Effects of water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation and soil salinity on environment of coastal saline soils

To achieve the greatest leaching efficiency,water movement must occur under unsaturated flow conditions.Accordingly,the water application intensity of irrigation must be chosen carefully.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the water application intensity of micro-sprinkler irrigation on coastal saline soil with different salt contents.To achieve this objective,a laboratory experiment was conducted with three soil salinity treatments(2.26,10.13,and 22.29 dS/m)and three water application intensity treatments(3.05,5.19,and 7.23 mm/h).The results showed that the effect of soil salinity on soil water content,electrical conductivity,and pH was significant,and the effect of the water application intensity was insignificant.High soil water content was present in the 40e60 cm profile in all soil salinity treatments,and the content was higher in the medium and high water application intensity treatments than in the low-intensity treatment.Significant salt leaching occurred in all treatments,and the effect was stronger in the high soil salinity treatment and medium water application intensity treatment.In the medium and high soil salinity treatments,pH exhibited a decreasing trend,with no trend change in the low soil salinity treatment,and the pH value was higher in the medium water application intensity treatment than in the other two treatments.These results indicated that the three intensities evaluated had no statistically different effect on the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extracts(EC)in the upper 20 cm of the soil profile,and it would be better to maintain a lower value of the water application intensity.

Approach of water-salt regulation using micro-sprinkler irrigation in two coastal saline soils

This study aimed to investigate whether saline silt and sandy loam coastal soils could be reclaimed by micro-sprinkler irrigation.The experiments were run using moderately salt-tolerant tall fescue grass.Micro-sprinkler irrigation in three stages was used to regulate soil matric potential at a 20-cm soil depth.Continued regulation of soil water and salt through micro-sprinkler irrigation consistently resulted in an increasingly large low-salinity region.The application of the three stages of soil wateresalt regulation resulted in an absence of salt accumulation throughout the soil profile and the conversion of highly saline soils into moderately saline soils.There were increases in the plant height,leaf width,leaf length,and tiller numbers of tall fescue throughout the leaching process.The results showed that micro-sprinkler irrigation in three soil water and salt regulation stages can be used to successfully cultivate tall festuca in highly saline coastal soil.This approach achieved better effects in sandy loam soil than in silt soil.Tall fescue showed greater survival rates in sandy loam soil due to the rapid reclamation process,whereas plant growth was higher in silt soil because of effective water conservation.In sandy loam,soil moisture should be maintained during soil reclamation,and in silt soil,soil root-zone environments optimal for the emergence of plants should be quickly established.Micro-sprinkler irrigation can be successfully applied to the cultivation of tall fescue in coastal heavy saline soils under a three-stage soil wateresalt regulation regime.

Improving Strawberry Irrigation with Micro-Sprinklers and Their Impact on Pest Management

Overhead aluminum sprinklers, which are used during the early stages of strawberry crop development to establish transplants and to leach out salts from the root zone, deliver significant volumes of water. Micro-sprinklers, which are typically used in orchard crops, were evaluated in a commercial strawberry field in California as an alternative to conventional aluminum sprinklers to conserve water without any negative impact on yields. In addition to the water consumption, data were collected from multiple plots within each treatment to determine the impact on plant growth, disease incidence, and seasonal yield. Micro-sprinklers used 32% less water than aluminum sprinklers during a three-week period without affecting fruit yield. They also appeared to lessen the severity of powdery mildew and botrytis fruit rot. This is the first study reporting the use of micro-sprinkler system, which can be a good alternative to the aluminum sprinklers to conserve irrigation water.

Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate

Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha^(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha^(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.

The water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation for winter wheat production on the North China Plain

The shortage of groundwater resources is a considerable challenge for winter wheat production on the North China Plain.Water-saving technologies and procedures are thus urgently required.To determine the water-saving potential of using micro-sprinkling irrigation(MSI)for winter wheat production,field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015.Compared to traditional flooding irrigation(TFI),micro-sprinkling thrice with 90 mm water(MSI1)and micro-sprinkling four times with 120 mm water(MSI2)increased the water use efficiency by 22.5 and 16.2%,respectively,while reducing evapotranspiration by 17.6 and 10.8%.Regardless of the rainfall pattern,MSI(i.e.,MSI1 or MSI2)either stabilized or significantly increased the grain yield,while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%,compared to TFI.Applying the same volumes of irrigation water,MSI(i.e.,MSI3,micro-sprinkling five times with 150 mm water)increased the grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat by 4.6 and 11.7%,respectively,compared to TFI.Because MSI could supply irrigation water more frequently in smaller amounts each time,it reduced soil layer compaction,and may have also resulted in a soil water deficit that promoted the spread of roots into the deep soil layer,which is beneficial to photosynthetic production in the critical period.In conclusion,MSI1 or MSI2 either stabilized or significantly increased grain yield while reducing irrigation water volumes by 20–40%compared to TFI,and should provide water-saving technological support in winter wheat production for smallholders on the North China Plain.

折射式微喷头水力性能试验及工作参数优选

为探究折射式微喷头水力性能并确定其适宜的工作参数,开展微喷头水力性能测试,明晰不同工况下单个微喷头水量分布特征,分析其流量、射程、喷灌强度随工作压力和喷嘴直径的变化趋势。探究在正方形和正三角形组合方式下,工作压力和组合间距变化对喷灌均匀系数CU的影响,基于主成分分析方法,统一相关评价指标,建立折射式微喷头工作参数综合评价模型。结果表明:单喷头的流量、喷灌强度均与工作压力呈正相关,而射程随压力的变化并不明显;正方形和正三角形两种组合方式下,组合间距变化对CU产生的影响明显大于工作压力和组合方式;依据各工况评分高低,对微喷头最优工况做出合理选择,实例应用的结果表明:折射式微喷头最优工况为正三角形组合,工作压力0.25 MPa,组合间距0.4 m。

农田灌溉节水技术滴灌、喷灌与微喷灌的效果对比分析

农田灌溉节水技术是提高水资源利用效率、保障全球粮食安全的有效手段。该文对滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌技术进行综合分析,评价其节水效果、生产效益、经济效益和环境效益。研究结果表明,滴灌技术在节水方面具有显著优势,喷灌技术在生产效益方面表现突出,而微喷灌技术则具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。因此,在实际应用中,需要根据当地水资源状况、作物类型及生产需求等因素,合理选择和搭配灌溉技术,以实现可持续发展。

微喷带灌溉技术研究进展

微喷带具有安装使用方便、抗堵塞、投资低等优点,近年来被广泛应用于农业生产中。与喷灌和滴灌相比,微喷带的相关理论研究尚不完善。从微喷带的制造现状、水力特性、喷洒均匀度、组合设计以及应用5个方面对微喷带的相关理论进行了总结。总体来说,目前市面上的微喷带产品性能参差不齐。研究方面,微喷带的水力特性多通过试验获得,而建立计算机模型来模拟的方式尚不多见;由于微喷带灌溉兼具喷灌和滴灌的特性,其合理的设计喷洒均匀度以及相关设计规范还需要进一步研究。应用方面,智能化微喷带水肥一体化灌溉技术是微喷带灌溉技术未来的发展方向。

充分灌与调亏灌溉条件下苹果树微喷灌的耗水量研究

田间试验设置有两个处理 :整个生育期以蒸发量的 80 %灌溉的充分灌处理 ;6月中旬到 7月中旬以蒸发量的 40 %灌溉 ,而其它季节恢复以蒸发量的 80 %灌溉的调亏灌溉处理 (RDI)。试验得出了苹果树微喷灌在上述两种灌溉条件下不同生育期的日均耗水量与蒸发皿系数。与充分灌比较 ,调亏灌溉处理的产量基本上没有受到影响 ,而灌水量减少了 17%～ 2 0 % ,耗水量减少了 10 .2 %～ 11.2 % 。

微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性

为探讨华北地区微喷灌模式下冬小麦节水高产栽培适宜的灌溉制度,于2012—2013年（平水年）和2013—2014年度（枯水年）,在同一块地观测了微喷灌和畦灌模式不同灌水处理对冬小麦群体变化、叶面积指数和籽粒产量,以及水分利用效率和耗水特性的影响。微喷灌模式灌水次数为2~6次,总灌水量为60~180 mm;畦灌模式灌水次数为1~3次,总灌水量为74~229 mm。2012—2013年度,微喷灌各处理小麦平均产量较畦灌增加5.6%,灌水量低于或等于90 mm时,微喷灌的产量显著高于畦灌;微喷灌模式下,灌水量120 mm时获得最高产量,但灌水量超过150 mm时,微喷灌模式产量显著低于畦灌模式。2013—2014年度,微喷灌模式平均产量较畦灌模式增加0.8%,灌水量150 mm时微喷灌模式的产量最高。千粒重和水分利用效率也表现为微喷灌模式高于畦灌模式,2012—2013年度分别增加5.1%和8.7%,2013—2014年度分别增加7.9%和10.7%。在本试验条件下,为获得冬小麦高产、高水分利用效率,建议微喷灌模式在平水年灌水量90~120 mm、耗水量325~355 mm,在枯水年灌水量105~150 mm、耗水量335~380 mm,单次灌水定额30~45 mm。微喷灌与畦灌相比,在同等产量水平下,平水年节水潜力为20~50 mm,枯水年为70~110 mm。

充分微喷灌溉条件下苹果树耗水量的研究

1999和 2 0 0 0年度在北京昌平富士苹果基地对充分微喷灌条件下苹果树生育期耗水量进行了田间试验 ,得到了不同生育期苹果树的日均耗水量和蒸发皿系数。 1 999和 2 0 0 0年年均耗水量分别为 61 0和 590mm,年均蒸发皿系数分别为 0 .62和 0 .

不同灌溉方式对冬小麦光合速率及产量的影响

研究微喷灌和漫灌不同灌水条件下冬小麦光合速率和产量的变化规律,试图探明华北冬小麦光合速率和产量对不同灌水处理的响应,为冬小麦合理浇水管理、提高产量和水分利用效率(WUE)提供依据。设置微喷灌和漫灌两种灌溉方式,微喷和漫灌分别设置4个灌水量和灌水时期组合处理,微喷处理灌水量分别为90、120、150 mm和180 mm,漫灌处理灌水量分别为83、130、201 mm和205 mm,对冬小麦产量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、LAI等进行了分析。试验结果表明,在灌水量相近条件下小麦生育期灌水量≤120 mm时,微喷方式较漫灌方式能显著提高小麦子粒产量和WUE,产量增加的主要原因是千粒重增大;灌水量≥180 mm时,微喷方式产量和WUE均低于漫灌方式。不同时期小麦叶片光合速率微喷处理均高于漫灌处理,蒸腾速率除拔节期微喷灌水量120 mm、灌溉4次处理(SI2)外,微喷处理亦均高于漫灌处理;微喷、漫灌两种方式小麦叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率的变化趋势基本相同,均是先增大后减小。微喷和漫灌方式均表现为随灌水量的增加小麦LAI逐渐增大,主茎绿叶片数逐渐减少;在灌水量相近条件下,微喷处理小麦LAI大于漫灌处理,而主茎绿叶片数小于漫灌处理。2012—2013年度冬小麦生育期灌水量较小情况下微喷方式增产增效显著,而灌水次数多、灌水量较大时,微喷方式由于小麦LAI过高,群体郁闭,通风透光差,反而不利于产量和WUE的提高。微喷方式最优灌水处理为SI2,漫灌方式最优灌水处理为灌水量205 mm、灌溉4次(FI4)。

水肥优化耦合下设施青菜的养分吸收和干物质积累规律

为明确最佳灌溉施肥条件下设施青菜对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收规律,通过田间试验研究了微喷灌条件下设施青菜在不同生育期氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累和干物质积累的特征以及与养分累积吸收量的相关性。结果表明,在不同生育期,设施青菜氮、磷、钾养分含量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。旺长期青菜体内氮、磷、钾含量均显著高于幼苗期(P<0.05),进入成熟期后略有降低。从养分吸收速率来看,旺长期3种养分的吸收速率均最大,幼苗期和成熟期吸收速率较小。3种养分的吸收速率从大到小依次为钾、氮和磷。整个生育期养分累积量和干物质累积量从大到小依次为旺长期、幼苗期和成熟期。此外,设施青菜体内养分吸收量与干物质积累呈显著正相关(P<0.05),水肥优化耦合条件下氮、磷、钾3要素之间存在着相互促进吸收的正相关作用。

黄淮海北片麦田微喷灌水量对土壤贮水耗水及水分利用效率的影响

为有效应对灌溉水资源短缺,明确麦田微喷灌水量的土壤贮水耗水特征,在山西临汾盆地采用大区对比方法,开展了微喷灌水量对土壤贮水耗水及水分利用效率影响的研究。结果表明:返青期、拔节期、灌浆期及成熟期0—100,0—200,100—200cm土层土壤贮水量基本呈现随微喷灌水量的增加而提高,微喷灌水量150mm与75mm、150mm与0mm、75mm与0mm处理间返青期至成熟期0—200cm土层贮水量均存在显著性差异;播前至成熟期阶段0—100,0—200,100—200cm土层的土壤耗水量呈现随灌水量的增加而减小,其中浅层(0—100cm)耗水量所占0—200cm耗水量比例各处理均大于深层(100—200cm)耗水量所占0—200cm耗水量比例,随灌水量的增加浅层(0—100cm)耗水所占比例提高,而深层(100—200cm)耗水所占比例则降低,不同微喷灌水量0—100,100—200cm土层在不同生育阶段的耗水量与该阶段的初始贮水量均分别呈正相关和负相关;在微喷灌水量0～150mm范围内,水分利用效率和产量均随微喷灌水量的增加而提高,当灌水量达525mm时,产量虽有增加但水分利用效率下降,而灌溉水利用效率则表现为随灌水量的上升而下降。研究结果可为水资源短缺对小麦生产系统的影响提供理论依据和技术支撑。

微喷灌水肥一体化下磷钾肥减量分期施用对小麦产量和养分利用的影响

为探究微喷灌水肥一体化条件下小麦氮磷钾肥的合理用量及施用方式,以小麦品种良星99为试验材料,在磷钾肥减量30%和常规施肥量条件下各设置3种施肥方式,以传统大水漫灌撒施肥料的方式及用量为对照(CK),研究磷钾肥减施及施用方式对产量及养分利用的影响。结果表明,常规施肥(CK)相比,微喷灌水肥一体化磷钾肥减施30%(氮肥70%底施+30%拔节期追施、钾肥全部底施、磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施)条件下产量提高11.33%,成熟期植株氮、磷、钾积累量分别提高21.86%、10.02%和10.23%。与传统栽培模式及微喷灌常量施肥相比,利用微喷灌水肥一体化技术生育期灌水3次(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水),灌水量1 500 m^3·hm^-2,磷钾肥减施30%条件下,磷肥50%底施+50%拔节期追施能够提高小麦产量、成熟期植株氮磷钾积累量、偏生产力及产投比。本研究结果为山西省南部小麦节水节肥稳产高效栽培技术提供了理论依据。

不同微灌方式对成龄库尔勒香梨生长及耗水规律的影响

采用3种微灌方式:地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌,以传统的漫灌为对照,利用负压计和石膏块监测果树根区土壤水势,观测不同生育阶段果树的生长指标,用水量平衡法计算梨树不同生育期的日均耗水量、作物系数与蒸发皿系数。研究结果表明,充分灌溉条件下,地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌生育期内的灌水量较漫灌分别减少了63.91%、68.4%、57.59%,均对枝条的生长具有一定的抑制作用,果实品质均得到一定程度的改善。与现行的传统漫灌相比,地表滴灌、地下滴灌与微喷灌都能大幅度节水,并提高成龄库尔勒香梨果实品质,各种微灌方式对库尔勒成龄生长和耗水规律的影响没有明显差异。

蕉肥间作下微喷灌对蕉园土壤水氮动态及香蕉产量的影响

为研究香蕉—粮肥兼用绿豆间作模式(简称蕉肥间作)下微喷灌对蕉园土壤水氮动态及香蕉产量的影响,试验设置4种不同灌溉定额处理:MSI2(900 m^3·hm^(-2))、MSI3(1 350 m^3·hm^(-2))、MSI4(1 800 m^3·hm^(-2))、MSI5(2 250 m^3·hm^(-2)),以不灌溉和清耕栽培为对照。结果表明:蕉肥间作下绿豆生长期间各灌溉处理土壤棵间蒸发量均呈不同程度的下降,香蕉清耕栽培MSI0土壤棵间蒸发量呈上升趋势。随着灌水量的增加,香蕉棵间蒸发量逐渐增高,MSI5棵间累积蒸发量最高达385.6 mm,分别比MSI2、MSI3、MSI4高12.2%、7.6%、4.9%,导致灌溉水利用效率降低。微喷灌处理提高表层土壤含水量,MSI2、MSI3、MSI4和MSI5处理0～30 cm土层含水量显著高于MSI0和MSI1,在30 cm以下,土壤含水量开始递减。微喷灌还可改善土壤耕层结构,提高土壤有效氮含量。以MSI2处理土壤三相比(2∶1∶1)较为理想,MSI3处理表土层有效氮含量最高。MSI4处理产量高达48 218 kg·hm^(-2),MSI3处理蕉果含糖量高达25.67%。因此,蕉肥间作下通过微喷灌方式,适量灌溉有利于提高香蕉产量和改善品质。

可调式微喷头出水口流道形式对喷洒水性能影响的试验研究

微喷头出水口流道形式直接影响其水力性能与工作性能,针对可调式微喷头(GL-8-16)3种改进的出水口流道形式试验,分析了不同压力下的微喷头的微喷灌质量指标。结果表明:3种改进形式的微喷头水力性能均得到不同程度的提高。其中,引流连续水平面形式效果最好,其工作性能稳定,喷灌强度降低了17.0%～31.2%,均匀系数提高到24.45%～35.04%,射程增大了22.04%～21.47%。

微喷灌结合滴灌对温室高温环境和作物生长生理特性的影响

微喷灌结合滴灌是指在作物根区滴灌的基础上对作物冠层进行微喷灌来改善作物生长环境的一种灌水方式。为了探明微喷灌结合滴灌(micro-sprinkler irrigation combined with drip irrigation,MSDI)和地表滴灌(surface drip irrigation,SDI)2种灌水方式下温室高温环境及作物生长生理特性的差异及响应规律,该研究以黄瓜为试验对象,于2017年2-6月开展了2种灌水方式下温室环境及黄瓜生长生理特性的观测试验。结果表明:在改变温室环境方面,MSDI灌水方式较SDI可增加温室内相对湿度,降低气温,同时降低叶片温度约4℃;在作物生长生理特性方面,采用MSDI可增加黄瓜株高与茎粗,降低作物茎流速率,促进黄瓜生长;2种灌水方式下黄瓜最大光合效率几乎一致,分别为0.74和0.77,但日平均实际光合效率差异明显,分别为0.57和0.47,MSDI灌水方式下黄瓜叶片日平均气孔导度和光合速率比SDI方式分别高182.8%和92.4%。该研究成果对于合理调控温室高温环境、提高温室作物产量具有重要的指导意义。

中国农业节水喷微灌装备研究进展及发展趋势

喷灌装备还存在大型喷灌机单井水量不足、中小型喷灌机智能化程度不高、整机效率低、工况适应性较差、系列化程度不足等方面的问题,微灌灌水器不同水质下的抗堵性能还需进一步加强,微灌水肥一体化系统智能决策的精准算法、实用性和可靠性有待提高.对“十三五”以来在中国喷微灌装备研发方面取得的新进展进行综述,重点阐述了中小型喷灌装备、滴灌设备、水肥一体化设备等新技术及新产品的研究进展.针对中国灌溉装备节能节水化、智能化、区域模式化及标准化的发展趋势,提出了灌溉装备的优先发展方向主要有:灌溉装备节能降耗关键技术研究、丘陵山区农业灌溉装备与技术模式、盐碱地灌排控盐技术与装备、水肥药一体化及绿色防控技术与装备、智能化精确灌溉装备、绿色多源互补模式和非常规水资源节水灌溉装备.