The Influence of Initial Carbonate Concentration on the Folin-Ciocalteu Micro-Method for the Determination of Phenolics with Low Concentration in the Presence of Me-thanol: A Comparative Study of Real-Time Monitored Reactions

During the Folin Ciocalteu (F-C) micro-assay for the determination of phenolics in the presence of methanol, fine solids can form. In a previous paper, we hypothesized that the interference from alcohol on the F-C reaction can be minimized depending on the particular procedure used to reach the alkalinity condition. In order to demonstrate our hypothesis we studied, by spectrophotometrically monitoring, the time-behaviour of the reactions carried out in the presence of different methanol concentrations at the same alkalinity condition from two protocols. The results showed that the interfering effect of methanol on the F-C micro-method can be affect and even prevented depending on working conditions. In particular, the formation of fine solids can be delayed, slowed down and prevented depending on the initial carbonate concentration used. We have explained why the initial carbonate concentration, used to reach the final alkalinity condition, plays an important role in the F-C reaction carried out in the presence of methanol. Moreover, the results from real-time monitoring showed that, differently from traditional F-C procedure, our procedure allows us to carry out the F-C micro method in the presence of 6% methanol, as an extreme concentration, reading the absorbance at real time 24 min. The real-time monitoring of absorbance can be considered as a useful means to explore the effect of other parameters on precipitate formation caused by the presence of methanol in the F-C reaction.

Characterizing the influence of stress-induced microcracks on the laboratory strength and fracture development in brittle rocks using a finite-discrete element method-micro discrete fracture network FDEM-μDFN approach

Heterogeneity is an inherent component of rock and may be present in different forms including mineralheterogeneity, geometrical heterogeneity, weak grain boundaries and micro-defects. Microcracks areusually observed in crystalline rocks in two forms： natural and stress-induced; the amount of stressinducedmicrocracking increases with depth and in-situ stress. Laboratory results indicate that thephysical properties of rocks such as strength, deformability, P-wave velocity and permeability areinfluenced by increase in microcrack intensity. In this study, the finite-discrete element method （FDEM）is used to model microcrack heterogeneity by introducing into a model sample sets of microcracks usingthe proposed micro discrete fracture network （mDFN） approach. The characteristics of the microcracksrequired to create mDFN models are obtained through image analyses of thin sections of Lac du Bonnetgranite adopted from published literature. A suite of two-dimensional laboratory tests including uniaxial,triaxial compression and Brazilian tests is simulated and the results are compared with laboratory data.The FDEM-mDFN models indicate that micro-heterogeneity has a profound influence on both the mechanicalbehavior and resultant fracture pattern. An increase in the microcrack intensity leads to areduction in the strength of the sample and changes the character of the rock strength envelope. Spallingand axial splitting dominate the failure mode at low confinement while shear failure is the dominantfailure mode at high confinement. Numerical results from simulated compression tests show thatmicrocracking reduces the cohesive component of strength alone, and the frictional strength componentremains unaffected. Results from simulated Brazilian tests show that the tensile strength is influenced bythe presence of microcracks, with a reduction in tensile strength as microcrack intensity increases. Theimportance of microcrack heterogeneity in reproducing a bi-linear or S-shape failure envelope and itseffects on the mechanisms leading to spalling damage near an underground opening are also discussed.

Assessment of Domestic Water Sources Safety: Application of the Micro Biological Survey Method and Microbiological Profile of the Contaminating Bacteria

Water is essential for human life and it’s expected to be clean and safe. In Cameroon, government efforts to improve access to drinking water are mitigated. Many households are suffering from chronic water shortages leading to the majority of people using doubtful water sources. This study was carried out in accordance with guidelines produced by the STARBIOS2-EU funded project on Responsible Research and Innovation and aimed to assess the microbiological quality of water samples collected from domestic water sources in 3 divisions of the West region of Cameroon. 22 water samples from well water, stream, water pump and river were aseptically collected. At each sampling point, 50 mL of sample was taken aseptically and immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. The detection of Coliforms bacteria was done using Micro Biological Survey (MBS) method. 1 mL of each sample was inoculated in the Coliforms MBS (Coli MBS) vial initially rehydrated with 10 mL of sterile distilled water. The Coli MBS vials were closed, shaken for homogenization, and then incubated at 37°C. From the initial red color of the Coli MBS vials, changes in color to yellow of the reaction vials were monitored at three different time intervals (12 h, 19 h and 24 h), corresponding to three levels of bacterial concentration. All positives samples on MBS method were selected to determine the presence of E. coli Loop full broths of Coli MBS vials were taken;streaked into the eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. E. coli was confirmed by observing green metallic sheen on EMB agar plate. The biochemical indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer and citrate (IMViC) test was performed to determine the complete microbiological profile of the water samples. Almost all the water samples were contaminated with Total Coliforms (TC). A high concentration of TC (>103 CFU/mL) was found in 8 samples (36.4%), a medium concentration (10 < x < 103 CFU/mL) was observed in 10 samples (45.5%) and 2 samples (9.1%) were low concentrated (1 < x < 10 CFU/mL). 8 samples were positive for the presence of E. coli by observing the green metallic sheen on EMB agar plates. The IMViC test confirmed the presences of 5 bacteria species: Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., E. coli spp., Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. We recommend integrating sanitary assessment in the design and implementation of water supply projects. Regular water purification using proper methods and maintenances of the water point. Regular microbiological quality assessment of water intended for human consumption should be planned and carried out.

Fabrication of micro-scale gratings for moiré method with a femtosecond laser

Fabrication of micro gratings using a femtosecond laser exposure system is experimentally investigated for the electron moire method. Micro holes and lines are firstly etched for parameter study. Grating profile is theoretically optimized to form high quality moire patterns. For a demonstration, a parallel grating is fabricated on a specimen of quartz glass. The minimum line width and the distance between two adjacent lines are both set to be 1 μm, and the frequency of grating is 500 lines/ram. The experimental results indicate that the quality of gratings is good and the relative error of the gratings pitch is about 1.5%. Based on molte method, scanning electron microscope （SEM） moire patterns are observed clearly, which manifests that gratings fabricated with the femtosecond laser exposure is suitable for micro scale deformation measurement.

A New Approach Based on Iterative Method for the Characterization of a Micro-Strip Line with Thick Copper Conductor

In this work, we applied two electromagnetic models for the characterization of a planar structure including a flat, thick copper conductor. Indeed the first model is consisted by modeling two metal ribbons without bulkiness, placed one above the other at a distance of h2 equal to the thickness of the thick conductor. This approach has been implemented and tested by the iterative method. The results of simulations have been compared with those calculated by the Ansoft HFSS software, and they are in good concordance, validating the method of analysis used. The second model is based on the calculation of the effective permittivity of the medium containing the thick conductor. This medium consists of a metallic region of complex relative permittivity , the rest of this medium is filled with air er2 = 1. The effective permittivity eeff calculated from these two relative permittivity er2 and . Comparing the simulation results of this new formulation of the iterative method with those calculated by the software Ansoft HFSS shows that they are in good matching which validates the second model.

ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic film prepared by the three-step method

The hydrophobicity of the lotus leaf is mainly due to its surface micro-nano composite structure. In order to mimic the lotus structure, ZnO micro-nano composite hydrophobic films were prepared via the three-step method. On thin buffer films of SiO2, which were first fabricated on glass substrates by the so,gel dip-coating method, a ZnO seed layer was deposited via RF magnetron sputtering. Then two different ZnO films, micro-nano and micro-only flowerlike structures, were grown by the hydrothermal method. The prepared films have different hydrophobic properties after surface modification. The structures of the obtained ZnO films were characterized using x-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. A conclusion that a micro-nano composite structure is more beneficial to hydrophobicity than a micro-only structure was obtained through research into the effect of structure on hydrophobic properties.

Preparation of micro-nano hollow multiphase ceramic microspheres containing MnFe_2O_4 absorbent by self-reactive quenching method

Fe–Fe2O3–MnO2–sucrose–epoxy resin and O2 as reaction system and feed gas,separately,were used to prepare micro-nano hollow multiphase ceramic microspheres containing MnFe2O4absorbent by self-reactive quenching method which is integrated with flame jet,selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS),and rapidly solidification.The morphologies and phase compositions of hollow microspheres were studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The results show that the quenching products are regular spherical substantially with hollow structure,particle size is between few hundreds nanometers and 5 lm.Phase compositions are diphase of Fe3O4,Mn3O4,and MnFe2O4,and the spinel soft magnetic ferrite MnFe2O4 with microwave magnetic properties is in majority.Collisions with each other,burst as well as‘‘refinement’’of agglomerate powders in flame field may be the main reasons for the formation of micro-nano hollow multiphase ceramic microspheres containing MnFeOabsorbent.

A Method for Determining Sedimentary Micro-Facies Belts Automatically

It is important to understand the distribution of sedimentary facies, especially the distribution of sand body that is the key for oil production and exploration. The secondary oil recovery requires analyzing a great deal of data acc-umulated within decades of oil field development. At many cases sedimentary micro-facies maps need to be reconstru-cted and redrawn frequently, which is time-consuming and heavy. This paper presents an integrated approach for determi-ning the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies, tracing the micro-facies boundary, and drawing the map of sedimentary micro-facies belts automatically by computer technique. The approach is based on the division and correlation of strata of multiple wells as well as analysis of sedimentary facies. The approach includes transform, gridding, interpolation, sup-erposing, searching boundary and drawing the map of sedimentary facies belts, and employs the spatial interpolation me-thod and "worm"interpolation method to determine the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies including sand ribbon and/or sand blanket. The computer software developed on the basis of the above principle provides a tool for quick visu-alization and understanding the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies and reservoir. Satisfied results have been achieve-ed by applying the technique to the Putaohua Oil Field in Songliao Basin, China.

Scale Effects and a Method for Similarity Evaluation in Micro Electrical Discharge Machining

Electrical discharge machining（EDM） is a promising non-traditional micro machining technology that offers a vast array of applications in the manufacturing industry. However, scale effects occur when machining at the micro-scale, which can make it difficult to predict and optimize the machining performances of micro EDM. A new concept of ＂scale effects＂ in micro EDM is proposed, the scale effects can reveal the difference in machining performances between micro EDM and conventional macro EDM. Similarity theory is presented to evaluate the scale effects in micro EDM. Single factor experiments are conducted and the experimental results are analyzed by discussing the similarity difference and similarity precision. The results show that the output results of scale effects in micro EDM do not change linearly with discharge parameters. The values of similarity precision of machining time significantly increase when scaling-down the capacitance or open-circuit voltage. It is indicated that the lower the scale of the discharge parameter, the greater the deviation of non-geometrical similarity degree over geometrical similarity degree, which means that the micro EDM system with lower discharge energy experiences more scale effects. The largest similarity difference is 5.34 while the largest similarity precision can be as high as 114.03. It is suggested that the similarity precision is more effective in reflecting the scale effects and their fluctuation than similarity difference. Consequently, similarity theory is suitable for evaluating the scale effects in micro EDM. This proposed research offers engineering values for optimizing the machining parameters and improving the machining performances of micro EDM.

Structural and Piezoelectric Properties of Sr_(0.6)Ba_(0.4)Nb_2O_6 Micro-rods Synthesized by Molten-Salt Method

Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods are prepared by the molten-salt method with K2 SO4,KCl-K2 SO4,and KCl as fluxes.It reveals that the Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 synthesized with KCl as a flux exhibits a single phase with tetragonal tungsten bronze structure.The measurement of X-ray diffraction indicates that the Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods synthesized at 1 300℃are anisotropic.The morphology of the powers is examined by transmission electron microscope.It reveals that the length-diameter ratio of Sr0.6 Ba0.4 Nb2 O6 micro-rods increases with increasing annealing temperature from 900℃to 1 300℃.At 1 300℃,the rod possesses a large length-diameter ratio of 8∶1.Moreover,the analysis of the piezoelectric properties of single micro-rods using apiezo-response force microscope indicates that the domains of the material are arranged along its radial direction.

钙钛矿量子点色转换Micro-LEDs:稳定性与图案化研究进展

微型发光二极管(Micro light-emitting diode,Micro-LED)显示具有优异的显示性能和光电性质,被称为“下一代”终极显示技术。为了满足近眼显示需求,Micro-LED需要进一步微缩与集成化。随着微纳级图案化技术的不断革新,荧光色转换层法表现出低制造成本等显著优势,相较于三色芯片法,更适合应用于对色域、分辨率有更高要求的虚拟/增强现实显示应用。钙钛矿量子点是最有前景的荧光色转换材料,然而自身晶格固有的不稳定性和外界环境因素刺激共同导致的结构降解是一大问题。另外,如何制备与Micro-LED芯片阵列相匹配的微米级荧光阵列图案是至关重要的。为此,本文首先讲述了造成钙钛矿量子点结构不稳定性的原因,其次,总结了配体交换、离子掺杂、表面包覆和化学交联等方案在提升钙钛矿量子点稳定性方面的应用,最后,总结了光刻技术和喷墨打印技术在制备高分辨率钙钛矿量子点荧光阵列的最新研究进展。

Simulation of Hydrophobicity Evaluation and Structural Optimization Design Method for Micro-Array Units

In recent years, researches published on hydrophobic materials increase rapidly, wherein the method for changing hydrophobicity by modifying a micro-array structure on the surface of the material also has been proposed. Of course, if it is possible for us to quantitatively analyse and evaluate hydrophobicity of different structures of one certain material at first, this task will greatly optimize the design of actual structures. In this work, we used the algorithm for Laminar Two-Phase Flow, Horizontal-set method integrated in COMSOL to build two single-pore simulation structures in different shapes and simulated the behaviour of the liquid transition from Cassie-state to Wenzel-state during the impregnation process. After that, the intrinsic contact angle of Structure T (a porous structure with a T-shaped sectional profile) was obtained under a certain pressure which maintained liquids in Cassie-state. Meanwhile, two equilibrium states of the liquid-air interface as well as two different patterns of the equilibrium state disrupting were found in Structure R (a porous structure with a Chamfered T-shaped sectional profile). Simulation results show that the modelling method can be applied for simulating the hydrophobicity of different porous structures and optimizing the procedures for the design of the micro-array efficiently.

魏氏法和Micro-test1血沉仪测定红细胞沉降率的比较分析

[目的]比较两种不同的方法测定红细胞沉降率(ESR)的结果,探讨自动血沉仪的临床应用。[方法]评价Micro-test1血沉仪的精密度,比较自动血沉仪法和传统魏氏法对413例临床血液标本同步进行测定ESR的结果并进行分析。[结果]Micro-test1血沉仪具有较好的精密度,中值样本和高值样本的变异系数(CV)<5.0%。两种方法测定ESR都升高有199例,都正常214例,两法符合率为100%,但分析升高样本时,发现传统的魏氏法超过90 mm/h的有15例,而自动血沉仪法结果均在90 mm/h以下。[结论]Micro-test1自动血沉仪法和魏氏法测定ESR正常和升高的结果符合率为100%,但在ESR超过90 mm/h时,两者结果有差异,造成此差异的原因可能与本仪器有关。

基于Micro-CT成像的听骨链有限元建模方法

目的利用Micro-CT扫描数据建立中耳听骨链三维有限元模型。方法用Micro-CT扫描成人颞骨标本,将获得的图像数据通过MicroView、Mimics等软件进行三维重建。再将模型转入其有限元分析(finite elementan alysis,FEA)模块的Remesh环境中进行调整、细化及面网格优化,通过SOLIDEWORK软件转换为实体网格。结果初步形成的三维几何模型可较清晰地辨别鼓室腔、听小骨和内耳系统,但部分图像不同程度存在噪点。最终形成了FEA软件可识别的成人中耳听骨链三维有限元网格模型,网格划分后的听骨链有限元模型中,完整听骨链的节点数降低,由原来包括805个不合理节点在内的12498个节点降低到2050个,在此基础上建立的有限元模型共1350个8节点四面体单元。结论结合Micro-CT技术及Mimics软件的三维建模方法可以快速获得较精确的听骨链三维数据,是建立听骨链三维有限元模型的有效途径。

用Micro-CT测量ICFT型源靶柱腔诊断孔轴线与靶杆夹角的研究

用微CT测量ICF(惯性约束聚变)T型源靶柱腔诊断孔轴线与靶杆夹角(下文以θ代替)可以有效的排除柱腔外壁所镀金层厚度的不均匀对测量结果的影响。将微CT测量的两种方法与金层厚度均匀条件下用显微镜测量的结果进行比较,得出划定诊断孔上下边界点找中心的微CT测量方法具有更高的可信度。

基于S-Method分布的微多普勒特征分析

微多普勒特征是雷达目标所具有的独特特征之一,对目标的分类、识别具有特殊的意义。研究高精度时频分析方法在分析目标微动特性中的作用,可以为后续目标识别提供很好的支撑。S-Method分布作为一种新型的时频分析方法,它基于短时傅里叶变换来实现,减少了分析过程中的运算量,同时能较好地解决交叉项问题。首先对弹道导弹弹头的微动模型进行建模,推导得到微动模型的理论微多普勒频率,然后采用S-Method分布对回波信号进行时频分析仿真实验,获得弹头目标章动的高精度的时间-微多普勒频率图。通过比较其在分析过程中的时频分辨率、交叉项,具体阐述S-Method分布在时频分析中的优势。因此可以将S-Method分布应用于雷达目标微多普勒分析中,分析实时变化的微多普勒频率特征。

基于Micro-PIV和LBM的土壤孔隙网络中流体速度分布表征

土壤孔隙结构复杂多变,揭示其内部流场特性对于描述和预测土壤中水分传输、溶质迁移等现象至关重要.基于规则性的土壤孔隙网络模型,采用Micro-PIV(Micro-scale Particle Image Velocimetry,显微粒子成像测速系统)技术分析不同雷诺数下孔隙结构中流体运动的特征,通过LBM方法(Lattice Boltzmann Method,晶格玻尔兹曼方法)对孔隙结构中流场分布进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:微观尺度下孔隙网络模型中不同孔隙区域流速分布差异明显,中线区域流场呈规律性分布,孔喉处为高速区,流速达到0.001 4 m/s,水平方向相邻两圆柱靠近边界处存在低速区,速度不高于0.000 2 m/s,在垂直于流向方向上速度场具有良好的对称性;靠近上下边界的大孔隙区域流体优先通过,流体的速度可达到0.003 0 m/s.LBM方法模拟的孔隙网络模型中流场分布结果与试验获得的流场分布吻合,其平均均方根误差为0.009 4 m/s,表明土壤孔隙网络模型能有效模拟土壤孔隙,捕捉微观尺度上的流体运动特征,为应用孔隙网络模型研究土壤孔隙中溶质运移和反应等问题提供了微观尺度的度量工具.

运用Micro-CT技术建立上颌第一磨牙根管系统的有限元模型

目的:采用有限元的方法建立上颌磨牙根管系统的三维有限元模型。方法:采用Micro-CT扫描,应用Mimics8.1、Geomagic studio8、Unigraphics NX及Ansys9.0等逆向工程软件分别得到上颌第一磨牙根管系统三维外形、实体模型和有限元模型。结果:重建了根管系统的三维有限元模型,网格质量好,具有高度的精确度,并由此证实模型的可行性。结论:将Micro-CT扫描技术、数字图像处理技术与有限元方法结合起来,建立出高精度的上颌第一磨牙根管系统的三维有限元模型,为口腔生物力学提供了研究手段。

Finite element analysis of the effect of micro-pore defect on linear friction welding of medium carbon steel

Micro-pore is a very common material defect. In the present paper, the temperature fields of medium carbon steel joints with and without micro-pore defect during linear friction welding （LFW） were investigated by using finite element method. The effect of micro-pore defect on the axial shortening of joints during LFW was examined. The x- and y-direction displacements of micro-pore during the LFW process were also studied. In addition, the shape of micro-pore after LFW was observed. The heat conducted from the weld inteace to the specimen interior. The fluctuation range of the temperature curves for the joint with micro-pore is larger than that without micro-pore. Position of micro-pore changes with the change of the friction time. The circular shape of micro-pore becomes oval after welding.

Statistical improvement in detection level of gravitational microlensing events from their light curves

In astronomy,the brightness of a source is typically expressed in terms of magnitude.Conventionally,the magnitude is defined by the logarithm of received flux.This relationship is known as the Pogson formula.For received flux with a small signal to noise ratio（S/N）,however,the formula gives a large magnitude error.We investigate whether the use of Inverse Hyperbolic Sine function（hereafter referred to as the Asinh magnitude）in the modified formulae could allow for an alternative calculation of magnitudes for small S/N flux,and whether the new approach is better for representing the brightness of that region.We study the possibility of increasing the detection level of gravitational microlensing using 40 selected microlensing light curves from the 2013 and 2014 seasons and by using the Asinh magnitude.Photometric data of the selected events are obtained from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment（OGLE）.We found that utilization of the Asinh magnitude makes the events brighter compared to using the logarithmic magnitude,with an average of about 3.42×10^（-2）magnitude and an average in the difference of error between the logarithmic and the Asinh magnitude of about 2.21×10（-2）magnitude.The microlensing events OB140847 and OB140885 are found to have the largest difference values among the selected events.Using a Gaussian fit to find the peak for OB140847 and OB140885,we conclude statistically that the Asinh magnitude gives better mean squared values of the regression and narrower residual histograms than the Pogson magnitude.Based on these results,we also attempt to propose a limit in magnitude value for which use of the Asinh magnitude is optimal with small S/N data.