Micro–Nano Water Film Enabled High‑Performance Interfacial Solar Evaporation

Interfacial solar evaporation holds great promise to address the freshwater shortage.However,most interfacial solar evaporators are always filled with water throughout the evaporation process,thus bringing unavoidable heat loss.Herein,we propose a novel interfacial evaporation structure based on the micro–nano water film,which demonstrates significantly improved evaporation performance,as experimentally verified by polypyrrole-and polydopamine-coated polydimethylsiloxane sponge.The 2D evaporator based on the as-prepared sponge realizes an enhanced evaporation rate of 2.18 kg m^(−2)h^(−1)under 1 sun by fine-tuning the interfacial micro–nano water film.Then,a homemade device with an enhanced condensation function is engineered for outdoor clean water production.Throughout a continuous test for 40 days,this device demonstrates a high water production rate(WPR)of 15.9–19.4 kg kW^(−1)h^(−1)m^(−2).Based on the outdoor outcomes,we further establish a multi-objective model to assess the global WPR.It is predicted that a 1 m^(2)device can produce at most 7.8 kg of clean water per day,which could meet the daily drinking water needs of 3 people.Finally,this technology could greatly alleviate the current water and energy crisis through further large-scale applications.

Oxidation Resistance of Fe-13Cr Alloy with Micro-Laminated (ZrO_2-Y_2O_3)/(Al_2O_3-Y_2O_3) Films

The micro-laminated （ZrO2-Y2O3）/（Al2O3-Y2O3） composite films were prepared on the surface of Fe-13Cr alloy by an electrochemical process and a sintering process alternately. High-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） was used to characterize the laminated films, indicating that the micro-laminated （ZrO2-Y2O3）] （Al2O3-Y2O3） films have nano-structures. SEM, EDS and mass gain measurement were adopted to study the oxidation resistance of films on Fe-13Cr alloy. It is proved that such micro-laminated films are more effective than ZrO2-Y2O3 or Al2O3-Y2O3 films to resist the oxidation of the alloy, and the oxidation resistance is increased with increasing layers in micro-laminated films. These beneficial effects can be contributed to the mechanism, by which such micro-laminated （ZrOE- YEO3）/（Al2O3-Y2O3） composite film combines all the beneficial effects and overcomes all the disadvantages of both ZrOE- Y2O3 film and Al2O3-Y2O3 film during oxidation of alloy.

Microstructures and properties of aluminum film and its effect on corrosion resistance of AZ31B substrate

Aluminum films with thickness of 8.78-20.82μm were deposited on the AZ31B magnesium alloys by DC magnetron sputtering.The influences of aluminum film on the micro-mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the magnesium alloys were investigated.The morphology of aluminum film was examined by scanning electron microscopy and the microstructure of aluminum film was analyzed by X-ray diffiactometry.Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests were conducted to investigate their micromechanical properties.Moreover,potentiodynamical polarization test performed in 3.5%NaCl solution was carried out to study their anticorrosion performances.The results show that the surface hardness of AZ31B magnesium alloy with aluminum film is 1.38-2.01 GPa,higher than that of the magnesium alloy substrate.The critical load of Al film/AZ31B substrate is in the range of 0.68-2.77 N. The corrosion current density of AZ31B with aluminum film is 2-3 orders of magnitude less than that of bare AZ31B.And the corrosion potential with aluminum film positively shifts.Thus aluminum film can increase the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys obviously.

Microscopic degradation mechanism of polyimide film caused by surface discharge under bipolar continuous square impulse voltage

Polyimide （PI） film is an important type of insulating material used in inverter-fed motors. Partial discharge （PD） under a sequence of high-frequency square impulses is one of the key factors that lead to premature failures in insulation systems of inverter-fed motors. In order to explore the damage mechanism of PI film caused by discharge, an aging system of surface discharge under bipolar continuous square impulse voltage （BCSIV） is designed based on the ASTM 2275 01 standard and the electrical aging tests of PI film samples are performed above the partial discharge inception voltage （PDIV）. The chemical bonds of PI polymer chains are analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and the dielectric properties of unaged and aged PI samples are investigated by LCR testers HIOKI 3532-50. Finally, the micro-morphology and micro-structure changes of PI film samples are observed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The results show that the physical and chemical effects of discharge cut off the chemical bonds of PI polymer chains. The fractures of ether bond （C-O-C） and imide ring （C-N-C） on the backbone of a PI polymer chain leads to the decrease of molecular weight, which results in the degradation of PI polymers and the generation of new chemical groups and materials, like carboxylic acid, ketone, aldehydes, etc. The variation of microscopic structure of PI polymers can change the orientation ability of polarizable units when the samples are under an AC electric field, which would cause the dielectric constant e to increase and dielectric loss tan ~ to decrease. The SEM images show that the degradation path of PI film is initiated from the surface and then gradually extends to the interior with continuous aging. The injection charge could result in the PI macromolecular chain degradation and increase the trap density in the PI oolvmer bulk.

Synthesis of tetragonal BaTiO_3 film on Ti substrate by micro-arc oxidation

BaTiO3 films on Ti substrate were fabricated by alternative current(AC) and direct current(DC) micro arc oxidation (MAO).Microstructures of films were investigated by means of SEM,XRD and TEM.The results show that the amorphous phase and primitive cubic phase are the main phases in the films prepared by AC MAO.Even after being annealed at 1 200 ℃ for 8 h,only a few tetragonal phases can be observed in films prepared by AC MAO.However,tetragonal BaTiO3 phase can be produced by DC MAO directly.In the films prepared by DC MAO,a mixture of cubic phase and tetragonal phase is formed.After sparking spacious distribution,sparking duration and temperature gradient near sparking sites were taken into account,and a mechanism of synthesis of tetragonal BaTiO3 phase by DC MAO was proposed.

Studying thin film damping in a micro-beam resonator based on non-classical theories

In this paper, a mathematical model is presented for studying thin film damping of the surrounding fluid in an in-plane oscillating micro-beam resonator. The proposed model for this study is made up of a clamped-clamped micro-beam bound between two fixed layers. The microgap between the micro-beam and fixed layers is filled with air. As classical theories are not properly capable of predicting the size dependence behaviors of the micro-beam,and also behavior of micro-scale fluid media, hence in the presented model, equation of motion governing longitudinal displacement of the micro-beam has been extracted based on non-local elasticity theory. Furthermore, the fluid field has been modeled based on micro-polar theory. These coupled equations have been simplified using Newton-Laplace and continuity equations. After transforming to non-dimensional form and linearizing, the equations have been discretized and solved simultaneously using a Galerkin-based reduced order model. Considering slip boundary conditions and applying a complex frequency approach, the equivalent damping ratio and quality factor of the micro-beam resonator have been obtained. The obtained values for the quality factor have been compared to those based on classical theories. We have shown that applying non-classical theories underestimate the values of the quality factor obtained based on classical theo-ries. The effects of geometrical parameters of the micro-beam and micro-scale fluid field on the quality factor of the resonator have also been investigated.

Necking of anisotropic micro-films with strain-gradient effects

Necking of stubby micro-films of aluminum is investigated numerically by considering tension of a specimen with an initial imperfection used to onset localisation. Plastic anisotropy is represented by two different yield criteria and strain-gradient effects are accounted for using the visco-plastic finite strain model. Furthermore, the model is extended to isotropic anisotropic hardening （evolving anisotropy）. For isotropic hardening plastic anisotropy affects the predicted overall nominal stress level, while the peak stress remains at an overall logarithmic strain corresponding to the hardening exponent. This holds true for both local and nonlocal materials. Anisotropic hardening delays the point of maximum overall nominal stress.

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FRACTURE WORK FOR DUCTILE FILM UNDERGOING THE MICRO-SCRATCH

The interface adhesion strength(or interface toughness)of a thin film/substrate system is often assessed by the micro-scratch test.For a brittle film material,the interface adhesion strength is easily obtained through measuring the scratch driving forces.However,to measure the interface adhesion strength(or in- terface toughness)for a metal thin film material(the ductile material)by the micro- scratch test is very difficult,because intense plastic deformation is involved and the problem is a three-dimensional elastic-plastic one.In the present research,using a double-cohesive zone model,the failure characteristics of the thin film/substrate system can be described and further simulated.For a steady-state scratching pro- cess,a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element method based on the double cohesive zone model is developed and adopted,and the steady-state fracture work of the total system is calculated.The parameter relations between the horizontal driving forces(or energy release rate of the scratching process)and the separation strength of thin film/substrate interface,and the material shear strength,as well as the material parameters are developed.Furthermore,a scratch experiment for the Al/Si film/substrate system is carried out and the failure mechanisms are explored. Finally,the prediction results are applied to a scratch experiment for the Pt/NiO material system given in the literature.

Micro-arc oxidization fabrication and ethanol sensing performance of Fe-doped TiO_2 thin films

In-situ pure TiO2 and Fe-doped TiO2 thin films were synthesized on Ti plates via the micro-arc oxidation （MAO） technique. The as-fabricated anatase TiO2 thin film-based conductometric sensors were employed to measure the gas sensitivity to ethanol. The results showed that Fe ions could be easily introduced into the MAO-TiO2 thin films by adding precursor K4（FeCN）6＇3H20 into the NaaPO4 electrolyte. The amount of doped Fe ions increased almost linearly with the concentration of Kg（FeCN）63H20 increasing, eventually affecting the ethanol sensing performances of TiO2 thin films. It was found that the enhanced sensor signals obtained had an optimal concentration of Fe dopant （1.28at%）, by which the maximal gas sensor signal to 1000 ppm ethanol was estimated to be 7.91 at 275℃. The response time was generally reduced by doped Fe ions, which could be ascribed to the increase of oxygen vacancies caused by Fe3＋ substituting for Ti4＋.

Microstructures and properties of Si_3N_4/TiN ceramic nano-multilayer films

The polycrystalline Si3N4/TiN ceramic nano-multilayer films have been synthesized on Si substrates by a reactive magnetron Sputtering technique, aiming at investigating the effects of modulation ratio and modulation period on the microhardness and to elucidate the hardening mechanisms of the synthesized nanomultilayer films. The results showed that the hardness of Si3N4/TiN nano-multilayers is affected not only by modulation period, but also by modulation ratio. The hardness reaches its maximum value when modulation period equa1s a critical value λ0, which is about 12 nm with a modulation ratio of 3: 1. The maximum hardness value is about 40% higher than the value calculated from the rule of mixtures. The hardness of nano-multilayer thin films was found to decrease rapidly with increasing or decreasing modulation period from the Point of λ0. The microstructures of the nano-multilayer films have been investigated using XRD and TEM. Based on experimental results, the mechanism of the superhardness in this system was proposed.

Magnetostrictive Flexible Thin Film Structure for Micro Devices

Polyimide (Kapton, Dupont Corp.) based magnetostrictive thin film structures were designed and fabricated for micro device applications. In particular the growth of films on flexible substrates was studied to allow a simple integration of the system in miniaturized magnetostrictive devices. The films were fabricated on different substrates to compare their different magnetic and structural properties. It showed much more magnetostriction and higher impact resistance results compared with traditional Si based film type actuators. In the fabrication process, amorphous TbDyFe films with thicknesses of 500 nm, 1 μm, 1.5 μm respectively, were deposited on the designed substrate by DC magnetron sputtering. During sputtering process the substrate holder was maintained at room temperature. After the sputter process, X-ray diffraction studies were also carried out to determine the film structure and thickness of the sputtered film. At last, magnetization from VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) and magnetostriction from optical cantilever method of each structure were measured to estimate the magneto-mechanical characteristics under the external magnetic field lower than 0.7 T for micro-system applications.

Facile Synthesis of 3D Porous Flower-like ZnO Micro/nanostructure Films and Their Photocatalytic Performance

3D 在 Ti 底层上种的多孔的象花的 ZnO micro/nanostructure 电影经由热处理跟随的一种很灵巧的电极淀积技术被综合过程。ZnO 建筑学与极端薄表被装配，它由 nanoparticles 和毛孔的数字组成，并且 nanoparticles 的尺寸能被调整电极淀积时间或锻烧温度控制。这个合成方法能为另外的多孔的金属氧化物 nanostructure 电影提供一条有效线路，是值得注意的。而且， photocatalytic 表演证明多孔的 ZnO 是理想的光催化剂。

ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic film prepared by the three-step method

The hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf is mainly due to its surface micro-nano composite structure. In order to mimic the lotus structure, ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic films were prepared via the three-step method. On thin buffer films of SiO2, which were first fabricated on glass substrates by the so,gel dip-coating method, a ZnO seed layer was deposited via RF magnetron sputtering. Then two different ZnO films, micro-nano and micro-only flowerlike structures, were grown by the hydrothermal method. The prepared films have different hydrophobic properties after surface modification. The structures of the obtained ZnO films were characterized using x-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A conclusion that a micro-nano composite structure is more beneficial to hydrophobicity than a micro-only structure was obtained through research into the effect of structure on hydrophobic properties.

Research on the Characteristics of Aesthetic Acceptance of Micro-Film Based on Micro-Age

With the development of society and the progress of information science and technology, it has entered into the "Micro-Era". In the micro-era micro-film was born, micro film playback time is short, and the amount of investment in the production cycle is short, forming a unique advantage, and micro-film aesthetic acceptance characteristics are different from the traditional film, the audience's aesthetic acceptance of features has also changed accordingly. This paper analyzes the relationship between micro-film and micro-era, and analyzes the micro-film to change the aesthetic acceptance of the audience from the aesthetic acceptance, aesthetic needs, aesthetic psychology and aesthetic experience to analyze and summarize. Hope to be able to cause domestic and foreign micro-film-related researchers and practitioners of thinking, and strive to micro-film can be further develop.

Preparation of narrow band gap V_2O_5/TiO_2 composite films by micro-arc oxidation

V2Os/TiO2 composite films were prepared on pure titanium substmtes via micro-arc oxidation （MAO） in electrolytes consisting of NaVO3. Their morphology and dements were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy-dispersive X-ray （EDX） analysis. Phase composition and valence states of species in the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy （XPS）. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra （UV-Vis DRS） were also employed to evaluate the photophysical property of the films. The VEOs/TiO2 composite films show a sheet-like morphology. Not only V205 phase appears in the films when the NaVO3 concentration of the electrolyte is higher than 6,10 g/L and is loaded at the surface of anatase, but also V4＋ is incorporated into the crystal lattice of anatase. In comparison with pure TiO2 films the V2Os/TiO2 composite films exhibit significantly narrow band gap energy. The film prepared in an electrolyte consisting of NaVO3 with a concentration of 8.54 g/L exhibits the narrowest band gap energy, which is approximately 1.89 eV. The V2Os/TiO2 composite films also have the significantly enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. The film prepared in an electrolyte consisting of NaVO3 with a concentration of 8.54 g/L exhibits the best photocatalytic activity and about 93% of rhodamine is degraded after 14 h visible light radiation.

Research on Optical Properties and Micro-processing Characteristics of Collodion Thin Film

Colorless and transparent thin films of collodion are prepared on silicon wafers and K9 optical glass substrates by using spin-coating technique.The visible light transmittance,IR absorption spectra and optical constants of collodion thin film are measured by UV-3501Spectrophotometer,Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)and spectroscopic ellipsometry.The measured results show that its average visible light transmittance is 91.9%,and its average infrared absorptivity is better than 0.69/um.In the visible light region,the refractive index of collodion thin film changes in the range of 1.5—1.53,which accords with normal dispersion.The collodion films are etched using oxygen gas plasma.The surface morphology and thickness of etched thin film are measured by the polarizing microscope and MP-100S thickness measurement system,respectively.The results show that the collodion thin film is etched out in the oxygen gas plasma.

STUDY ON COMPOSITION, MICROSTRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF DLC FILMS BY VCAD

DLC super-hard films have been deposited on the substrates of single crystalline Si, pure Ti and stainless steel 18-8 by a method of vacuum cathode arc deposition (VCAD). The composition, microstructure and micro-hardness of the films have been studied in this paper. The results indicate that hardness of the DLC films is different on the different substrates. Hardness of the films increases with decreasing in surface roughness of the films. The maximum value of micro-hardness belongs to the DLC films deposited under the hydrogen pressure of 0.35Pa and the negative bias of 100V.

基于量子点膜色转换的Micro LED全彩显示像素点仿真研究

从仿真角度出发,分析设计了基于量子点膜色转换方案像素点的整体结构模型,首先构建了蓝光Micro LED(micro light‑emitting diode,Micro LED)结构模型,研究了表面粗化和二维光栅两种提升Micro LED光提取效率(light extraction efficiency,LEE)的表面微结构;然后分别分析了有无该结构的蓝光Micro LED与侧壁挡光介质结合组成蓝色子像素点的LEE和光强分布随侧壁倾角变化的趋势;接着优化了量子点膜的模型参数,并分析了有无表面微结构的蓝光Micro LED对红绿子像素点光转换效率和光强分布的影响;最后对上述不同结构全彩像素点整体的色偏性能做了对比研究。仿真结果表明,具备表面粗化蓝光Micro LED和侧壁反射型挡光介质的像素点在0°~50°倾角下均可获得较大的正面LEE和低于0.02的色偏,相比其他结构更适合于量子点膜色转换方案。