Effect of bubble morphology and behavior on power consumption in non-Newtonian fluids’aeration process

Due to a prolonged operation time and low mass transfer efficiency, the primary challenge in the aeration process of non-Newtonian fluids is the high energy consumption, which is closely related to the form and rate of impeller, ventilation, rheological properties and bubble morphology in the reactor. In this perspective, through optimal computational fluid dynamics models and experiments, the relationship between power consumption, volumetric mass transfer rate(kLa) and initial bubble size(d0) was constructed to establish an efficient operation mode for the aeration process of non-Newtonian fluids. It was found that reducing the d0could significantly increase the oxygen mass transfer rate, resulting in an obvious decrease in the ventilation volume and impeller speed. When d0was regulated within 2-5 mm,an optimal kLa could be achieved, and 21% of power consumption could be saved, compared to the case of bubbles with a diameter of 10 mm.

Effect of surfactant frequently used in soil flushing on oxygen mass transfer in micro-nano-bubble aeration system

In-site soil flushing and aeration are the typical synergetic remediation technology for contaminated sites.The surfactant present in flushing solutions is bound to affect the aeration efficiency.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of surfactant frequently used in soil flushing on the oxygen mass transfer in micro-nano-bubble(MNB)aeration system.Firstly,bio-surfactants and chemical surfactants were used to investigate their effects on Sauter mean diameter of bubble(dBS),gas holdup(ε),volumetric mass-transfer coefficient(kLa)and liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient(kL)in the MNB aeration system.Then,based upon the experimental results,the Sardeing's and Frossling's models were modified to describe the effect of surfactant on kL in the MNB aeration.The results showed that,for the twenty aqueous surfactant solutions,with the increase in surfactant concentration,the value of dBS,kLa and kL decreased,while the value ofεand gas-liquid interfacial area(a)increased.These phenomena were mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of immobile bubble surface and the suppression of coalescence in the surfactant solutions.In addition,with the presence of electric charge,MNBs in anionic surfactant solutions were smaller and higher in number than in non-ionic surfactant solutions.Furthermore,the accumulation of surfactant on the gas-liquid interface was more conspicuous for small MNB,so the reduction of kL in anionic surfactant solutions was larger than that in non-ionic surfactant solutions.Besides,the modified Frossling's model predicted the effect of surfactant on kL in MNB aeration system with reasonable accuracy.

Multimodal Machine Learning Guides Low Carbon Aeration Strategies in Urban Wastewater Treatment

The potential for reducing greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and energy consumption in wastewater treatment can be realized through intelligent control,with machine learning(ML)and multimodality emerging as a promising solution.Here,we introduce an ML technique based on multimodal strategies,focusing specifically on intelligent aeration control in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The generalization of the multimodal strategy is demonstrated on eight ML models.The results demonstrate that this multimodal strategy significantly enhances model indicators for ML in environmental science and the efficiency of aeration control,exhibiting exceptional performance and interpretability.Integrating random forest with visual models achieves the highest accuracy in forecasting aeration quantity in multimodal models,with a mean absolute percentage error of 4.4%and a coefficient of determination of 0.948.Practical testing in a full-scale plant reveals that the multimodal model can reduce operation costs by 19.8%compared to traditional fuzzy control methods.The potential application of these strategies in critical water science domains is discussed.To foster accessibility and promote widespread adoption,the multimodal ML models are freely available on GitHub,thereby eliminating technical barriers and encouraging the application of artificial intelligence in urban wastewater treatment.

Femtosecond laser fabrication of 3D vertically aligned micro-pore network on thick-film Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)electrode for high-performance lithium storage

The development of energy storage devices with high energy density relies heavily on thick film electrodes,but it is challenging due to the limited ion transport kinetics inherent in thick electrodes.Here,we report on the preparation of a directional vertical array of micro-porous transport networks on LTO electrodes using a femtosecond laser processing strategy,enabling directional ion rapid transport and achieving good electrochemical performance in thick film electrodes.Various three-dimensional(3D)vertically aligned micro-pore networks are innovatively designed,and the structure,kinetics characteristics,and electrochemical performance of the prepared ion transport channels are analyzed and discussed by multiple characterization and testing methods.Furthermore,the rational mechanisms of electrode performance improvement are studied experimentally and simulated from two aspects of structural mechanics and transmission kinetics.The ion diffusion coefficient,rate performance at 60 C,and electrode interface area of the laser-optimized 60-15%micro-porous transport network electrodes increase by 25.2 times,2.2 times,and 2.15 times,respectively than those of untreated electrodes.Therefore,the preparation of 3D micro-porous transport networks by femtosecond laser on ultra-thick electrodes is a feasible way to develop high-energy batteries.In addition,the unique micro-porous transport network structure can be widely extended to design and explore other high-performance energy materials.

Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relationships for Salvianolic Acid B micro-porous osmotic pump pellets in angina pectoris rabbit

The work aims to investigate the in vitro release,pharmacokinetics(PK),pharmacodynamics(PD)and PK-PD relationships of Salvianolic Acid B micro-porous osmotic pump pellets(SalB-MPOPs)in angina pectoris New Zealand White(NZW)rabbits,compared with those of SalB immediate-release pellets(SalB-IRPs).The SalB plasma concentrations and Superoxide dismutase levels(PD index)were recorded continuously at predetermined time interval after administration,and the related parameters were calculated by using Win-Nonlin software.The release profile of MPOPs was more sustained than that of IRPs.PK results indicated that the mean C_(max) was significantly lower,the SalB plasma concentrations were steadier,both area under concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h(AUC_(0-24 h))and from 0 to infinity(AUC_(0-∞))were presented larger,and both the peak concentration time(T_(max))and mean residence time(MRT)were prolonged for MPOPs,as compared with those of IRPs.PD results suggested that peak drug effect(E_(max))was lower and the equilibration rate constant(k_(e0))between the central compartment and the effect compartment was higher of MPOPs vs.those of IRPs.PKePD relationships demonstrated that the effectconcentration-time(ECT)course of MPOPs was clockwise hysteresis loop,and that of IRPs was counter-clockwise hysteresis loop.Collectively,those results demonstrated that MPOPs were potential formulations in treating angina pectoris induced by atherosclerosis.

Energy Dissipation with Geometric Parameters in Unbaffled Surface Aerator

The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy （ ε ） is the key process parameters for mixing in surface aerators. At constant dynamic variables （rotational speed）, ε is greatly affected by the geometric parameters, such as impeller diameter, cross-sectional area of the tank, liquid height, rotor blade length and immersion height. By doing numerical computation by visimix, present work analyzes the effect of non-dimensional （which is non-dimensionalized through rotor diameter） geometric parameters on ε. With an increase in liquid height, there is an increase in the case of energy dissipation. In the case of tank area and blade length, it is vice versa. Energy dissipation is not affected by the variation in immersion height of the impeller.

Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods(continuous flooding(CF), continuous flooding and aeration(CFA), and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)). The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering(S1), heading(S2), and ripening(S3) stages. We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments. AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong. During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively. The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase. All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN. In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2. Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.

Air-vent layouts and water-air flow behaviors of a wide spillway aerator

A spillway aerator should guarantee favorable flow conditions in the coupled water-air system even if the aerator is unconventionally wide. Eight air-vent configurations are devised and incorporated into a 35-m wide chute aerator for a generalized study. Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations are performed to explore their effects on water-jet and air-cavity features. The Re-normalisation group(RNG) k-ε turbulence model and the two-fluid model are combined to predict the two-phase flow field. The results demonstrate appreciable influences of the vent layouts on the water-air flow. The air vents stir the air motion and re-distribute the cavity air pressure. Once the vent layout is modified, reciprocal adjustments exist between the jet behavior and air-pressure field in the cavity, thus leading to considerable differences in air-flow rate, jet-trajectory length, vent air-flow distribution across the chute, etc. The large width plays a discernable role in affecting the aerated flow. Telling differences exist between the near-wall region and the central part of the chute. To improve the duct pressure propagation, a gradual augment of the vent area should be assigned towards the chute center. Relative to single-slot vents across the flow, the layouts with segregated vents gain by comparison. A designer should see to it that a vented aerator operates satisfactorily for a given range of flow discharges.

Modeling the Mangla Dam Spillway for Cavitation and Aerators Optimization

This study evaluated the effects of increased reservoir conservation level by 40 ft (12.2 m), on spillway velocities;it’s discharging capacity and associated cavitation risk. The study optimized the aerators size and shape to avoid cavitations. The mathematical model was used to estimate the flow velocities and cavitation risk, when scale model study assessed the spillway discharging capacity and optimized the performance of the aerators for modified conditions. The mathematical model simulations showed increased flow velocities and damage index for modified conditions. The damage potential was 2 - 3 times higher with modifications and falls within the major to catastrophic region. The scale model study showed that discharging capacity of the spillway can effectively be restricted to original design by raising spillway crest by 5.0 ft (1.52 m). The scale model study also showed that the two aerators near sluice and at the chute with an air duct pipe of 3.0 ft diameter can improve the free surface flow profile reducing the risks of cavitation. Simulations for several configurations demonstrated clearer affect of aerators ramps on flow trajectory and gate opening. It also depicted that the height of the ramp of sluice aerator has a positive effect on the flow performance to about 7.5 inches (19 cm), when further increase in the ramp height reduced the flow performance.

Effects of Film Thickness and Anodizing Potential on the Characteristics of Micro-porous Structure on 316L Stainless Steel Surface

A novel process for fabricating an in-situ micro-porous on 316 L stainless steel was described.Aluminum films about 0.7-1.4 m in thickness were deposited on 316 L stainless steel surface by magnetron sputtering.The films were then anodized in 0.3 M oxalic acid.Through appropriate chemical dissolution,the alumina film was removed and the underlying micro-porous 316 L with diameters ranging from 500 nm to 2.4m was obtained.The morphology of the porous 316 L surface was examined by scanning electron microscope.The results indicate that the thickness of aluminum films and the anodizing potential have a combined action on the formation of porous structure on 316 L surface.Then anodic current density could be affected evidently by the film thickness.The pores size increases obviously with the increasing of the anodizing potential,when the thickness of aluminum film was about 1.4m.

Synthesis of Nano-Meter Micro-Porous Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 by Hydrothermal Method

Nano-meter micro-porous Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 (x=0,0.5) ferrites were obtained by hydrothermal method. Triethylamine was used as template by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of adsorption experiment show that the powder has micro-porous structure. The crystal structure of the powder was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and the results show that the powder is of spinel structure. The morphology of Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 (x=0, 0.5) ferrite was studied by TEM, and the results show that Ni_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 and ZnFe_2O_4 ferrite is well-crystal, well-degree of dispersion with little conglomeration because of weak magnetism. The size of the powder is below 50 nm.

Design and Experiment of Fluid Dynamic Ultrasonic Water Aerator

In order to improve the efficiency of water aerator,based on Venturi experimental principle in hydraulics and fluid dynamic ultrasonic generator,the inlet section,throat section,and outlet section of reed whistle ultrasonic generator were designed,and the effect of the water aerator on dissolved oxygen was preliminarily studied. Results indicate that using this water aerator,the dissolved oxygen was 7. 94 mg / L,exceeding the saturation value of dissolved oxygen( 7. 82 mg / L) at current water temperature,reaching the supersaturation. Therefore,the designed water aerator will have a bright application prospect in sewage treatment,aquaculture and aerated irrigation of plants.

Influence of Stand-Alone Vertical Gas Vents on Aeration and Denitrification of Organic Municipal Waste Assessed by Two-Dimensional (2D) Lysimeters

Landfilled organic waste, in the presence of oxygen, can undergo aerobic decomposition facilitated by heterotrophic microorganisms. Aerobic degradation of solid waste can quickly consume available oxygen thus curtailing further degradation. The aim of this study was the investigation of a low-cost method of replenishing oxygen consumed in landfilled waste. Three 2D lysimeters were established to investigate the effectiveness of stand-alone, vertical ventilation pipes inserted into waste masses. Two different configurations of ventilation were tested with the third lysimeter acting as an unventilated control. Lysimeters were left uninsulated and observed over the course of 6 months with regular collection of gas and leachate samples. Lysimeters were then simulated for Oxygen (O2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) to analyze the denitrification contributions of each. The experiment revealed that a single ventilation pipe can increase the mean oxygen level of a 1.7 m × 1.0 m area by up to 13.5%. It also identified that while increasing the density of ventilation pipes led to increased O2 levels, this increase was not significant at the 0.05 probability level. A single vent averaged 13.67% O2 while inclusion of an additional vent in the same area only increased the average to 14.59%, a 6.7% increase. Simulation helped to verify that lower ventilation pipe placement density may be more efficient as in addition to the effect on oxygenation, denitrification efficiency may increase. Simulations of N2O production estimated between 8% - 20% more N2O being generated with lower venting density configurations.

Operational guidance for aeration and flow augmentation for the Chicago Area Waterway System—A case study

The Chicago Area Waterway System(CAWS)is a 133.9 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures,in which the majority of the flow is treated wastewater effluent and there are periods of substantial combined sewer overflows.The CAWS comprises a network of effluent dominated streams.More stringent dissolved oxygen(DO)standards and a reduced flow augmentation allowance have been recently applied to the CAWS.Therefore,a carefully calibrated and verified one-dimensional flow and water quality model was applied to the CAWS to determine emission-based real-time control guidelines for the operation of flow augmentation and aeration stations.The goal of these guidelines was to attain DO standards at least 95%of the time.The“optimal”guidelines were tested for representative normal,dry,and wet years.The finally proposed guidelines were found in the simulations to attain the 95%target for nearly all locations in the CAWS for the three test years.The developed operational guidelines have been applied since 2018 and have shown improved attainment of the DO standards throughout the CAWS while at the same time achieving similar energy use at the aeration stations on the Calumet River system,greatly lowered energy use on the Chicago River system,and greatly lowered discretionary diversion from Lake Michigan,meeting the recently enacted lower amount of allowed annual discretionary diversion.This case study indicates that emission-based real-time control developed from a well calibrated model holds potential to help many receiving water bodies achieve high attainment of water quality standards.

水产养殖中传统增氧设备增氧能力差异分析

为了解水产养殖中应用广泛的叶轮式增氧机、水车式增氧机、涌浪式增氧机和曝气式增氧机4种型式的增氧机的增氧性能水平,统计和分析了国内主要增氧设备生产企业2020年以来生产的145台不同型式增氧机的增氧能力试验数据。结果显示:1)部分企业生产的叶轮增氧机的增氧性能有所下降;2)水车式增氧机增氧性能有大幅提高,部分产品超过了SC/T 6010—2018《叶轮式增氧机通用技术条件》中规定同规格叶轮式增氧机的要求;3)涌浪式增氧机增氧性能总体呈上升趋势;4)曝气式增氧机具有较强的增氧性能,但配套风机形式不同、相同配套功率但曝气管不同的配置,其增氧性能存在较大差异。本研究为养殖用户在水产养殖系统增氧设备的配置时提供技术参考。

减水剂改性固废基蒸压加气混凝土的制备与性能研究

以花岗岩石粉、黄河特细砂为硅质材料,以电石渣为钙质材料,以聚羧酸减水剂为改性剂,制备固废基蒸压加气混凝土(AAC)。研究了聚羧酸减水剂掺量对AAC料浆流动性、发气过程、抗压强度、干密度、孔隙率和孔径分布的影响。结果表明,减水剂掺量由0.15%增大到0.30%,料浆初始流动度、发气速率、发气量和孔隙率逐渐增大,制品抗压强度和干密度逐渐降低。减水剂掺量为0.25时,料浆初始流动性270 mm,发气量208 mL,孔隙率82.54%,抗压强度2.9 MPa,干密度509 kg/m^(3),AAC综合性能最优。减水剂掺量大于0.2%时,2 mm以上的大孔基本消失,孔隙率和孔壁无害孔含量对AAC抗压强度影响更明显。

砖混建筑垃圾制备蒸压加气混凝土性能及水化机理

以砖混建筑垃圾为主要原料制备蒸压加气混凝土(AAC),考察了废弃混凝土(WC)、废弃黏土砖(CB)及其复配掺量对蒸压加气混凝土抗压强度和干体积密度的影响,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了不同砖混配比加气混凝土样品的物相组成和微观形貌。结果表明,当建筑垃圾的掺量为50%~60%(质量分数,下同)时,以废弃混凝土或废弃黏土砖为原料制备的蒸压加气混凝土的抗压强度和干体积密度均能达到《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》(GB11968-2020)中A5.0 B07级别的要求。复配能进一步提升样品性能,随着废弃混凝土、废黏土砖质量比(m(WC)∶m(CB))的降低,所得样品的抗压强度不断升高,而干体积密度先降低后上升,当质量配比为2∶3~3∶2时,试样性能达到《蒸压加气混凝土砌块》(GB11968-2020)中A5.0 B06级别的要求。蒸压养护过程中,坯体中的SiO_(2)、Al_(2)O_(3)、Ca(OH)2、长石、富钙型水化硅酸钙(α-C_(2)SH)共同作用,生成大量片状托贝莫来石、半结晶的CSH(I)、CSH凝胶和少量水化石榴石、硬石膏,与原料中残留的石英、方解石一起填充在孔壁中,相互交织成网状,提高样品强度的同时降低其密度。砖混复配的样品含有更多结晶完整的托贝莫来石、CSH(I)以及适量的CSH凝胶,形成良好的网状致密结构,使样品综合性能更优。

滚筒式堆肥反应器通风搅拌系统设计与试验

针对有机废弃物堆肥过程中物料溶氧效率低导致的堆体起温速率慢、发酵不彻底等问题,设计了一种高效堆肥通风搅拌系统,该系统由分段式通风系统和组合式搅拌装置构成,通过对两个主要装置进行理论设计和DEM-FEM耦合仿真,实现堆肥通风和搅拌工艺优化。结果显示,通风系统中的最大应力出现在通风管上,为13.064 MPa,最大形变量为0.038126 mm,搅拌装置中最大应力出现在抄板上,为190.31 MPa,最大形变量为0.34417 mm,符合设计要求。在此基础上,以食物垃圾和梧桐叶为原料,进行为期14 d的堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中关键参数变化并测定发酵产物相关指标,完成通风搅拌系统性能验证试验。试验结果表明:使用该通风搅拌系统的滚筒式堆肥反应器,其内部堆体温度在3 d时达到53.34℃,堆肥过程中堆体最高温度可达69.56℃,堆体高温期(大于50℃)可持续6 d以上;试验结束后其产物含水率降至27.21%、pH值升至8.4、种子发芽指数最高可达131.4%,符合有机肥料测定标准(NY/T 525—2021),滚筒反应器运行成本仅65.51元/t。

AOA后置短时低氧曝气实现短程硝化反硝化除磷

为培养亚硝酸盐型反硝化聚磷菌实现好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)短程硝化内源反硝化除磷,设置3组同规格以厌氧/好氧/缺氧后置短时曝气(AO_(1)A-O_(2))模式运行的SBR,各反应器好氧段/后置好氧段(O_(1)/O_(2))的曝气强度和曝气时间均不同,通过对比3组反应器60 d的运行情况,探究各系统污染物处理性能和功能菌活性。结果表明,后置短时低氧曝气10 min且O_(1)、O_(2)的曝气强度分别为5、2.5 L/(h·L)的R2脱氮除磷效果最佳,其COD、TP、NH^(+)_(4)-N、TN去除率达95.49%、95.57%、100%、95.52%。通过短时好氧饥饿和低溶解氧可以创造出短程硝化内源反硝化除磷的最适环境,R2中约60%的除磷菌为DPAOs,且亚硝酸盐型聚磷菌最多,可达38.76%,其反应器好氧段的亚硝酸盐积累率(R_(NA))为74.19%,实现了较高的NO^(-)_(2)-N积累,游离亚硝酸(FNA)为1.03μg/L,可抑制PAOs和NOB,同时富集出更多的AOB和DPAOs。

加气对南疆设施无花果生长及土壤磷吸收转化的影响

以‘布兰瑞克’无花果果树为试验材料,采用地下穴贮灌溉装置对无花果根际土壤通气,设置加气施磷肥(OP)、加气不施磷肥(OF)、不加气施磷肥(NP)、不加气不施磷肥(NF)4个处理,研究其对南疆设施无花果植株的生长情况及土壤磷吸收转化的影响,以期为地下穴贮滴灌注气技术在设施无花果中的应用提供参考依据。结果表明:OP、OF、NP在不同程度上均可以促进无花果植株生长,增加各土层土壤的含水量及调节土壤pH。其中OP在30~80 d、OF在50~80 d均显著促进无花果的新梢生长;在0~20 cm土层中,OP、OF、NP的土壤含水量较NF分别降低15.02%、9.84%、1.98%;OP较NF处理能够显著提高各土层的土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,其中对0~20 cm土层提升效果最佳,提高了157.37%;OP处理的土壤速效磷含量在0~20、20~40、40~60 cm的3个土层中分别提高了212.82%、160.79%、98.77%。综上,加气处理对‘布兰瑞克’无花果植株的生长及土壤全磷转换为速效磷等均有促进作用。