Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bot...Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.展开更多
Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two...Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.展开更多
Mono cropping is the dominant factor influencing plant nutrient uptake and loss of soil quality in Ethiopia whereas intercropping of cereal/legume has positive environmental qualities. Likewise drought and moisture st...Mono cropping is the dominant factor influencing plant nutrient uptake and loss of soil quality in Ethiopia whereas intercropping of cereal/legume has positive environmental qualities. Likewise drought and moisture stress condition is widely expanding from all direction to the center of the country. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate influence of planting methods, tied ridge and cropping system on different soil chemical properties in case of Madda Walabu district, Southeast Ethiopia. It was undertaken at Bidire from March 2016 to January, 2017. In this experiment, one maize variety (Melkassa 2) and one haricot bean variety (Nasir) were used. Treatments include open end and closed end tied ridge;sole cropping and intercropping;and in furrow, on ridge and flat bed planting. Each treatment has been triplicate and the experiment plots were laid out in randomized complete block design. Intercropping of maize-haricot bean with tied ridge and planting methods were highly influenced soil pH, exchangeable potassium, available phosphorous, soil organic matter and total soil nitrogen. Generally, the use of intercropping and closed end tied ridge in combination with in furrow planting significantly increased (p0.05) soil fertility in the system, which could be promising for sustainable improvement of crop production and productivity for semi arid areas of Bale zone.展开更多
The mechanized large-ridge production technology of potato was summarized,including preparation before sowing,deep tillage and land preparation,deep application of chemical fertilizer,sowing,intertillage,disease and p...The mechanized large-ridge production technology of potato was summarized,including preparation before sowing,deep tillage and land preparation,deep application of chemical fertilizer,sowing,intertillage,disease and pest control,harvesting and other related contents.The comparative experimental study of large ridge and small ridge modes focused on the effects of ridge spacing on soil bulk density,temperature,water retention,crop growth and yield.The technology has the advantages of time saving,labor saving,seed saving,and fertilizer saving.It can significantly improve production efficiency,and is a high-yield and high-efficiency planting mode that increases potato yield.This model can increase yield by 370 kg/hm 2 and improve income by 160 yuan/hm 2.The results of this study have greatly promoted the promotion and application of mechanized largo-ridge potato planting technology.展开更多
Based on the combination test of various distances between ridges or plants, the influences of corresponding cultivation techniques on the per unit area yield of a variety of sweet potatoes Xushu 22 in Xianning City w...Based on the combination test of various distances between ridges or plants, the influences of corresponding cultivation techniques on the per unit area yield of a variety of sweet potatoes Xushu 22 in Xianning City were analyzed. The results show that different distances between ridges or plants had significant effects on the per unit area yield of Xushu 22; when the distances between ridges and plants for Xushu 22 planted in the city were 80 and 21 cm respectively, the per u- nit area yield of Xushu 22 was the highest, up to 48 340.7 kg/hm2.展开更多
Light is one of the most important natural resources for plant growth. Light interception （LI） and use efficiency （LUE） are often affected by the structure of canopy caused by growing pattern and agronomy manageme...Light is one of the most important natural resources for plant growth. Light interception （LI） and use efficiency （LUE） are often affected by the structure of canopy caused by growing pattern and agronomy managements. Agro-nomy practices, such as the ridge-furrow system and plastic film cover, might affect the leaf morphology and then light transmission within the canopy, thus change light extinction coefficient （k）, and LI and LUE. The objective of this study is to quantify LI and LUE in rain-fed maize （Zea Mays L.）, a major cropping system in Northeast China, under different combinations of ridge-furrow and film covering ratios. The tested ridge-furrow system （DRF： ＂double ridges and furrows＂） was asymmetric and alternated with wide ridge （0.70 m in width and 0.15 m in height）, narrow furrow （0.10 m）, narrow ridge （0.40 m in width and 0.20 m in height）, and narrow furrow （0.10 m）. Field ex-periments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Four treatments were tested： no ridges and plastic film cover （control, NRF）, ridges without film cover （DRF0）, ridges with 58% film cover （DRF58）, and ridges with 100% film cover （DRFl00）. DRF0 significantly increased LI by 9% compared with NRF, while film cover showed a marginal improvement. Specific leaf area in DRF experiments with film cover was significantly lower than in NRF, and leaf angle was 16% higher than in NRF, resulting in a 4% reduction in k. LUE of maize was not increased by DRF0, but was significantly enhanced by covering film in other DRF experiments, especially by 22% in DRF100. The increase of LUE by film cover was due to a greater biomass production and a lower assimilation portioning to vegetative organs, which caused a higher harvest index. The results could help farmers to optimize maize managements, especially in the region with decreased solar radiation under climate change.展开更多
基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51222905, 51321001, 51439006)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China (863 Program, 2011AA100505)+1 种基金the Ministry of Water Resources of China (201201003)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, Ministry of Education, China (NCET11-0479)
文摘Maize is widely planted throughout the world and has the highest yield of all the cereal crops. The arid region of North- west China has become the largest base for seed-maize production, but water shortage is the bottleneck for its long-term sustainability. Investigating the transpiration of seed-maize plants will offer valuable information for suitable planting and irrigation strategies in this arid area. In this study, stem flow was measured using a heat balance method under alternate furrow irrigation and double-row ridge planting. Meteorological factors, soil water content （e）, soil temperature （Ts） and leaf area （LA） were also monitored during 2012 and 2013. The diurnal stem flow and seasonal dynamics of maize plants in the zones of south side female parent （SFP）, north side female parent （NFP） and male parent （MP） were investigated. The order of stem flow rate was： SFP〉MP〉NFP. The relationships between stem flow and influential factors during three growth stages at different time scales were analyzed. On an hourly scale, solar radiation （Rs） was the main driving factor of stem flow. The influence of air temperature （Ta） during the maturity stage was significantly higher than in other periods. On a daily scale, Rs was the main driving factor of stem flow during the heading stage. During the filling growth stage, the main driving factor of NFP and MP stem flow was RH and Ts, respectively. However, during the maturity stage, the environ- mental factors had no significant influence on seed-maize stem flow. For different seed-maize plants, the main influential factors were different in each of the three growing seasons. Therefore, we identified them to accurately model the FP and MP stem flow and applied precision irrigation under alternate partial root-zone furrow irrigation to analyze major factors affecting stem flow in different scales.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070375, 31171506)
文摘Although plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting（RF） has been reported to produce substantial increases in the grain weight of winter wheat,the underlying mechanism is not yet understood.The present study used two cultivars,Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,and RF and traditional flatten planting（TF,control） with the objective of investigating the effect of RF on wheat grain filling and the possible relationship of hormonal changes in the wheat grains under RF to grain filling.The results indicated that RF significantly increased the grain weight,although the effects on grain filling were different： RF significantly increased the grain-filling rate and grain weight of inferior grains,whereas RF had no significant effect on grainfilling rate and grain weight of superior grains.The final grain weight of inferior grains under RF was 39.1 and 50.7 mg for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively,3.6 and 3.4 mg higher than the values under TF.However,the final grain weight of superior grains under RF was only 0.6 and 0.8 mg higher than under TF for Xinong 538 and Zhoumai 18,respectively.RF significantly decreased the ethylene and gibberellic acid content in the inferior grains and increased the indole-3-acetic acid,abscisic acid and zeatin ＋ zeatin riboside content in the inferior grains;however,no significant difference between RF and TF was observed for the hormonal content in the superior grains.Based on these results,we concluded that RF significantly modulated hormonal changes in the inferior grains and,thus,affected the grain filling and grain weight of the inferior grains;in contrast,RF had no significant effect on grain filling,grain weight and hormonal changes in the superior wheat grains.
文摘Mono cropping is the dominant factor influencing plant nutrient uptake and loss of soil quality in Ethiopia whereas intercropping of cereal/legume has positive environmental qualities. Likewise drought and moisture stress condition is widely expanding from all direction to the center of the country. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate influence of planting methods, tied ridge and cropping system on different soil chemical properties in case of Madda Walabu district, Southeast Ethiopia. It was undertaken at Bidire from March 2016 to January, 2017. In this experiment, one maize variety (Melkassa 2) and one haricot bean variety (Nasir) were used. Treatments include open end and closed end tied ridge;sole cropping and intercropping;and in furrow, on ridge and flat bed planting. Each treatment has been triplicate and the experiment plots were laid out in randomized complete block design. Intercropping of maize-haricot bean with tied ridge and planting methods were highly influenced soil pH, exchangeable potassium, available phosphorous, soil organic matter and total soil nitrogen. Generally, the use of intercropping and closed end tied ridge in combination with in furrow planting significantly increased (p0.05) soil fertility in the system, which could be promising for sustainable improvement of crop production and productivity for semi arid areas of Bale zone.
基金Supported by Agricultural Machinery Promotion Station Project(HLBER2016002)
文摘The mechanized large-ridge production technology of potato was summarized,including preparation before sowing,deep tillage and land preparation,deep application of chemical fertilizer,sowing,intertillage,disease and pest control,harvesting and other related contents.The comparative experimental study of large ridge and small ridge modes focused on the effects of ridge spacing on soil bulk density,temperature,water retention,crop growth and yield.The technology has the advantages of time saving,labor saving,seed saving,and fertilizer saving.It can significantly improve production efficiency,and is a high-yield and high-efficiency planting mode that increases potato yield.This model can increase yield by 370 kg/hm 2 and improve income by 160 yuan/hm 2.The results of this study have greatly promoted the promotion and application of mechanized largo-ridge potato planting technology.
基金Supported by National Technical System of Sweet Potato Industry of China~~
文摘Based on the combination test of various distances between ridges or plants, the influences of corresponding cultivation techniques on the per unit area yield of a variety of sweet potatoes Xushu 22 in Xianning City were analyzed. The results show that different distances between ridges or plants had significant effects on the per unit area yield of Xushu 22; when the distances between ridges and plants for Xushu 22 planted in the city were 80 and 21 cm respectively, the per u- nit area yield of Xushu 22 was the highest, up to 48 340.7 kg/hm2.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300202)International Cooperation and Exchange Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(31461143025)“948”Program(2011-G19)
文摘Light is one of the most important natural resources for plant growth. Light interception （LI） and use efficiency （LUE） are often affected by the structure of canopy caused by growing pattern and agronomy managements. Agro-nomy practices, such as the ridge-furrow system and plastic film cover, might affect the leaf morphology and then light transmission within the canopy, thus change light extinction coefficient （k）, and LI and LUE. The objective of this study is to quantify LI and LUE in rain-fed maize （Zea Mays L.）, a major cropping system in Northeast China, under different combinations of ridge-furrow and film covering ratios. The tested ridge-furrow system （DRF： ＂double ridges and furrows＂） was asymmetric and alternated with wide ridge （0.70 m in width and 0.15 m in height）, narrow furrow （0.10 m）, narrow ridge （0.40 m in width and 0.20 m in height）, and narrow furrow （0.10 m）. Field ex-periments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Four treatments were tested： no ridges and plastic film cover （control, NRF）, ridges without film cover （DRF0）, ridges with 58% film cover （DRF58）, and ridges with 100% film cover （DRFl00）. DRF0 significantly increased LI by 9% compared with NRF, while film cover showed a marginal improvement. Specific leaf area in DRF experiments with film cover was significantly lower than in NRF, and leaf angle was 16% higher than in NRF, resulting in a 4% reduction in k. LUE of maize was not increased by DRF0, but was significantly enhanced by covering film in other DRF experiments, especially by 22% in DRF100. The increase of LUE by film cover was due to a greater biomass production and a lower assimilation portioning to vegetative organs, which caused a higher harvest index. The results could help farmers to optimize maize managements, especially in the region with decreased solar radiation under climate change.
