Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy （mass fraction,%） under T6 condition （air cooling after solid solution and then aging heat treatment） were investigated. The optimum T6 heat treatments for sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are （525 ℃, 12 h＋225 ℃, 14 h） and （525 ℃, 12 h＋250 ℃, 12 h） according to age hardening curve and mechanical properties, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy treated by the two optimum T6 processes are 339.9 MPa, 251.6 MPa, 1.5%and 359.6 MPa, 247.3 MPa, 2.7%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of peak-aged Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

Influence of cooling rate on solidification behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy

The effect of the cooling rate ranging from 1.4 °C/s to 3.5 °C/s on the solidification behavior of the sand-cast Mg?10Gd?3Y?0.4Zr alloy was studied by computer aided cooling curve analysis (CA-CCA). With the increase in cooling rate, the nucleation temperature (Tα,N) increases from 634.8 °C to 636.3 °C, the minimum temperature (Tα,Min) decreases from 631.9 °C to 630.7 °C, the nucleation undercooling (ΔTN) increases from 2.9 °C to 5.6 °C, the beginning temperature of the eutectic reaction (Teut,N) increases, the time of the eutectic reaction shortens, solidus temperature decreases from 546.0 °C to 541.4 °C, and solidification temperature range (ΔTS) increases by 6.1 °C. The increased nucleation rate (N&) is supposed to be the main reason for the increased?TN. Increased value (Teut,N?Teut,G) and shortened time of the eutectic reaction cause the change in the volume fraction and morphology of the second phase.

Low temperature mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of multi-cycle cryogenic treatment and tensile temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy was investigated. The results show that there have no significant changes in tensile properties of the tested alloy after 10 d in liquid nitrogen immersion or 10 cycles of high-low temperature treatment at all test temperatures. The room temperature ultimate tensile strength increases from 398 MPa to 417 MPa after 20 cycles of high-low temperature treatments. Compared with the room temperature, the tested alloys exhibit higher tensile properties at low temperatures. At -196 °C, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded-T5 Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are 349 MPa and 506 MPa, respectively, increasing by about 18% and 27%, respectively. The transgranular cleavage fracture mechanism is observed at room temperature, while at low temperatures both ductile fracture and cleavage fracture behaviors coexist.

热轧及退火处理对Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.3Zr合金显微组织及抗压强度的影响

为了探究Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.3Zr高温热轧及退火处理对合金显微组织及抗压强度的影响,文中利用光学金相显微镜观察高温轧制板材的显微组织,分析晶粒尺寸大小和动态再结晶程度.研究结果表明:随着变形量增加,晶粒尺寸显著减小,当下压量为60%时晶粒尺寸大小均匀,约为60μm,孪晶密度高;下压量达到60%之前,晶粒粗大,孪晶密度低,超过60%之后,再结晶晶粒逐步取代变形晶粒,晶粒尺寸减小,孪晶几乎消失.退火处理能够显著提高轧制板材的抗压强度,其中175℃×3h退火处理后强化效果明显,抗压强度达到424MPa,退火温度超过175℃后,强化效果开始减弱.

Microstructure evolution of semi-solid Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy during isothermal heat treatment

In this study,the microstructure evolution of semi-solid Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy during isothermal heat treatment has been investigated.The results show that primary particles coarsen continuously during the holding.Coarsening rate decreases with the increase of isothermal temperature.When isothermal temperature increases from 600℃ to 620℃,the dominant mechanism for coarsening changes from particle coalescence to Ostwald ripening.Equiaxed as-cast microstructure is beneficial to the semi-solid microstructure after isothermal heat treatment,which brings about the refinement and spheroidization of primary particles,and shortening of holding time.Significant modification of second phases can also be achieved after isothermal heat treatment,due to its unique solidification process.The optimum processing parameters for Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy in isothermal heat treatment are isothermal temperature of 610℃-620℃ and holding time of 20-40 min.

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behavior of low pressure sand cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys

The corrosion behaviors of low-pressure sand cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(wt.%)alloys in as-cast,solution treated(T4)and aged(T6)conditions were studied by means of immersion test and electrochemical measurements in 5wt.%NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)_(2).It was observed that the corrosion rate in the T4 condition was lower than that of the as-cast and T6 conditions by both sand casting and permanent mold casting with the same order of as-cast>T6>T4;while the corrosion resistance of the permanent mold casting is superior to the sand casting.The morphologies of the corrosion products are similar porous structures consisting of tiny erect flakes perpendicular to the corroded surface of the alloy,irrespective of the heat treatment conditions.Especially,the corrosion film in T4 condition is more compact than that in the other two conditions.In addition,the severer corrosion happening to the as-cast condition is correlated with the galvanic corrosion between the matrix and the eutectic compounds;while improved corrosion resistance for the T4 and T6 conditions is ascribed to the dissolution of the secondary eutectic compounds.The measured corrosion current densities of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys in as-cast,T4,and T6 conditions are 36μA·cm^(-2),10μA·cm^(-2),and 33μA·cm^(-2),respectively.The proposed equivalent circuit[Rs(CPE_(1)R_(t)R_(f)CPE_(2))]by Zview software matches well with the tested electrochemical impedance spectra(EIS)data.

Effect of different casting methods on microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy

The effects of two different casting methods on the microstructures and mechanical properties of as-cast and T6-cast states of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy were studied by using metal mold casting and squeeze casting.The results show that the microstructure of Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.6Zr alloy is mainly composed ofα-Mg primary phase and Mg 24(Gd,Y)5 eutectic phase.The squeeze cast grains are small with a dendrite like morphology,and the tensile strength of the alloy in T6 state can reach 285 MPa.While the metal grains are coarse,the eutectic phases are distributed in the grain boundary,and the tensile strength of the alloy in T6 state is only 250 MPa.

Effect of ageing time on corrosion behavior of Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-0.6Zr extruded-alloy

The corrosion behaviors of Mg-10Gd-4.8Y-0.6Zr extruded-alloys with various ageing time were investigated by immersion test and electrochemical measurements.The results show that the corrosion rate of the experimental alloy decreases with the increase of ageing time from 0 to 108 h.The corrosion resistance of the experimental alloy was found to increase with the increase of the size of the precipitate phases.The open circuit potential of the experimental alloy increases with the increase of the ageing time.The potentiodynamic polarization curves show that the cathodic over-potential increases with the increase of ageing time,leading to a decrease in the current density of anodic current plateau with the increase of ageing time.

时效时间对Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr镁合金力学性能的影响

选取了在工程实践中有广泛应用的Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr镁合金,在225℃下对合金进行了时效处理,研究了时效时间对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明：在6、8、10、12、14、16 h时效时效范围,合金的硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度在12 h处理之后达到最大值。

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, the content of compounds, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of high vacuum die casting Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy （mass fraction, %） under T4 condition and T6 condition were investigated. The microstructure for the as-cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy mainly consists ofα-Mg and eutectic Mg24（Gd,Y）5 compound. After solution treatment, the eutectic compounds dissolve massively into the Mg matrix. The main composition of solution-treated alloys is supersaturated α-Mg and cuboid-shaped phase. The T4 heat treated samples have increasing cuboidal particles with the increase of heat treatment temperature, which turn out good mechanical properties. The optimum T4 heat treatment for high vacuum die cast Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy is 475 ℃, 2 h according to microstructure results. The optimum ultimate strength and elongation of solution-treated Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.4Zr alloy are 222.1 MPa and 15.4%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of the as-cast, and T6 heat treated alloys is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

不同热处理下Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金拉伸力学性能统计分析

在不同热处理工艺参数下研究了Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金力学性能的统计学变化规律。结果表明,Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金在高温服役时拉伸力学性能的稳定性变差。525℃×12 h+225℃×14 h处理工艺比525℃×12 h+250℃×12 h处理工艺更能使合金满足性能要求。

Grain refinement impact on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy after decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion

Based on the deforming technique of severe plastic deformation(SPD), the grain refinement of a Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy treated with decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion(RUE) and its influence on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of the alloy were studied. The RUE process was carried out for 4 passes in total, starting at 0 ℃ and decreasing by 10 ℃ for each pass. The results showed that as the number of RUE passes increased, the grain refinement effect was obvious, and the second phase in the alloy was evenly distributed. Room temperature tensile properties of the alloy and the deepening of the RUE degree showed a positive correlation trend, which was due to the grain refinement, uniform distribution of the second phase and texture weakening. And the microhardness of the alloy showed that the microhardness of RUE is the largest in 2 passes. The change in microhardness was the result of dynamic competition between the softening effect of DRX and the work hardening effect. In addition, the wear resistance of the alloy showed a positive correlation with the degree of RUE under low load conditions. When the applied load was higher, the wear resistance of the alloy treated with RUE decreased compared to the initial state alloy. This phenomenon was mainly due to the presence of oxidative wear on the surface of the alloy, which could balance the positive contribution of severe plastic deformation to wear resistance to a certain extent.

(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase formation in as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

In this work,a new(Y,Gd)H_(2) precipitate was identified and systematically investigated in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy by XRD,SEM with EDS,TEM with EDS techniques and thermodynamics analysis.Results show that the as-cast alloy contains α-Mg,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5),and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.The(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase usually forms near the eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) or in the α-Mg grains,displaying a rectangle-shape.The Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phases crystalize in bcc and fcc structure,respectively,and the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase has a semi-coherent relationship with α-Mg matrix.The thermodynamics calculation results reveal that the hydrogen dissolved in the melt leads to the formation of hydrides.It is also found that the(Y,Gd)H_(2) hydride can form directly from the liquid phase during solidification.Additionally,it can precipitate by the decomposition of Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase due to absorbing hydrogen from the remaining melt.

Effect of Isothermal Forging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr Alloy

Aiming at the problems of poor plastic forming ability,narrow forging temperature range,and strain rate sensitivity of rare earth magnesium alloys,a study on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-8Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy with different isothermal forging processes is carried out.The microstructure and properties of the alloy in the as-cast,isothermal forged,and post-aging states after forging are studied with optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM),and tensile testing.The results show that significant dynamic recrystallization occurs during the isothermal forging process,a fine equiaxed grain structure is formed,and the mechanical properties of the alloy are greatly improved.When the isothermal forging temperature is 460℃ and the strain rate is 0.02 s^(-1),the alloy structure performance is the best,the room temperature tensile yield strength(TYS)is 218 MPa,the ultimate tensile strength(UTS)is 299 MPa,and the fracture elongation(FE)is 19.2%.When the alloy is post-forging artificial aged,theα-Mg matrix is dispersed,the Mg_5(Gd,Y)phase is precipitated,the UTS of the alloy is increased to 392 MPa,and the FE is reduced to 12.0%.

时效处理对Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金组织和性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、极化曲线、阻抗谱等对铸态、时效态Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr镁合金的显微组织、力学性能及耐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明：铸态Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金由α-Mg、树枝状相Mg（24）（Gd,Y）5及颗粒状相Mg5（Gd,Y）组成,合金经515℃×8 h固溶＋225℃×36 h时效处理后,树枝状Mg（24）（Gd,Y）5转变为大量薄片状及细长条状的Mg5（Gd,Y）相。室温力学性能测试结果表明,经时效处理后的合金显微硬度增加27.8%,达到101.97 HV0.1,抗拉强度增加52.5%,达到305 MPa,规定塑性延伸强度增加121.3%,达到239 MPa。极化曲线及阻抗谱表明,时效处理后合金的腐蚀电流密度减小,容抗弧半径增大,电荷传递电阻增大,合金耐腐蚀性能增强。

大型复杂结构高强耐热镁合金舱体热处理工艺研究

针对镁合金类大型复杂铸件在进行T6水淬热处理过程中易变形甚至开裂的问题,优化了一种基于空冷的T6热处理工艺。采用Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金和低压砂型铸造工艺制备了某型号舱体,并切取试样进行固溶和时效后均空冷的T6热处理工艺优化研究,获得最佳工艺为525℃×12h+250℃×12h,对应的最高力学性能为:屈服强度247MPa、抗拉强度346MPa、延伸率3.4%。另外,随着时效温度和时效时间的增加,合金的断裂机制也由欠时效态的穿晶解理断裂转变为峰时效态的穿晶和沿晶混合型准解理断裂。