A bellow pressure fiber optic sensor for static ice pressure measurements

Static ice pressure affects safe operation of hydraulic structures. However, current detection methods are hindered by the following limitations： poor real-time performance and errors owing to the partial pressure of the surrounding wall on traditional electrical resistance strain bellow pressure sensors. We developed a fiber optic sensor with a special pressure bellow to monitor the static ice pressure on hydraulic structures and used the sensor to measure static pressure in laboratory ice growth and melting tests from -30℃ to 5℃. The sensor resolution is 0.02 kPa and its sensitivity is 2.74 × 10-4/kPa. The experiments suggest that the static ice pressure peaks twice during ice growth and melting. The first peak appears when the ice temperature drops to -15℃ owing to the liquid water to solid ice transition. The second peak appears at 0℃ owing to the thermal expansion of the ice during ice melting. The novel fiber optic sensor exhibits stable performance, high resolution, and high sensitivity and it can be used to monitor the static ice pressure during ice growth and melting.

Optically-powered Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor of Diffused Silicon

In this paper an optically-powered optical fiber sensor for pressure measurement is introduced.Differential strain gauges of diffused silicon are employed as sensing elements and a micro-power-consumption circuit is used in the probe.Pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation are adopted for signal processing.

Stabilization of Intensity- based Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor

A practical optical fiber differential pressure sensor is presented at first. Then the techniques of light source feedback, set up of reference channel, proportional measurement and other methods to improve the stability of the system as well as to reduce the interference with same nature are emphatically discussed. Finally, the experiment results of the developed instrument are given.

Optically Powered Pressure Sensor with Optical Fiber Link

An optically powered sensor for measuring pressure which is linked by optical fiber is developed in new scheme. Its pulse position modulation (PPM) optical signal and optical supply power for electronics in probe are transmitted via a single optical fiber. The optical power is carried by a 1 300 nm laser diode (LD) and the sensing data are carried by a 850 nm LED. The remote probe uses all CMOS chips and particular modulations (PPM and PWM). Its electrical consumption including signal manipulation and LED driven current from optically converted is less than 100 μW. The laser diode supplies 5 mW optical power into the fiber. A photodetector converts sufficiently this power into electrical power to drive the whole probe operation. The optically powered distance gets up to 500 m. The novel sensor combines optical fiber and electronics technology into a system. Because of using the principle of ratio measurement between measured and reference signals, as well as light feedback,the system is available with high reliable, outstanding accuracy and repeatability.

New Optical Fiber Pressure Sensor with Reflection Capsule

The ratio measurement by means of the sensing optical fiber and the reference fiber with different beginning positions, and the technique to improve the stability of the sensor are first described. Then the ability to restrain and compensate the interference of the same nature through the double channel ratio measurement is illustrated. Finally, the performance of sensor and its engineering design are discussed.

Pressure Sensor of Fiber Optics Coupling Type

The principle of fiber optics coupling pressure sensor with micro-power dissipation is introduced as well as the use of two-way signal single fiber transfer(measure signal and reference signal)to conduct a proportional measure.It also discusses the adopted ways for improving the stability temperature drift and the noise of the measuring system.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Composite Pressure Vessel by Using FBG Sensors

In recent years, advanced composite structures are used extensively in many industries such as aerospace, aircraft, automobile, pipeline and civil engineering. Reliability and safety are crucial requirements posed by them to the advanced composite structures be- cause of their harsh working conditions. Therefore, as a very important measure, structural health monitoring （SHM） in-service is deft- nitely demanded for ensuring their safe working in-situ. In this paper, fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensors are surface-mounted on the hoop and in the axial directions of a FRP pressure vessel to monitor the strain status during its pressurization. The experimental results show that the FBG sensors could be used to monitor the strain development and determine the ultimate failure strain of the composite pressure vessel.

A fiber Bragg grating based earth and water pressures transducer with three-dimensional fused deposition modeling for soil mass

A novel fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensor with three-dimensional(3D)fused deposition modeling(FDM)approach is proposed for effective stress measurement in soil mass.The three-diaphragm structure design is developed to measure earth and water pressures simultaneously.The proposed transducer has advantages of small size,high sensitivity,low cost,immunity to electromagnetic interference and rapid prototyping.The working principle,design parameters,and manufacturing details are discussed.The proposed transducer was calibrated for earth and water pressures measurement by using weights and a specially designed pressure chamber,respectively.The calibration results showed that the wavelength of the transducer was proportional to the applied pressure.The sensitivity coefficients of the earth and water pressures were 12.633 nm/MPa and 6.282 nm/MPa,respectively.Repeated tests and error analysis demonstrated the excellent stability and accuracy of the earth and water pressure measurements.The performance of the proposed transducer was further verified by a model experimental test and numerical analysis,which indicated that the proposed transducer has great potential for practical applications.

An Optical Pressure Sensor Based on MEMS

An optical fiber pressure sensor has been developed for the measurement in human body.The sensing element is possessed of a membrane structure,which is fabricated by micromachining.The fabrication process includes anisotropic wet etching on the silicon wafer.For the transmitting source and signal light,a multimode optical fiber 50/125 μm (core/clad)in diameter was used.The intensity of the light reflected back into the fiber varies with the membrane deflection,which is s function of pressure.The deflection of the membrane by applied pressure can be mathematically described.

High Sensitivity FBG Pressure Sensor Based on Mechanical Amplifier and Interrogation Using Tunable FBG Filter

A high sensitivity fiber Bragg grating pressure sensor by using mechanical amplifier is demonstrated. The measured pressure sensitivity is -1.80×10 -4 /MPa, which is about two orders of magnitude better than a simple monomode fiber with an in-fiber grating. The resolution of pressure measurement is 0.015 MPa based on interrogation using tunable fiber grating filter.

Pressure and Arc Voltage Measurement in a 252 kV SF_6 Puffer Circuit Breaker

The pressure distribution in an arcing chamber is critically important for the SF6 puffer circuit breaker design. In this paper, the pressure variation of four locations in the nozzle was measured by piezoresistive and fiber optical pressure sensors at two current levels of 10 kA and 50 kA. An arc voltage measurement was also taken. The results demonstrate that using either type of sensor with a connecting tube is able to detect the fast pressure variation in circuit breakers, however the possible distortion and delay to the pressure transient caused by the tube need further study.

Effects of external temperature and dead volume on laboratory measurements of pore pressure and injected volume in a rock fracture

The accurate evaluation of pore pressure and injected volume is crucial for the laboratory characterization of hydromechanical responses of rock fractures. This study reports a series of laboratory experiments to systematically demonstrate the effects of external temperature and dead volume on laboratory measurements of pore pressure and injected volume in a rock fracture. We characterize the hydraulic aperture of the fracture as a function of effective normal stress using the exponential aperture model.This model is then employed to predict the pore pressure change and injected volume in the fracture without the influences of external temperature and dead volume. The external temperature changes in the cyclic loading test due to the Joule-Thompson effect for fluids. The effect of external temperature on pore pressure change in the fracture can be well explained by thermal pressurization of fluids. Our results also show that the external dead volume can significantly lower the pore pressure change in the fracture during the cyclic loading test under undrained conditions. The injected volume can also be substantially enlarged due to the external dead volume in a typical pore pressure system. Internal measurement of the pore pressure in the fracture using a fiber optic sensor cannot exclude the influences of external temperature and dead volume, primarily because of the good hydraulic communication between the fracture and pore pressure system. This study suggests that the effects of external temperature and dead volume on pore pressure response and injected volume should be evaluated for accurate laboratory characterization and inter-laboratory comparison.

用于高压测量的MEMS硅-玻光纤FP压力传感器

研究了一种基于微机电系统(MEMS)技术用于高压测量的硅-玻光纤法布里-珀罗(FP)压力传感器。该传感器以硅材料作为敏感元件,将电感耦合等离子体(ICP)干法刻蚀后的单晶硅膜片和高硼硅玻璃阳极键合构成FP腔。传感头使用MEMS技术批量制造,结构稳定、抗过载能力强、在高压环境下不容易失效。实验结果表明,该传感器能够实现30 MPa的高压压力测量,灵敏度为46.94 nm/MPa,线性拟合度为0.99897,测量结果具有较好的一致性和可靠性,所设计的压力传感器在高压检测方面有很强的应用前景。

临近空间飞行高温真空光纤绝压传感器设计

研制了一种用于临近空间飞行器在高温环境下的蓝宝石非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪(extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer,EFPI)型光纤绝对压力传感器。蓝宝石晶片压力传感头由3片厚度不同的蓝宝石晶片键合构成,形成复合法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,FP)腔,可以同时测量温度和绝对压力,通过实时监测温度,对压力测量进行温度补偿,去除温度对压力测量的影响。实验结果表明:900℃内的每个温度点下,密封FP腔的光学腔长随压力线性变化;室温下,压力灵敏度为11.6 nm/kPa,压力灵敏度随温度的上升略微升高,压力测量的分辨率达到86 Pa。

基于硅MEMS技术的高灵敏度微型光纤法布里-珀罗压力传感器

基于微机电系统技术设计制备了一种微型化光纤法布里-珀罗传感器,具备高灵敏度和可批量制造的特点。传感器内部的法珀腔由刻蚀后的SOI晶圆与BF33玻璃阳极键合而成,传感器敏感膜片采用了绝缘衬底上的单晶硅材料。采用激光精细切割技术对传感器单元进行独立分离,使得单个传感器的整体外径仅为400μm,高度为220μm。在此基础上,搭建了信号解调实验平台,并对传感器的感压特性进行了详尽测试。测试结果显示,在0~50 kPa的压力范围内,传感器的压力灵敏度可达到18.5 nm/kPa,最大非线性度为0.47%,重复性为0.18%,迟滞为0.18%。此外,该传感器具有体积小、灵敏度高、电磁兼容、生物兼容以及稳定性强等优点,在生物医学和医疗领域具备巨大的商业转化价值。

SMS结构的光纤F-P腔压力传感器的实验研究

对单模—多模—单模(SMS)结构的光纤法布里—珀罗(F-P)腔压力传感器进行了研究。从理论上分析了SMS光纤F-P腔压力传感器的工作原理;并用有限元软件仿真了传感器的压力灵敏度为0.36μm/MPa,熔接组成光纤F-P腔传感器。实验测试结果表明:灵敏度为0.0043/N,得到峰值点幅值与压力的相关性系数R2为98.80%,具有良好的线性关系,符合光纤压力传感器的设计要求。

碳纳米管修饰3D纤维网基压力传感器的制备及性能

为改善纤维基传感器灵敏度低和响应范围窄等问题,提出了一种以3D纤维网为基材,采用超声辅助浸渍碳纳米管修饰纤维表面,构建出了3D纤维网络结构的压阻式压力传感器。介绍了3D纤维网传感器的制备过程,并对所制备的传感器形貌结构、力学传感性能及应用进行了测试与表征。结果表明:碳纳米管修饰3D纤维网的传感器灵敏度为3.53×10^(-3)kPa^(-1),具有较好的线性度和较高的灵敏度;检测范围达到200 kPa;响应时间和回复时间分别为153 ms和226 ms;经过2000次循环施加压力测试表现出较好的稳定性和耐久性。该传感器能够用于监测人体的运动,如手指弯曲、手腕弯曲、手指点击和脚跟压力等,在可穿戴电子织物领域具有广阔的应用前景。

光栅型缸压传感器解调系统设计

为使携带被测量信息的光信号更加真实地还原缸压信号,从光纤感知原理出发分析解调系统构成和工作过程,设计解调缸压信号的电路结构并分析研究参数指标取值。利用Cadence PSpice仿真软件及电路图制版实物试验验证了所做工作的合理性。对所设计电路进行灵敏度分析,确定对电路工作性能影响较大的关键元器件,并预测关键器件取不同容差±5%、±1%、±0.5%、±0.1%时电路性能指标的变化范围,可为研究人员选择最佳器件提供依据。

基于光纤法布里-珀罗干涉仪的高灵敏微压传感技术研究

光纤传感器在电池安全监测领域的应用日益增多。针对储能电池内部气压变化微小难以测量的问题,基于光纤法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Pérot,FP)腔体端面镀膜的结构模型,研讨了膜厚、有效半径和腔长之间的关系,深入探究了三者之间的相互制约及理论基础,设计了一种小型化、高灵敏度和高精度的光纤微压传感器。制备了气压灵敏度-239.836 nm/MPa、线性度0.998的微压传感器,其在100 kPa压强范围内表现出良好的线性和稳定性。该传感器结构紧凑、制作简单且成本低,具备较高的灵敏度和优异的压强响应特性。

基于PDMS的FPI高灵敏度温度与气压传感器

为了满足生产实际对高灵敏度温度和气压测量的需要,利用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)设计了一款新型的高灵敏度温度与气压光纤传感器。传感器由两个自由光谱范围相近的法布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI)并联构成,两个FPI由单模光纤端面涂覆PDMS制成。由于PDMS具有优良的热敏性和弹性,基于PDMS的FPI具有较好的温度和压力敏感性。将两个自由光谱范围相近的FPI并联后,形成一个光学游标效应传感器,进一步放大了传感器灵敏度。实验结果表明传感器的温度和气压灵敏度分别为2.7893 nm/℃和15.5079 nm/MPa,而单个FPI的温度与气压灵敏度分别为0.2508 nm/℃和1.5181 nm/MPa,灵敏度被分别放大了11.1和10.2倍。该传感器结构简单、制作容易、尺寸紧凑、成本低、灵敏度高、重复性和稳定性好,具有一定的实际应用价值。