Increased susceptibility to experimental steatohepatitis induced by methionine-choline deficiency in HBs-Tg mice

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, about 25% of individuals with chronic hepatitis B have fatty liver disease. Lipogenic diets that are completely devoid of methionine and choline induce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, no animal model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with HBV infection is available, and the influence of viral infection on nutritional hepatic steatosis is unclear. METHODS: We used HBV surface antigen transgenic mice (HBs-Tg mice), which mimic healthy human carriers with hepatitis B surface antigen. The mice were fed with a high-fat methionine-choline-deficient diet (MCD) to build a reliable rodent nutritional model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with HBV infection, and the changes in body weight and serum triglycerides were measured. Hepatocyte ballooning changes were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The extent of hepatic fat accumulation was evaluated by oil red O staining. Immunohistochemical assays were performed to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen as an index of cell proliferation. RESULTS: MCD feeding provoked systemic weight loss and liver injury. MCD feeding caused more macrovesicular fat droplets and fat accumulation in the livers of HBs-Tg mice than in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. In addition, within 30 days of MCD exposure, more PCNA-positive nuclei were found in the livers of HBs-Tg mice. CONCLUSIONS: HBs-Tg mice fed with a lipogenic MCD form more macrovesicular fat droplets earlier, coincident with more hepatocyte proliferation, resulting in the appearance of increased susceptibility to experimental steatohepatitis in these mice.

Comment on "p38 MAPK inhibition alleviates experimental acute pancreatitis in mice"

To the Editor：I read with great interest the article by Cao et al[1] re- porting a potential therapeutic utility of p38 inhibitors for acute pancreatitis. Using a preclinical mouse model where acute pancreatitis was induced by administra- tion of cerulein （a cholecystokinin analog derived from the tree frog Litoria caerulea）, the authors reported that the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, administered intra- peritoneally before and after the first administration of cerulein, relieved signs associated with acute pancreatitis, including decreased HSP60 and HSP70 expression, and serum IL-6, amylase and lipase activities. Although the study remains descriptive and pharmacodynamic aspects were not examined in depth, it still has a merit as it undoubtedly provides a basis for further investigation into the potential utility of targeting p38 signaling for acute pancreatitis, a common serious condition that can be life-threatening.

Tracing of the viral antigens by gold-labelled antibodies in the experimentally infected suckling mice with Chen strain hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus and ultrastructural observation

Our previous works were done on the abnormal permeability of vasculature and cellular membrane after hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (HFRSV) infection. In this study, the internalization of viral antigens in the experimentally infected suckling BALB/c mice with Chen strain HFRSV were further studied by the application of the colloidal gold-labelled polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against HFRSV (GLAb) to the infected animals via tail veins. The normal mice with GLAb and the infected mice with colloidal gold-labelled indifferent antibodies (GLIg) were also employed as experimental controls. At certain time intervals after the injection,the animals were sacrificed and tissues were observed under light and electron microscopes. In the normal mice,the conjugates were confined to the vasculature and reliculo-endothelial system and localized in the lysosomes of phagocytes. In the infected animals,the GLIg conjugates could be used to demonstrate the abnormal permeability,but could not show the antigen localization,while the GLAb could be internalized into the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells and localized in the free ribosome,Golgi apparatus,granules within vesicles,and inclusion body-like structures Compared to the infected animals with GLIg,obvious tissue structure alternations under LM were observed in the infected mice with GLAb. The ultrastructural changes of destruction and abnormal structures frequently occurred in the cells of the infected animals. The typical virion,immature virion and inclusion body could be found but only in a few cells. The results indicated that the free ribosomes,Golgi apparatus and vesices may be related to viral infection and positive viral antigen could not represent the virus structure only. It is suggested that the antibodies produced in the bodies after HFRSV infection can bind not only with the extracel lular viral antigens to form immunocomplexes to induce tissue lesions but also the cytoplasmic viral antigens of the infected cells through the damaged cellular membranes.

Tracing in vivo of the vascular and cellular membranous permeabilities in the experimentally infected suckling mice with Chen strain hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus

the vascular and cellular membranous permeabilities in the experimentally infected suckling BALB/c mice with Chen strain hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (HFRSV) were studied by employing horseradish peroxidase (HRP), colloidal lanthanum and colloidal gold labelled antibodies as tracers and applying the tracers to the mice in vivo via tail veins, and the tissues were observed under light mcroscope and electron microscope. The vascular and cellular membranous permeabilities in the infected increased as the tracers appeared in the perivascular and interstitial tissues as well as in the cytoplasms of some parenchymal cells of the organs ,while the permeabilities remained normal in the control. The rasults suggest that in the infected mice, it might be the virus infection that was mainly responsible for the abnormal permeabilities.

A network pharmacology approach combined with animal experiment to investigate the blood enriching effect of Gei herba

Background:To explore active components of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba)and its underlying complex mechanism in treating blood deficiency induced by chemotherapy drug based on network pharmacology and mice experimental validation.Methods:Active components of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba)were screened by Lipinski’s rule of five.Targets acted with active components were predicted by PharmMapper database,and targets whose function associated with blood deficiency were screened by Therapeutic Target Database and UniProt.The networks of component-target and target-pathway were constructed by Cytoscape.The levels of peripheral blood and organ indexes were detected in the animal experiments.Results:One hundred and seventy-three components of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba)were collected,and 60 active components were screened according to the rule of five.According to the degree value of compounds,the top 5 compounds were docosyl trans ferulate,C32 decursin,agrimonolide 6-O-β-D-glucoside,degree=11,173-ethoxyphaeophorbide,and eugenol.Finally,59 targets associated with blood deficiency were obtained and the top 5 targets were MAPK14,TTR,CDK2,AKR1B1 and AR.Based on the interaction network of componenttarget and target-pathway,it’s found that 60 active components could act with 59 targets and 44 pathways for treating blood deficiency.And then,the mice experiments showed that Lanbuzheng(Gei herba)could enrich blood by increasing the levels of red blood cell,white blood cell,hemoglobin,red blood cell specific volume and platelet,and the indexes of liver,thymus and spleen,which validated the treating effect of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba).Conclusion:In this study,a network pharmacology approach and animal experiments were established to explore the nourishing blood effect of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba).The results demonstrated that Lanbuzheng(Gei herba)could improve blood deficiency and provide a theoretical basis for the further research on the in-depth mechanism of Lanbuzheng(Gei herba).

Metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma models in nude mice and cell line with metastatic potential

Metastatic human HCC model is needed for the studies on mechanism and intervention of metastatic recurrence. By using orthotopic implantation of histologically intact tissues of 30 surgical specimens, a patient-like metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D20) and a low metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D35) have been established. All mice with transplanted LCI-D20 tumors exhibited extremely high metastatic ability including spontaneous metastasis to liver, lungs, lymph nodes and peritoneal seeding. Remarkable difference was also found in expression of some of the invasiveness related genes and growth factors between the LCI-D20 and LCI-D35 tumors. PAI-1 increased gradually following tumor progression in LCI-D20 model, and correlated with tumor size and AFP level. Phasic expression of tissue intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in this model was also observed. Using corneal micropocket model, it was demonstrated that the vascular response induced by LCI-D20 tumor was stronger than that induced by LCI-D35 tumor. Similar report on metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential was rarely found in the literature. This LCI-D20 model has been widely used for the studies on intervention of metastasis, including anti-angiogenesis,antisense approach, metalloproteinase inhibitor, differentiation inducer, etc. It is concluded that the establishment of metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential will provide important models for the in vitro and in vitro study of HCC invasiveness, angiogenesis as well as intervention of HCC recurrence.

栀子苷调节PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中对Th17/Treg功能的影响

目的:观察栀子苷对载脂蛋白E缺乏(ApoE^(-/-))小鼠Th17/调节性T(Treg)细胞失衡的影响及其作用机制。方法:将50只纯合子ApoE^(-/-)雌性小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和栀子苷低剂量组、栀子苷中剂量组、栀子苷高剂量组。对照组小鼠喂养普通饲料,模型组和栀子苷组小鼠喂养高脂饲料。从第8周开始,栀子苷各剂量组每日灌胃栀子苷(25、50、100 mg/kg),连续8周。试验结束时,采用油红O染色评估主动脉及其根部动脉粥样硬化(AS)病变面积比。采用定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)分析主动脉组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-17A和IL-10 mRNA表达;采用流式细胞仪分析脾脏中Th17和Treg细胞百分比;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测主动脉组织磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路相关蛋白表达。结果:油红O染色病变显示,栀子苷中剂量组、栀子苷高剂量组病变百分比低于模型组(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组主动脉TNF-α、IL-6和IL-17A mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05);栀子苷各剂量组主动脉TNF-α、IL-6和IL-17A mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组主动脉抗炎细胞因子IL-10 mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05);栀子苷各剂量组主动脉抗炎细胞因子IL-10 mRNA表达水平升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠脾脏中Th17细胞百分比升高,Treg细胞百分比降低(P<0.05)。栀子苷处理恢复了AS小鼠Th17和Treg细胞的平衡。栀子苷抑制PI3K的表达及AKT和mTOR的磷酸化,MHY1485(mTOR活化剂)减弱了栀子苷对T细胞分化的影响。结论:栀子苷抗AS作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号引起的Treg细胞增多和Th17细胞减少有关。

Human prostate cancer heterotransplants： a review on this experimental model

A common model used for preclinical research was in vitro human tumor cell culture. An alternative model was the direct implantation of a unique patient＇s tumor biopsy specimens into immunodeficient host mice. Published data from PubMed （http：//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov） and Current Contents Connect databases （http：//thomsonreuters.com/ products_services/science/science_roducts/a-z/current_contents_connect） were reviewed. Prostate cancer （PCa） heterotransplantation was evaluated using histopathology, morphology, cell differentiation, DNA content, tumor marker expression, metastases, tumor kinetics, tumor take rate and tumor vasculature in the first tumor heterotransplant. The heterotransplanted tumor retained the biological properties of the original tumor, such as morphology, degree of differentiation, pathology, secretory activity, expression of tumor markers and human vasculature. Human PCa heterotransplants have considerable experimental advantages over cell culture following xenotransplantation.

Effects of Black Tea Extract on Transplantable and Solid Tumors in Swiss Albino Mice

The chemopreventive effects of green tea and its polyphenols are well documented in the literature. Epidemiological studies have suggested that green tea consumption might be effective in the prevention of certain human cancers. About 80% of the tea is consumed as black tea. Limited studies have been carried out to assess the usefulness of black tea as anti_carcinogen. The present set of investigations were initiated to study the anti_tumorigenic potential of aqueous black tea extract (ATE) in Swiss albino mice in \%in vivo\% animal bioassay, using 7, 12 dimethyl_benzanthracene (DMBA) as carcinogen. In the experimental group, 2% ATE was given orally as sole source of drinking water, while the control were allowed to drink normal water, \%ad lib.\% The results revealed that drinking of 2% ATE could effectively inhibit the onset of tumorigenesis, cumulative number of tumors and average number of tumors per mouse. In ATE drinking group 44% animals remained tumor free till the termination of experiment, i. e. 26 weeks. In the second set of experiment the preventive efficacy of 2% ATE of different cultivars of black tea, viz orthodox, CTC and dust were tested in Ehrlich Ascites (EA) tumor bearing mice. The preventive effects of ATE were observed in terms of increased life span (ILS). All the cultivars of tea showed more than 25% increase in life span of the animals. Cytotoxic effect of various doses of all three cultivars of black tea was also observed \%in vitro \%on EA cells.

肠道菌群通过Treg/IDO信号通路参与动脉粥样硬化进展的实验研究

目的:探讨肠道菌群通过调节性T细胞(Treg)/吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶-1(IDO1)轴信号通路参与动脉粥样硬化的进展。方法:将C57BL无特定病原体(SPF)级的5周雌性载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE^(-/-))小鼠随机分为普通饲料处理组(NC组)和高脂饮食(含0.2%胆固醇,42%脂肪)处理组(HF组),每组10只。通过主动脉表面油红O染色和苏木精-伊红染色分析主动脉斑块和硬化损伤面积。采用流式细胞术分析脾细胞中CD_(4)^(+)CD_(25)^(+)叉头框蛋白p3(Foxp3)+Treg在CD_(4)^(+)T细胞中的百分比;蛋白免疫印迹法定量动脉吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(IDO),聚合酶链式反应(PCR)进行粪便微生物群分析。结果:与NC组比较,HF组小鼠主动脉斑块和硬化损伤面积增加(P<0.001),CD_(4)^(+)CD_(25)^(+)Foxp^(3+)/CD_(4)^(+)T比例和Foxp3 mRNA水平均降低(P<0.001)。与NC组比较,HF组小鼠IDO1含量降低(P<0.001)。小鼠斑块与Treg、IDO1呈负相关(r值分别为-0.87,-0.66,P<0.01)。厚壁菌门与动脉粥样硬化斑块呈正相关(r=0.64,P<0.01);放线菌与动脉粥样硬化斑块呈负相关(r=-0.74,P<0.01)。厚壁菌门与IDO1呈负相关(r=-0.59,P<0.05);拟杆菌门与IDO1呈正相关(r=0.67,P<0.01)。厚壁菌门与Treg呈负相关(r=-0.63,P<0.01);变形菌门与Treg呈正相关(r=0.61,P<0.01)。结论:肠道菌群改变可能通过Treg/IDO1信号通路,参与高脂饮食诱导的动脉粥样硬化进展。

^(131)I-labelled anti-hepatoma monoclonal antibodies in targeting therapy of hepatoma xenografts in nude mice

Anti-hepatoma monoclonal antibodies HAb8,HAb18 IgG and HAb18 F（ab’）2were labelled with[131I]according to chloramine T method.The labelling rate andradioactivity were 51% and 9.58×104Bq/mg,respectively.After administration of the[131I]-labelled conjugates through mouse tail vein,hepatoma xenografts were clearly im-aged,Localization index was 2.15,3.09,and 6.99 for HAb8,HAb18 IgG and HAb18F（ab’）2,respectively.A total of 16 hepatoma-bearing nude mice（SMMU-LTNM）were di-vided into 4 groups.When xenografts reached 0.3cm in diameter,the treatment was be-gun by injection of the[131I]-conjugates through mouse tail vein.After 2 weeks of treat-ment,obvious inhibitory or killing effects on the xenografts were found.The tu-mor-bearing mice were killed during the period from 14 to 21d after treatment.Xenografts as well as other organs were sampled and viewed under light microscope ac-cording to routine procedure.The vital organs,such as heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidneyand brain showed no pathological lesions.In hepatoma xenografts,some tumor cellmembranes were found,with obscure cytoplasmic structure and increased eosinophilia,representing necrotic alterations.

益消方经转化生长因子β1信号通路干预糖尿病合并脂肪肝的实验研究

目的:探索益消方对糖尿病合并脂肪肝的影响和作用机制。方法:观察组为12周龄雄性自发糖尿病(KKAy)小鼠,按照随机数字表法随机分为模型组、中药组(益消方干预)、西药组(氯沙坦干预);对照组为同周龄雄性近交系(C57BL/6J)小鼠。干预周期为12周。观察干预前后血糖、血脂-、肝功能变化,肝脏组织进行病理染色,检测肝脏组织转化生长因子β_(1)(TGF-β_(1))信号通路蛋白和信使核糖核酸(mRNA)的变化。结果:与模型组比较,益消方干预8周体质量、肝重指数显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),干预第4、8、12周空腹血糖显著降低(P<0.01),干预8周胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、谷丙转氨酶水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。病理形态方面益消方干预4周脂肪变性评分下降(P<0.05)。益消方干预12周后,TGF-β_(1)及其信号蛋白、mRNA的表达均显著下调(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:益消方可显著改善KKAy小鼠的肥胖和糖脂代谢紊乱,调节TGF-β_(1)信号通路蛋白和基因表达,减轻肝脏脂肪变性。

基于网络药理学研究玉屏风颗粒调节IgA肾病模型小鼠Th1/Th2平衡的作用机制

目的:基于网络药理学预测玉屏风颗粒治疗IgA肾病(IgAN)的作用机制并进行机制验证。方法:通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)数据库检索玉屏风颗粒有效成分;从GeneCards、OMIM、TTD数据库获取IgAN靶点,运用Venny2.1.0、Cytoscape 3.7.2软件分别获取玉屏风颗粒与IgAN两者交集靶点,构建“活性成分-交集靶点-疾病”关系网络;使用String数据库构建蛋白互作网络图,运用DAVID数据库进行GO、KEGG富集分析;通过AutoDock Vina软件对玉屏风颗粒中的主要活性成分与关键靶点进行分子对接验证。选取60只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组10只,造模组50只,造模成功后随机分为玉屏风颗粒高、中、低剂量组及西药对照组,给药8周。免疫荧光法检测IgA在肾组织中的沉积情况;HE染色、糖原染色观察肾组织病理学改变;生化法检测24 h-UTP、BUN、Scr;ELISA法检测血清中IgA,Th1相关因子TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-2表达,以及Th2相关因子IL-4、IL-6表达。结果:网络药理学部分,筛选出玉屏风颗粒活性成分34个,药物靶点222个;疾病靶点1436个;交集靶点102个;主要活性成分为槲皮素、山柰酚、汉黄芩素等;关键靶点有TNF、IL-6、IL-4、IL-2等。分子对接结果表明,主要活性成分与关键靶点均能较好的结合,所有结合能均≤-6.0 kJ/mol;GO富集分析得到生物过程689条、细胞组分54条、分子功能115条;KEGG富集分析得到IL-17、NF-κB等信号通路。动物实验部分,肾组织IgA免疫荧光显示,与正常组比较,模型组肾小球系膜区可见强绿色团块状IgA荧光信号;与模型组比较,各治疗组IgA沉积情况均有所改善,其中玉屏风颗粒高剂量组改善较明显。HE染色显示,与正常组比较,模型组可见肾小球肿胀,系膜细胞、内皮细胞增生,细胞外基质增多,系膜区扩张;与模型组比较,各治疗组肾组织病理损伤均有所减轻;糖原染色显示,与正常组比较,模型组可见系膜细胞增生,细胞外基质增多,给予药物治疗后,各治疗组肾组织病变程度由中重度变为中轻度。与正常组比较,模型组24 h-UTP、BUN、Scr明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,各治疗组肾功能均有所改善(P<0.01或P<0.05)。与正常组比较,模型组血清中IgA表达明显升高,与模型组比较,各治疗组血清中IgA表达均有所降低(P<0.05)。与正常组比较,模型组血清中Th1相关因子TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-2表达水平明显降低(P<0.05),各治疗组血清中Th1相关因子TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-2均有所上调。与正常组比较,模型组血清中Th2相关因子IL-4、IL-6表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),使用药物治疗后,各治疗组血清中Th2相关因子IL-4、IL-6表达水平均有所下调。与正常组比较,模型组血清中Th1/Th2比值明显下降(P<0.05),各治疗组血清中Th1/Th2比值均有所上调(P<0.05)。结论:玉屏风颗粒对IgAN模型小鼠具有较好的治疗作用,其机制可能与纠正Th1/Th2失衡有关。

补阳还五汤对动脉粥样硬化模型小鼠SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB通路及炎症反应的影响

目的:观察补阳还五汤对动脉粥样硬化模型载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE^(-/-))小鼠沉默信息调节因子相关酶1(SIRT1)/高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路及炎症反应的影响。方法:小鼠适应性饲养2周后,ApoE^(-/-)小鼠给予高脂饲料喂养进行动脉粥样硬化模型制备。8周后分离小鼠主动脉根部,制备石蜡切片,油红O染色证实模型复制成功。将40只ApoE^(-/-)小鼠随机分为模型组、补阳还五汤低剂量组、补阳还五汤中剂量组、补阳还五汤高剂量组,每组10只;另将10只C57BL/6J小鼠继续普通饲料喂养设置为空白组,各组小鼠均干预4周。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测小鼠血清炎性因子[γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-1β]表达水平;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测小鼠主动脉SIRT1、HMGB1、NF-κB蛋白表达。结果:补阳还五汤可升高小鼠主动脉斑块中SIRT1蛋白表达,降低HMGB1、NF-κB蛋白表达及小鼠血清IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-12、IL-1β表达。结论:补阳还五汤可能通过调控SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB信号通路,减低炎症反应,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。

基于“柔肝养筋”理论探讨小鼠肝脏来源外泌体对膝骨关节炎模型小鼠膝关节软骨的影响

目的:基于“柔肝养筋”理论探讨小鼠肝脏来源外泌体对膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)模型小鼠膝关节软骨的影响。方法:以超速离心法从3月龄(年轻)和22月龄(老年)C57BL/6雄性小鼠肝脏提取外泌体。将48只7周龄SPF级C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为4组,每组12只。KOA组、Young-EVs组及Aged-EVs组小鼠采用前交叉韧带横断术进行KOA造模,Sham组小鼠接受手术但不离断前交叉韧带。术后14 d开始,向Young-EVs组和Aged-EVs组小鼠膝关节腔分别注射10μL年轻和老年小鼠肝脏来源外泌体,每周2次,连续注射4周;Sham组和KOA组用同样方法向膝关节腔注射10μL PBS溶液。外泌体干预结束后,对各组小鼠造模侧膝关节进行X线检查;苏木精-伊红染色和番红O-固绿染色后进行组织病理学观察,并采用国际骨关节炎研究协会(Osteoarthritis Research Society International,OARSI)骨关节炎软骨组织病理学评价系统及Mankin病理评分系统评价小鼠软骨退变程度;免疫组化法检测软骨组织中Ⅱ型胶原蛋白(collagenⅡ,COLⅡ)、聚集蛋白聚糖(aggrecan,ACAN)、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase,MMP)13和一种具有血小板反应蛋白基序的去整合素和金属蛋白酶(a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs,ADAMTS)5表达量。结果:①小鼠膝关节X线检查结果。Sham组小鼠膝关节关节间隙正常,关节面平整光滑,软骨完整,关节边缘无骨赘形成,Kellgren-Lawrence分级为0级;KOA组小鼠膝关节间隙未见明显狭窄,关节面粗糙,软骨出现部分缺损,关节边缘可见明显骨赘形成,Kellgren-Lawrence分级为Ⅱ级;Young-EVs组小鼠膝关节间隙轻微变窄,关节表面稍有粗糙表现,软骨缺损较KOA组减少,关节边缘可见轻微骨赘形成,Kellgren-Lawrence分级为Ⅰ级;Aged-EVs组小鼠膝关节间隙、关节表面粗糙程度、软骨缺损情况、关节内游离体数量较KOA组更为严重,Kellgren-Lawrence分级为Ⅲ级。②小鼠膝关节软骨组织病理学观察结果。4组小鼠膝关节软骨OARSI评分和Mankin评分组间总体比较,差异均有统计学意义[OARSI评分:(0.417±0.376)分,(4.500±0.632)分,(2.417±0.492)分,(5.417±0.492)分,F=116.800,P=0.000;Mankin评分:(1.083±0.665)分,(7.250±0.880)分,(3.583±0.917)分,(8.833±0.683)分,F=117.100,P=0.000]。KOA组、Young-EVs组及Aged-EVs组的OARSI评分和Mankin评分均高于Sham组(P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000;P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000);Young-EVs组的OARSI评分和Mankin评分均低于KOA组(P=0.000,P=0.000);Aged-EVs组的OARSI评分和Mankin评分均高于KOA组、Young-EVs组(P=0.025,P=0.000;P=0.015,P=0.000)。③小鼠膝关节软骨组织免疫组织化学检测结果。4组小鼠膝关节软骨中COLⅡ和ACAN阳性表达面积比组间总体比较,差异均有统计学意义[COLⅡ:(40.050±2.324)%,(26.083±1.119)%,(23.317±2.599)%,(16.717±2.479)%,F=118.500,P=0.000;ACAN:(51.500±3.191)%,(17.700±3.415)%,(19.383±3.924)%,(12.300±1.908)%,F=185.500,P=0.000]。KOA组、Young-EVs组及Aged-EVs组的COLⅡ和ACAN阳性表达面积比均低于Sham组(P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000;P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000);Young-EVs组与KOA组COLⅡ、ACAN阳性表达面积比的组间差异均无统计学意义(P=0.167,P=0.799);Aged-EVs组的COLⅡ和ACAN阳性表达面积比均低于KOA组、Young-EVs组(P=0.000,P=0.000;P=0.039,P=0.005)。4组MMP13和ADAMTS5阳性表达面积比组间总体比较,差异均有统计学意义[MMP13:(11.733±2.191)%,(46.150±6.237)%,(34.417±5.027)%,(57.233±4.049)%,F=106.600,P=0.000;ADAMTS5:(7.950±1.344)%,(30.533±6.184)%,(22.083±3.418)%,(39.317±5.606)%,F=51.450,P=0.000]。KOA组、Young-EVs组及Aged-EVs组的MMP13和ADAMTS5阳性表达面积比均高于Sham组(P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000;P=0.000,P=0.000,P=0.000);Young-EVs组的MMP13和ADAMTS5阳性表达面积比均低于KOA组(P=0.002,P=0.021);Aged-EVs组的MMP13和ADAMTS5阳性表达面积比均高于KOA组、Young-EVs组(P=0.003,P=0.000;P=0.016,P=0.000)。结论:小鼠肝脏来源外泌体可能参与软骨细胞合成及分解代谢反应;其中老年小鼠肝脏来源外泌体可加速细胞外基质降解、减少聚集蛋白聚糖合成,加剧KOA小鼠软骨退变;而年轻小鼠肝脏来源外泌体可抑制软骨细胞外基质降解,保护KOA小鼠软骨。

脑心清介导AMPK/SIRT1通路促进脂肪酸氧化改善非酒精性脂肪肝

目的通过网络药理学、分子对接及体内外实验研究脑心清对高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)的治疗效果及作用机制。方法选择Apo E^(-/-)小鼠给予高脂饮食12周,进行NAFLD模型复制,继而使用脑心清干预12周后,进行生化学、组织病理学检测,主要包括血脂、肝功能、血清炎症因子及肝脏苏木素-伊红(HE)、油红O、天狼星红染色,评估脑心清对高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD的疗效。通过网络药理学及分子对接技术预测脑心清的作用靶点。通过Hep G2细胞蛋白质印迹(Western Blot)实验验证脑心清的作用机制。结果血清生化学及肝脏组织病理学结果显示,脑心清可以明显改善高脂饮食诱导的肝脏脂质积聚、肝细胞损伤及炎症反应。网络药理学及分子对接分析结果表明,脑心清可能通过AMP依赖的蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)/沉默调节蛋白1(Sirtuin 1,SIRT1)通路影响脂质代谢。体外细胞实验证实脑心清的作用机制主要是激活AMPK/SIRT1通路,上调下游肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1A(Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1,CPT1A)的表达,促进脂肪酸氧化,最终改善NAFLD。结论脑心清通过激活AMPK/SIRT1通路促进脂肪酸氧化改善NAFLD。

基于网络药理学和动物实验探讨槲皮素干预具抑郁特征乳腺癌的作用机制

【目的】探讨槲皮素对具抑郁特征乳腺癌的治疗作用及机制。【方法】采用网络药理学和生物信息学的方法,预测槲皮素治疗具抑郁特征乳腺癌的关键靶点和作用机制。通过动物实验验证预测得到的结果:构建具抑郁特征乳腺癌小鼠模型,分组后进行槲皮素干预治疗,采用旷场试验评价小鼠的抑郁情绪,测量肿瘤体积、肿瘤质量,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测肿瘤组织Ki-67表达,采用Western Blot法检测肿瘤组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、p53、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病2(Bcl-2)表达,末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP原位切口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测肿瘤组织细胞凋亡。【结果】具抑郁特征乳腺癌模型组小鼠旷场试验总运动路程、旷场试验中央区停留时间比减小,肿瘤体积、肿瘤质量升高,肿瘤组织Ki-67表达水平显著升高,肿瘤组织TNF-α、IL-6、p53、Caspase-3表达量下降且Bcl-2表达量增加,TUNEL阳性细胞率降低,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.001);与模型组比较,槲皮素组上述指标均得到显著逆转(P<0.01或P<0.001)。【结论】槲皮素可有效抑制小鼠具抑郁特征乳腺癌的进展,其机制与调控TNF、IL6、TP53、CASP3、BCL2等靶点进而促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有关。

基于网络药理学、分子对接和实验验证探讨感冒清热片抗肺损伤的作用机制

目的基于网络药理学、分子对接和体内实验方法探讨感冒清热片抗肺损伤的作用机制。方法以中药系统药理学数据库和分析平台(TCM-SP)、Genecards等数据库,筛选感冒清热片治疗肺损伤的潜在作用靶点。采用Cytoscape 3.9.0软件构建“中药-有效成分-靶点”网络,并用生物信息云平台对潜在作用靶点进行基因本体(GO)功能与京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。建立蛋白互作(PPI)网络,并与“中药-有效成分-靶点”网络进行交集分析,筛选关键靶蛋白。将关键靶蛋白和有效成分进行分子对接。建立肺损伤小鼠模型验证感冒清热片对关键靶标蛋白的作用。结果共筛选出感冒清热片治疗肺损伤的作用靶点707个,对应11味中药中107种化合物。利用构建的“中药-有效成分-靶点”网络发现感冒清热片可能通过豆甾醇、芦丁、金合欢素等有效成分对前列腺素G/H合成酶1(PTGS1)、雄激素受体(AR)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE)等作用靶点进行调控。利用PPI网络发现SRC酪氨酸激酶(SRC)、表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、信号转导因子和转录激活因子3(STAT3)等核心靶点。通过PPI网络与“中药-有效成分-靶点”网络交集分析,筛选出关键靶标蛋白周期蛋白依赖性激酶1(CDK1)、CDK2、EGFR、雌激素受体1(ESR1)和SRC。分子对接研究显示,感冒清热片中的豆甾醇、芦丁、金合欢素分别与CDK1、CDK2、EGFR、ESR1、SRC有较好的结合能力。体内实验发现感冒清热片可剂量依赖性地减轻肺损伤小鼠的肺组织损伤、炎性浸润,降低TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的含量,增强CDK1、CDK2的表达,降低EGFR、ESR1和SRC的表达。结论感冒清热片对肺损伤的治疗作用可能通过其所含的豆甾醇、芦丁、金合欢素等关键活性成分,作用于CDK1、CDK2、EGFR、ESR1、SRC等关键靶标蛋白,调控神经活性配体-受体相互作用、癌症途径、钙信号通路等关键信号通路来实现的。

人类趋化素样因子超家族2在自身免疫性睾丸炎模型下参与调控小鼠睾丸中精子生成

目的:构建实验性自身免疫性睾丸炎(EAO)小鼠模型,探究人类趋化素样因子超家族2(CMTM2)在调控小鼠睾丸精子生成过程中的作用。方法:在CMTM2基因敲除小鼠及野生型小鼠中采用EAO模型,评价CMTM2基因敲除小鼠的免疫学生殖表型,统计分析基因敲除组的精子生成数量、形态及活性,分析睾丸组织切片、睾丸间质中巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞浸润程度;利用RT-PCR及Western、Northern印迹技术检测CMTM2基因敲除型纯合子、杂合子及野生型小鼠的CMTM2表达水平。结果:CMTM2基因敲除纯合子小鼠与野生型小鼠成年后,两组睾丸长轴及精子生成数量比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);CMTM2敲除小鼠EAO模型睾丸中巨噬细胞及淋巴细胞总数较野生型小鼠EAO模型上升,精子活性及正常形态比例下降。结论:CMTM2基因作为生精调控基因,在成年雄性小鼠中高度表达,在维持精子发生的过程中呈重要作用,且在慢性炎症状态下CMTM2基因表达产物减少导致精子发生减弱。

小鼠肝癌原位移植模型的建立及生物学特性

目的:探讨建立小鼠肝癌原位移植模型的可行性,并观察其生物学特性。方法:用肝癌细胞株H22接种于ICR小鼠皮下,建立异位移植模型,然后用此移植瘤组织再接种于小鼠肝内,建立肝原位移植瘤模型。结果:小鼠肝癌原位移植模型成功率为95.6％,自发转移率为81.8％;大量腹水发生率为40.9％,自发消退率为0％。模型平均自然生存期为28d,约移植14d后进入快速增殖期。结论:小鼠肝癌原位移植模型成功率高,有高转移、无自发消退现象,可作为研究肝癌转移机制和药物筛选的理想模型。