合金,通过光学显微镜、显微硬度、透射电镜组织观察和低频扭摆法测量内耗方法研究了微量Sc、Zr对Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn的组织、再结晶行为及内耗性能的影响.研究表明:添加质量分数为0.21%Sc和0.15%Zr可显著细化Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn合金铸态组织;粒状Al3Sc1-xZrx相对位错、晶界有强烈钉扎作用,抑制合金再结晶;冷变形后的Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.21Sc-0.15Zr合金的内耗表现出非线性特征,频率越低或温度越高,合金内耗Q-1越大.在频率为1Hz、应变振幅为4.6×10-5下,冷变形Al-6.0Mg-0.5Mn-0.21Sc-0.15Zr合金升温Q-1-T曲线上在326℃时产生内耗峰,该峰可由Al3Sc1-xZrx沉淀粒子与位错脱钉机制解释.微量Sc、Zr可以细化Al-Mg-Mn合金组织,抑制合金的再结晶,导致合金在升温Q-1-T曲线上产生内耗峰.

Y对Mg-2%Mn合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

用光学显微镜、力学万能试验机和显微硬度仪等分析了Mg-2%Mn-x%Y合金的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,Y加入到Mg-2%Mn合金中,以Mg24Y5相形式弥散分布在(αMg)晶内和晶界处。一定量Y(≤1.5wt%)的加入可起到细化晶粒的效果,达到提高合金室温力学性能的目的;但过量Y(>1.5wt%)的加入使合金晶粒粗大,降低了合金的力学性能。

Mg-12Mn中间合金的制备工艺研究

采用电磁搅拌铸造法制备了Mg-12Mn中间合金,通过正交试验法考查了Mn粉粒度、搅拌功率、搅拌时间及冷却方式等参数对Mg-Mn中间合金中Mn含量及其分布的影响,并将Mg-12Mn中间合金通过配料计算制备成MB1合金。通过化学分析、金相观察、XRD等表征手段分析表明：在本试验条件下,Mg-12Mn中间合金较优制备工艺参数为粉体粒度15068μm,10kW/4min,铜模空冷。MB1合金中Mn的收得率为86.1%。

Er在Al-Mg-Mn-Zr-Er合金中的存在形式与析出特征

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析测试手段,研究了Er在Al-4.7Mg-0.7Mn-0.1Zr-0.3Er合金铸态、均匀化态以及冷轧板中的存在形式及析出特征。结果表明,Er在非平衡凝固条件下部分固溶到基体α-Al中,大部分形成初生Al3Er相断续或连续分布在晶界上,Er容易与Mn、Fe元素发生偏聚,但是很难形成Er-Mn金属间化合物;固溶的Er在均匀化退火过程中以次生Al3Er相形式析出;而沿晶界分布的Al3Er相在随后的热处理过程中并不发生分解回溶,它们在热轧、冷轧过程中破碎;冷轧板中的次生Al3Er相与基体保持良好的共格、半共格关系,可以成为合金中有效的强化相。

Mg-Mn-Ce镁合金挤压管材各向异性与织构研究

测定了Mg-Mn-Ce镁合金挤压管材的力学性能,观察了管内侧、中心层和管外侧的金相显微组织及织构特征。结果表明,Mg-Mn-Ce挤压管材存在明显的力学性能各向异性,沿挤压方向的屈服强度和抗拉强度明显小于横向;沿壁厚方向的金相组织有一定差异,管外侧有大量的形变孪晶存在;壁厚方向存在明显的织构梯度现象,外侧面主要织构类型为(0001)基面组分,内侧面和中心层面主要织构类型为大锥面织构和棱柱面组分,这种织构梯度特性直接导致了力学性能各向异性的产生。

微量Ag对Al-Cu-Mg-Mn-Zr合金组织与耐热性能的影响

通过力学性能测试、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜观察,研究微量Ag对Al-5.3Cu-0.8Mg-0.3Mn-0.15Zr合金薄板力学性能和显微组织的影响。结果表明,加入微量Ag后,提高合金的时效硬化能力,缩短峰时效时间。合金的室温抗拉强度和高温耐热性能得到提高,合金力学性能提高的原因在于析出一种更细小弥散的片状Ω相。未添加Ag的合金析出强化相为θ′相和少量S′相;添加Ag后,主要强化相为Ω相和少量θ′相。经固溶时效处理后,两种合金均发生完全再结晶。

Zn对医用Mg-Mn合金显微组织的影响

Mg合金具有可降解性、生物学特性和力学相容性等一系列特性,是一种极具发展潜力的新型可降解生物医用材料。本文采用真空气氛保护金属型Mg-Zn-Mn合金,通过金相组织观察和硬度试验,研究了合金的性能。结果表明:纯Mg中添加合金元素Zn和Mn可显著地细化晶粒,Zn含量的变化对Mg合金晶粒尺寸影响较小;Mg合金硬度随着Zn含量的增加而提高,并且Zn具有较好的固溶强化效果;Mg合金固溶处理后,晶粒发生一定程度上的长大,Mg合金硬度随Zn含量的增加而提高,这说明固溶强化的效果强于晶粒粗化而造成的力学性能降低。

Effect of Y addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Mn alloy

The effects of Y on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-lMn alloy were investigated. The results show that the addition of Y has significant effect on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-lMn alloy. Varied phases compositions, including Mg7Zn3, I-phase （Mg3YZn6）, W-phase （Mg3Y2Zn3） and X-phase （MgI2YZn）, are obtained by adjusting the Zn to Y mass ratio. Mn element exists as the fine Mn particles, which are well distributed in the alloy. Thermal analysis and microstructure observation reveal that the phase stability follows the trend of X〉W〉/〉MgTZn3. In addition, Y can improve the mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Mn alloy significantly, and the alloy with Y content of 6.09% has the best mechanical properties. The high strength is mainly due to the strengthening by the grain size refinement, dispersion strengthening by fine Mn particles, and introduction of the Mg-Zn-Y ternary phases.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-x%Zn-1%Mn(x=4,5,6,7,8,9) wrought magnesium alloys

The roles of Zn content and thermo-mechanical treatment in affecting microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-x%Zn-1%Mn（mass fraction,x=4,5,6,7,8,9） wrought Mg alloys were investigated.The microstructure was extremely refined by dynamic recrystallization（DRC） during extrusion.With increasing Zn content,the DRC grains tended to grow up,at the same time,more second phase streamlines would be present,which restricted the further growing.During solution treatment,the DRC grains would rapidly grow up;however,higher Zn content could hinder the grain boundary expanding,which results in finer ultimate grains.MgZn2 dispersoid particles which are coherent with the matrix would precipitate from the supersaturated solid solution during the one-step aging process,and nano-sized GP zones formed during the pre-aging stage of the two-step aging provide a huge amount of effective nuclei for the MgZn2 phases formed in the second stage,which makes the MgZn2 particles much finer and more dispersed.The mechanical properties of as-extruded samples were not so sensitive to the variation of Zn content,the tensile strength fluctuates between 300 and 320 MPa,and the elongation maintains a high value between 11% and 14%.The strength of aged samples rises as a parabolic curve with increasing Zn content,specifically,the tensile strength of one-step aged samples rises from 278 to 374 MPa,and that of two-step aged ones rises from 284 to 378 MPa,yet the elongation of all aged samples is below 8%.When Zn content exceeds its solid solution limit in Mg-Zn system（6.2%,mass fraction）,the strength rises slowly but the elongation deteriorates sharply,so a Mg-Zn-Mn alloy with 6% Zn possesses the best mechanical properties,that is,the tensile strengths after one-and two-step aging are 352 and 366 MPa,respectively,and the corresponding elongations are 7.98% and 5.2%,respectively.

Comparison of FSW and TIG welded joints in Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy plates

In order to study the welding process,microstructure and properties of Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy,comparative methods of friction stir welding（FSW） and tungsten inert gas（TIG） were applied to the two conditions of this alloy,namely hot rolled plate and cold rolled-annealed plate.The relationships between microstructures and properties of the welded joints were investigated by means of optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Compared with the base metal,the strength of FSW and TIG welded joints decreased,and the FSW welding coefficients were higher than the TIG welding coefficients.The loss of substructure strengthening and a very little loss of precipitation strengthening of Al3（Sc,Zr） cause the decreased strength of FSW welded joint.But for the TIG welded joint,the disappearance of both the strain hardening and most precipitation strengthening effect of Al3（Sc,Zr） particles contributed to its softening.At the same time,the grains in weld nugget zone of FSW welded joints were finer than those in the molten zone of TIG welded joints.

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn alloy were preliminarily investigated by using optical and electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis,and tensile and creep test.The results indicate that the heat treatment has an obvious effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-3Sn-1Mn alloy.After the solid solution treatment at 420 ℃,a majority of the Mg2Sn phases in the alloy are dissolved into the matrix.However,after the further aging treatment at 250 ℃,lots of fine Mg2Sn phases in the aged alloy are precipitated at the grain boundaries and within the grains.As a result,the tensile and creep properties of the aged alloy are significantly improved.The mechanism for the higher tensile and creep properties of the aged alloy is related to the dispersive distribution of the Mg2Sn phase in the--Mg matrix.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of extruded and aged Mg-Zn-Mn-Sn-Y alloys

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-1Mn-4Sn and Mg-6Zn-1Mn-4Sn-0.5Y alloys under extrusion and T6 aging conditions were investigated by optical microscopy（OM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and tensile test. The results show that Y element refines the grains and improves the comprehensive mechanical properties of ZMT614-0.5Y both in as-extruded and T6 states. The phase compositions of Mg-6Zn-1Mn-4Sn-0.5Y are α-Mg, Mg Zn2, Mn, Mg2 Sn and Mg Sn Y phases. After T6 treatment, the ultimate tensile strength（UTS） and yield strength（YS） increase while the elongation decreases severely. For both of these alloys, the theoretical results combined with the experimental values demonstrate that the grain boundary strengthening and solid solution strengthening play an important role in enhancing the YS in the as-extruded state, while the precipitation strengthening is the key factor for the enhancement of YS in the T6 state.

Effects of minor Ca on as-cast microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc and Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloys

The effects of the addition of 0.6%Ca（mass fraction） on the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc and Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc magnesium alloys were investigated and compared by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy,differential scanning calorimetry analysis,and tensile and creep tests.The results indicate that the addition of 0.6%Ca to the Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc and Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloys can refine the grains of the two alloys.At the same time,the addition of 0.6%Ca to the Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc and Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloys can effectively improve the tensile properties of the two alloys.In addition,the addition of 0.6%Ca can also improve the creep properties of the Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloy but is not beneficial to the creep properties of the Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloy.The different effects of minor Ca on the creep properties of the Mg-3Ce-1.2Mn-0.9Sc and Mg-4Y-1.2Mn-0.9Sc alloys are possibly related to the difference in the solid solubilities of Ce and Y in Mg.

Fabrication of lotus-type porous Mg−Mn alloys by metal/gas eutectic unidirectional solidification

Lotus-type porous Mg–xMn(x=0,1,2 and 3 wt.%)alloys were fabricated by metal/gas eutectic unidirectional solidification(the Gasar process).The effects of Mn addition and the fabrication process on the porosity,pore diameter and microstructure of the porous Mg-Mn alloy were investigated.Mn addition improved the Mn precipitates and increased the porosity and pore diameter.With increasing hydrogen pressure from 0.1 to 0.6 MPa,the overall porosity of the Mg-2wt.%Mn ingot decreased from 55.3%to 38.4%,and the average pore diameter also decreased from 2465 to 312μm.Based on a theoretical model of the change in the porosity with the hydrogen pressure,the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results.It is shown that this technique is a promising method to fabricate Gasar Mg–Mn alloys with uniform and controllable pore structure.

Enhanced mechanical properties and formability of hot-rolled Mg-Zn-Mn alloy by Ca and Sm alloying

In order to broaden the application of wrought Mg alloy sheets in the automotive industry,the influence of Ca and Sm alloying on the texture evolution,mechanical properties,and formability of a hot-rolled Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy was investigated by OM,XRD,SEM,EBSD,tensile tests,and Erichsen test.The results showed that the average grain size and basal texture intensity of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloys were remarkably decreased after Ca and Sm additions.0.64 wt.%Ca or 0.48 wt.%Sm addition significantly increased the tensile strength,ductility and formability.Moreover,the synergetic addition of Sm and Ca improved the ductility and formability of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy,which was due to the change of Ca distribution and further reduction of the size of Ca-containing particles by Sm addition.The results provided a possibility of replacing RE elements with Ca and Sm in Mg alloys which bring about outstanding mechanical properties and formability.

Effect of Al addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg−Zn−Sn−Mn alloy

The microstructure and properties of the as-cast,as-homogenized and as-extruded Mg−6Zn−4Sn−1Mn(ZTM641)alloy with various Al contents(0,0.5,1,2,3 and 4 wt.%)were investigated by OM,XRD,DSC,SEM,TEM and uniaxial tensile tests.The results show that when the Al content is not higher than 0.5%,the alloys are mainly composed of α-Mg,Mg_(2)Sn,Al_(8)Mn_(5)and Mg_(7)Zn_(3)phases.When the Al content is higher than 0.5%,the alloys mainly consist ofα-Mg,Mg_(2)Sn,MgZn,Mg_(32)(Al,Zn)_(49),Al_(2)Mg_(5)Zn_(2),Al_(11)Mn_(4)and Al_(8)Mn_(5)phases.A small amount of Al(≤1%)can increase the proportion of fine dynamic recrystallized(DRXed)grains during hot-extrusion process.The roomtemperature tensile test results show that the ZTM641−1Al alloy has the best comprehensive mechanical properties,in which the ultimate tensile strength is 332 MPa,yield strength is 221 MPa and the elongation is 15%.Elevatedtemperature tensile test results at 150 and 200℃ show that ZTM641−2Al alloy has the best comprehensive mechanical properties.

Effect of homogenization treatment on microstructure and properties of Al-Mg-Mn-Sc-Zr alloy

The effect of homogenization on the hardness,tensile properties,electrical conductivity and microstructure of as-cast Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.25Sc-0.12Zr alloy was studied.The results show that during homogenization as-cast studied alloy has obviously hardening effect that is similar to aging hardening behavior in traditional Al alloys.The precipitates are mainly Al3(Sc,Zr)and Al6Mn.When homogenization temperature increases the hardness peak value is declined and the time corresponding to hardness peak value is shortened.The electrical conductivity of the alloy monotonously increases with increasing homogenization temperature and time.The decomposition of the supersaturated solid solution containing Sc and Zr which is formed during direct chilling casting and the precipitation of Al3(Sc,Zr)cause hardness increasing.The depletion of the matrix solid solubility decreases the ability of electron scattering in the alloy,resulting in the electrical conductivity increased.Tensile property result at hot rolling state shows that the optimal homogenization treatment processing is holding at 300-350 ℃ for 6-8 h.

Corrosion properties of ECAP-processed Mg-Al-Ca-Mn alloys with separate Al2Ca and Mg2Ca phases

To investigate the effect of separate Al_(2)Ca and Mg_(2)Ca phases on the corrosion properties of Mg−Al−Ca−Mn alloys,OM,SEM,immersion and electrochemical tests were conducted on the as-cast and ECAP Al_(2)Ca-containing(2Ca)and Mg_(2)Ca-containing(4Ca)alloys.At the beginning of corrosion,the two as-cast alloys are corroded slowly compared with ECAP alloys.With prolonging the corrosion time,the corrosion of ECAP alloys becomes slighter than that of as-cast alloys,which is mainly ascribed to the dispersion and refinement of the second phase in ECAP alloys.Moreover,the corrosion degree of 2Ca alloys is always slighter than that of 4Ca alloys,suggesting that Al_(2)Ca phase is more beneficial to the enhancement of corrosion resistance of Mg−Al−Ca−Mn based alloys than Mg_(2)Ca phase.Finally,based on the examinations of corrosion surface and electrochemical testing results,different corrosion mechanisms caused by the distributions and morphology of Al_(2)Ca and Mg_(2)Ca phases are discussed.

Effect of Si content on laser welding performance of Al-Mn-Mg alloy

The correlation between Si content （0.1%-0.5%, mass fraction） and pulse laser welding performance of AI-Mn-Mg aluminum alloy sheets was studied. The sheets were fabricated in the laboratory, with gauge of 0.45 mm, H16 temper by pulse laser welding. It was found that no cracking existed in the welding pool as Si content was below 0.34%. However, when the Si content increased to 0.47%, cracking formed in the welding pool. Microstructure observations indicated that residual eutectic phases distributed at the grain boundaries were discontinuous and appeared to be small particles in lower Si content alloys; the residual eutectic phases distributed at the grain boundaries were partially continuous and appeared to be films in higher Si content alloys. These phenomena could explain why Si content adversely affected the laser welding performance.