砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr合金的线收缩

研究铸件几何特征对砂型铸造Mg-9Gd-3Y-0.5Zr(VW93)合金线收缩的影响。利用3D扫描仪精确提取自由收缩和受阻收缩砂铸件的尺寸,并用于计算收缩系数。引入砂芯体积与铸件包络体积之比(γ)量化砂芯对铸件收缩的约束程度。通过分析自由收缩系数的统计分布和受阻收缩系数随γ的变化规律发现,VW93合金的自由收缩系数为1.96%,受阻收缩系数随γ的增大而线性减小,此关系为根据铸件几何结构预测VW93合金收缩率提供支持。

Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金连续降温压缩扭转组织演变

采用Gleeble-3500热力拟试验机对Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金棒材进行了热压缩扭转实验,变形过程中采用连续降温,温度范围为420~480℃,降温速率为10℃·s^(-1)。分析了变形后试样微观组织的演化规律。结果表明,形成了梯度组织;随棒状试样半径的增加,晶粒尺寸、LPSO相尺寸及ED//<0001>织构强度均减小。晶内LPSO相发生了机械破碎和扭折;块状LPSO相发生溶解,形成条纹状结构,部分条纹状结构在外力条件下发生扭折。变形过程中主要发生了连续动态再结晶及LPSO相激发的再结晶。连续降温有利于再结晶形核,产生大量细小的动态再结晶晶粒,抑制了再结晶晶粒长大和ED//<0001>织构强度增加。

Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金材料喷丸强化工艺及摩擦磨损性能研究

目的提高Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金的耐磨性能。方法通过喷丸强化工艺对Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金表面进行处理,在合金表面制备出纳米强化层,随后进行干滑动摩擦磨损试验,探究其喷丸强化后耐磨性能的改变。利用OM、SEM研究合金表层至内部晶粒尺寸及组织特征的变化。利用电子天平秤测量摩擦磨损试验前后质量的损失量。利用维氏显微硬度计测量合金强化层深度方向的硬度分布。利用SEM研究了合金摩擦磨损后的形貌特征,探究其磨损机制。结果对Mg-9Gd-3.5Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金进行表面喷丸处理后,表面分别出现了200~370μm厚的晶粒细化层,其中喷丸气压为0.4 MPa、时间为40 s的试样的细晶强化层厚约为250μm,硬度约为155HV,较原始试样提高了50%左右。结论经喷丸强化后,镁合金表面发生塑性变形,获得纳米晶。晶粒尺寸从表层到内部逐渐变大,呈现梯度变化,喷丸处理后试样磨损质量普遍降低,耐磨性能得到提高,其中气压为0.4MPa、喷丸时间为40s的试样的耐磨性最好。铸态试样的摩擦磨损中,磨粒磨损和黏着磨损发挥主要作用,喷丸强化工艺后,磨损机制发生改变,喷丸时间为60 s时,氧化磨损起主导作用。另外,随着喷丸气压的增大,疲劳磨损由辅助作用逐渐变为主导作用。

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

Effects of stress loading mode on microstructures and properties of Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloy treated by creep aging

Creep aging forming(CAF) is a potential process used to manufacture large integral components of magnesium(Mg) alloys. The selected stress plays a crucial role in creep aging processes but the mechanism by which stress loading method affects creep aging of Mg alloys is still unclear. In this paper, the microstructural evolution of precipitated phases and precipitation-free zones(PFZ) at grain boundaries with different stress loading modes(unstressed, unidirectional tensile stress, and cyclic stress) at 250 ℃ were investigated along with changes in mechanical properties. The results showed that the addition of stress during aging effectively promoted the precipitation of precipitated phases, while unaffecting grain size. Unidirectional tensile stress caused directional growth of β phase([1010]), as well as rotation of weave towards the basal plane texture, resulting in namely stress orientation effect. Solute atoms diffused in the direction of tensile stress while vacancies moved perpendicular to the direction of tensile stress, resulting in PFZ at grain boundaries(157.06 nm). By contrast, cyclic stresses led to the growth of β phase in three directions([1010], [1100] and [0110]). The solute atoms and vacancies were uniformly distributed in the Mg matrix instead of directional diffusion, effectively reducing the width of PFZ(112.39 nm) at the grain boundary. These features significantly improved the mechanical properties of alloy specimens after cyclic stress creep aging when compared to unidirectional stress creep aging, with yield strength(YS), ultimate tensile strength(UTS), and elongation(EL) enhanced from 171.6 MPa, 305.5 MPa, and 4.4%to 174.8 MPa, 326.3 MPa, and 6.9%, respectively.

挤压比对Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能影响

对Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金进行了不同挤压比的挤压试验,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、拉伸试验研究了不同挤压比对合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:均匀化态试验合金组织主要由α-Mg基体、层状LPSO相及少量块状LPSO相构成。随着挤压比的增加,合金再结晶程度越来越高,层状LPSO相逐渐减少。与均匀化态试验合金相比,挤压态合金的强度及伸长率均有明显提高。随着挤压比的增加,试验合金的强度有小幅提升,伸长率显著提高。挤压比为42的Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Z合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度及伸长率均达到最大值,分别为407、332MPa和12.2%。

Grain refinement impact on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy after decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion

Based on the deforming technique of severe plastic deformation(SPD), the grain refinement of a Mg-9Gd-3Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy treated with decreasing temperature reciprocating upsetting-extrusion(RUE) and its influence on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of the alloy were studied. The RUE process was carried out for 4 passes in total, starting at 0 ℃ and decreasing by 10 ℃ for each pass. The results showed that as the number of RUE passes increased, the grain refinement effect was obvious, and the second phase in the alloy was evenly distributed. Room temperature tensile properties of the alloy and the deepening of the RUE degree showed a positive correlation trend, which was due to the grain refinement, uniform distribution of the second phase and texture weakening. And the microhardness of the alloy showed that the microhardness of RUE is the largest in 2 passes. The change in microhardness was the result of dynamic competition between the softening effect of DRX and the work hardening effect. In addition, the wear resistance of the alloy showed a positive correlation with the degree of RUE under low load conditions. When the applied load was higher, the wear resistance of the alloy treated with RUE decreased compared to the initial state alloy. This phenomenon was mainly due to the presence of oxidative wear on the surface of the alloy, which could balance the positive contribution of severe plastic deformation to wear resistance to a certain extent.

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and mechanical properties of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior of sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy （mass fraction,%） under T6 condition （air cooling after solid solution and then aging heat treatment） were investigated. The optimum T6 heat treatments for sand-cast Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are （525 ℃, 12 h＋225 ℃, 14 h） and （525 ℃, 12 h＋250 ℃, 12 h） according to age hardening curve and mechanical properties, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy treated by the two optimum T6 processes are 339.9 MPa, 251.6 MPa, 1.5%and 359.6 MPa, 247.3 MPa, 2.7%, respectively. The tensile fracture mode of peak-aged Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is transgranular quasi-cleavage fracture.

Comparative study on corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy in 5% NaCl aqueous solution

The corrosion behaviours of Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys prepared by as-casting and extrusion were investigated in 5% NaCl aqueous solution by immersion and electrochemical tests. The microstructure indicates the mean grain size of 15 μm for the extruded and 100 μm for the as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr magnesium alloys. The corrosion morphology of as-cast sample shows pitting corrosion and little filiform corrosion, but that of the extruded sample shows pitting corrosion at the initial stage. The corrosion rate of extruded sample is higher than that of as-cast Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloy according to the immersion test. The second phases containing RE acting as cathodes improve the corrosion properties. The corrosion potentials of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr alloys are -1.658 V and -1.591 V, respectively. The origins of the distinctive corrosion behavior of as-cast and extruded Mg-5Y-7Gd-1Nd-0.5Zr Mg alloys were discussed.

Mg-9Gd-Sm-0．5Zr合金组织和力学性能研究

采用合金熔炼、组织分析和拉伸试验,研究Mg-9Gd-Sm-0.5Zr合金的微观组织和力学特性。结果表明,合金的组织由α-Mg基体、Mg5Gd和Mg41Sm5相组成,晶界上有许多颗粒状相和短棒状相,晶内分布少数尺度比较大的鱼骨状和块状析出相。与其它系镁合金不同的是,Mg-9Gd-Sm-0.5Zr合金抗拉强度随温度升高而升高。

铸态Mg-9Gd-4Y-xZn-0.5Zr合金组织和力学性能

采用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪以及拉伸试验机,研究了Zn对铸态Mg-9Gd-4Y-xZn-0.5Zr（x=0,0.5 1.0,1.5,2.0）合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：铸态Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.5Zr合金显微组织由基体α-Mg和共晶相Mg5（Gd,Y）组成。加入Zn元素后,合金组织中出现Mg5（Gd,Y,Zn）相和Mg12Zn（Gd,Y）相,分布于晶界或晶内。当Zn含量为1%时,合金组织得到明显细化,第二相分布均匀,力学性能显著提升。此时,合金抗拉强度和屈服强度到达最大值,分别为209.72 MPa和172.69 MPa。随着Zn含量进一步增加,合金组织粗化,第二相含量迅速增加且沿晶界逐渐呈网状分布并逐渐向晶内深入,合金强度也明显降低。

Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Zn-0.5Zr合金的高温蠕变行为

采用光学显微镜和蠕变实验机研究Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Zn-0.5Zr合金在不同温度和应力下的高温蠕变行为。结果表明：在应力为70～130 MPa范围内,200℃时Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Zn-0.5Zr合金的蠕变应力指数n=1.63,蠕变机制为晶界滑动,250℃时蠕变应力指数n=2.63,蠕变机制为位错滑移;在蠕变温度为200～250℃范围内,应力分别为70、90、110和130 MPa时,合金的蠕变激活能Qc分别为108.5、118.9、127.6和134.3 k J/mol;随着温度和应力的增加,合金晶粒长大,合金的蠕变机制由晶界滑动控制转变为位错滑移控制。

挤压态Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金摩擦磨损行为研究

镁合金是目前工程应用中最轻的结构金属,广泛应用于航空航天与国防军工等制造领域,铸造镁合金由于性能劣势难以应用于重要结构件,塑性变形可以显著细化镁合金晶粒,提高合金综合力学性能。研究发现通过变形调控合金第二相体积分数/尺寸/分布规律、再结晶比例以及晶粒尺寸,可以在提高合金拉伸性能的同时提升合金的耐磨性,这为拓宽镁合金的应用提供了新途径。实验研究了Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金经过正挤压-双向转角挤压后的不同位置组织演变特征,并分析了变形合金在不同载荷(10、20、30 N)下的摩擦磨损行为,结果表明:随着载荷增大,变形合金的平均摩擦系数降低;施加载荷相同时,合金的平均摩擦系数值与再结晶程度成正比,磨损量随再结晶比率增大而减少;在摩擦磨损实验中,所有样品均发生氧化磨损和磨料磨损,低载荷下发生轻微的划痕和磨损痕迹,随着载荷增加,出现明显的表面剥落和脱落现象;实验中由于载荷和摩擦力的作用,长周期堆垛有序相(LPSO)颗粒与镁基体间发生相对滑动或剪切,这种相互作用导致LPSO相颗粒剥离和表面颗粒脱落。

Low temperature mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy

Influence of multi-cycle cryogenic treatment and tensile temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of as-extruded Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr magnesium alloy was investigated. The results show that there have no significant changes in tensile properties of the tested alloy after 10 d in liquid nitrogen immersion or 10 cycles of high-low temperature treatment at all test temperatures. The room temperature ultimate tensile strength increases from 398 MPa to 417 MPa after 20 cycles of high-low temperature treatments. Compared with the room temperature, the tested alloys exhibit higher tensile properties at low temperatures. At -196 °C, the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the as-extruded-T5 Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy are 349 MPa and 506 MPa, respectively, increasing by about 18% and 27%, respectively. The transgranular cleavage fracture mechanism is observed at room temperature, while at low temperatures both ductile fracture and cleavage fracture behaviors coexist.

变温往复镦挤对Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金组织和硬度的影响

对挤压态Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金进行4道次变温往复镦粗-挤压变形,累积应变量为5.40。温度选取稀土镁合金常用变形温度,即从420℃降低到380℃再升高到420℃再降低至380℃。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪、维氏硬度等手段,研究了不同温度和变形道次对合金组织和硬度的影响规律。结果表明:变温往复镦粗-挤压工艺能够显著减小Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr合金的晶粒尺寸,改善组织均匀性;其组织演变体现在晶界处块状LPSO相的破碎重新分布、晶粒内部层片状LPSO相的溶解、变形导致的颗粒第二相的析出及动态再结晶。温度对变形组织的影响至关重要,虽然3道次相比2道次多进行了一次大变形,但是第3道次组织比第2道次组织晶粒大、硬度低,这是由于变形温度升高导致的。初始态稀土镁合金DSC曲线在380~420℃无峰值变化,没有明显的相变,但合金在变形过程中会在晶界处析出黑色颗粒相,温度变化对变形过程中的析出相会产生影响,在升温变形中有一部分变形析出相重新破碎溶解回基体,而变形析出的颗粒相对LPSO相起到钉扎破碎的效果,同时阻碍动态再结晶晶粒的长大,第3道次升温后,由于变形析出相的减少,部分再结晶晶粒长大,导致第3道次组织比第2道次组织晶粒大、硬度低。第4道次降温变形后,由于变形温度低且累积应变量最大,得到的晶粒组织最为细小且均匀分布,硬度也最大。细小的动态再结晶晶粒与析出的Mg5(Gd,Y,Zn)相是导致合金硬度提高的主要原因。

Flow stress and dynamic recrystallization behavior of Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy during hot compression process

The flow stress behavior of spray-formed Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy was studied using thermal simulation tests on a Gleeble-3500machine over deformation temperature range of300-450℃and strain rate of0.01-10s^-1.The microstructural evolution of the alloy during the hot compression process was characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and electron back scatter diffractometry(EBSD).The results show that the flow stress behavior and microstructural evolution are sensitive to deformation parameters.The peak stress level,steady flow stress,dislocation density and amount of substructures of the alloy increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate.Conversely,the high angle grain boundary area increases,the grain boundary is in serrated shape and the dynamic recrystallization in the alloy occurs.The microstructure of the alloy is fibrous-like and the main softening mechanism is dynamic recovery during steady deformation state.The flow stress behavior can be represented by the Zener-Hollomon parameter Z in the hyperbolic sine equation with the hot deformation activation energy of184.2538kJ/mol.The constitutive equation and the hot processing map were established.The hot processing map exhibits that the optimum processing conditions for Al-9Mg-1.1Li-0.5Mn alloy are in deformation temperature range from380to450℃and strain rate range from0.01to0.1s^-1.

Deformation mechanism of fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-l.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy under high temperature and high strain rates

Fine grained Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy was investigated by dynamic compression tests using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar under the strain rates in the range 1000-2000 s^(-1) and the temperature range 293-573 K along the normal direction.The microstructure was measured by optical microscopy,electron back-scattering diffraction,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry.The results showed that Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy had the positive strain rate strengthening effect and thermal softening effect at high temperature.The solid solution of Gd and Y atoms in Mg-7Gd-5Y-1.2Nd-0.5Zr alloy reduced the asymmetry of α-Mg crystals and changed the critical shear stress of various deformation mechanisms.The main deformation mechanisms were prismatic slip and pyramidal(a)slip,{102}tension twinning,and dynamic recrystallization caused by local deformation such as particle-stimulated nucleation.c 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chongqing University.

Microstructure and elevated-temperature tensile properties of differential pressure sand cast Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures of an Mg-4Y-3Nd-0.5Zr alloy by differential pressure casting were investigated using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and its tensile deformation behavior was measured using a Gleeble1500D themo-simulation machine in the temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃ at initial strain rates of 5×10^-4 to 10^-1 s^-1. Results show that the as-cast microstructure consists of primary α-Mg phase and bone-shaped Mg5RE eutectic phase distributed along the grain boundary. The eutectic phase is dissolved into the matrix after solution treatment and subsequently precipitates during peak aging. Tensile deformation tests show that the strain rate has little effect on stress under 300 ℃. Tensile stress decreases with an increase in temperature and the higher strain rate leads to an increase in stress above 300 ℃. The fracture mechanism exhibits a mixed quasi-cleavage fracture at 200 ℃, while the fracture above 300 ℃ is a ductile fracture. The dimples are melted at 400 ℃ with the lowest strain rate of 10^-4 s^-1.

(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase formation in as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

In this work,a new(Y,Gd)H_(2) precipitate was identified and systematically investigated in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy by XRD,SEM with EDS,TEM with EDS techniques and thermodynamics analysis.Results show that the as-cast alloy contains α-Mg,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5),and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.The(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase usually forms near the eutectic phase Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) or in the α-Mg grains,displaying a rectangle-shape.The Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phases crystalize in bcc and fcc structure,respectively,and the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase has a semi-coherent relationship with α-Mg matrix.The thermodynamics calculation results reveal that the hydrogen dissolved in the melt leads to the formation of hydrides.It is also found that the(Y,Gd)H_(2) hydride can form directly from the liquid phase during solidification.Additionally,it can precipitate by the decomposition of Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase due to absorbing hydrogen from the remaining melt.

高应变率下Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.5Zr镁合金的力学行为研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆装置对Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.5Zr镁合金进行动态力学压缩实验,研究该合金材料在不同热处理状态下的动态力学行为并进行对比分析。结果表明:随着冲击载荷不断提高,试样应变速率及最大应变不断增大,铸态、固溶及时效处理后Mg-9Gd-4Y-0.5Zr镁合金真应力-真应变曲线表现出明显的正应变率强化效应,且随着应变速率增加,加工硬化效果显著;时效处理后,材料表现出最大的抗冲击极限,同时在相近应变速率下,表现出最高的抗冲击性能;α-Mg基体的加工硬化、金属间化合物Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)的沉淀强化、生成孪晶及孔洞或裂纹的萌生与发展是造成该现象的主要原因。