Carbon sequestration rate,nitrogen use efficiency and rice yield responses to long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer by organic manure in a rice–rice cropping system

Combined application of chemical fertilizers with organic amendments was recommended as a strategy for improving yield,soil carbon storage,and nutrient use efficiency.However,how the long-term substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure affects rice yield,carbon sequestration rate(CSR),and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)while ensuring environmental safety remains unclear.This study assessed the long-term effect of substituting chemical fertilizer with organic manure on rice yield,CSR,and NUE.It also determined the optimum substitution ratio in the acidic soil of southern China.The treatments were:(i)NPK0,unfertilized control;(ii)NPK1,100%chemical nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer;(iii)NPKM1,70%chemical NPK fertilizer and 30%organic manure;(iv)NPKM2,50%chemical NPK fertilizer and 50%organic manure;and(v)NPKM3,30%chemical NPK fertilizer and 70%organic manure.Milk vetch and pig manure were sources of manure for early and late rice seasons,respectively.The result showed that SOC content was higher in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments than in NPK0 and NPK1 treatments.The carbon sequestration rate increased by 140,160,and 280%under NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK1 treatment.Grain yield was 86.1,93.1,93.6,and 96.5%higher under NPK1,NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments,respectively,compared to NPK0 treatment.The NUE in NPKM1,NPKM2,and NPKM3 treatments was higher as compared to NPK1 treatment for both rice seasons.Redundancy analysis revealed close positive relationships of CSR with C input,total N,soil C:N ratio,catalase,and humic acids,whereas NUE was closely related to grain yield,grain N content,and phenol oxidase.Furthermore,CSR and NUE negatively correlated with humin acid and soil C:P and N:P ratios.The technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)showed that NPKM3 treatment was the optimum strategy for improving CSR and NUE.Therefore,substituting 70%of chemical fertilizer with organic manure could be the best management option for increasing CSR and NUE in the paddy fields of southern China.

Effects of Biological Organic Fertilizer on Flue-cured Tobacco Chemical Composition

Through field experiment,special biological fertilizer and cake fertilizer were applied collectively to tobacco,and chemical compositions of Wanxi flue-cured tobacco leaves were researched.The results showed that the increase of biological organic fertilizer would significantly improve soil nutrient supplying capacity.Compared with conventional fertilization,the contents of reducing sugar,total sugar and starch in different parts of tobaccos which were applied with biological organic fertilizer were closer to standards of excellent tobacco.In the treatment,the ratio of reducing sugar and nicotine in tobacco was more suitable in middle and lower parts of the plant and the contents of total N,nicotine and chlorine in tobacco were lowered,improving tobacco quality.

Effect of Long-Term Application of Chemical Fertilizers on Microbial Biomass and Functional Diversity of a Black Soil

An experiment with seven N, P, K-fertilizer treatments, i.e., control (no fertilizer), NP, NK, PK, NPK, NP2K, and NPK2 where P2 and K2 indicate double amounts of P and K fertilizers respectively, was conducted to examine the effect of long-term continuous application of chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass and functional diversity of a black soil (Udoll in the USDA Soil Taxonomy) in Northeast China. The soil microbial biomass C ranged between 94 and 145 mg kg-1, with the NK treatment showing a lower biomass; the functional diversity of soil microbial community ranged from 4.13 to 4.25, with an increasing tendency from control to double-fertilizer treatments, and to triple-fertilizer treatments. The soil microbial biomass, and the microbial functional diversity and evenness did not show any significant differences among the different fertilizer treatments including control, suggesting that the long-term application of chemical fertilization would not result in significant changes in the microbial characteristics of the black soil.

Functional diversity of soil microbial communities in response to supplementing 50% of the mineral N fertilizer with organic fertilizer in an oat field

The effects of supplementing 50%of the mineral N fertilizer with organic fertilizer on the metabolism and diversity of soil microbial communities in an oat field were investigated using Biolog-Eco plates.The experiment consisted of five treatments:no fertilizer(CK),mineral N fertilizer applied at 90 and 45 kg ha^(-1) N in the form of urea(U1 and U2,respectively),and U2 supplemented with organic fertilizer in the form of sheep manure at 90 and 45 kg ha^(-1) N(U2OM1 and U2OM2,respectively).Each treatment had three replications.The experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Pinglu District,Shanxi Province,China.The carbon source utilization by soil microbial communities,such as amino acids,amines,carbohydrates,carboxylic acids,and polymers,increased when 50%of the mineral N fertilizer was replaced with organic fertilizer in both years.This result was accompanied by increased richness,dominance,and evenness of the microbial communities.The utilization of amino acid,amine,and carboxylic acid carbon sources and community evenness were further improved when the organic fertilizer amount was doubled in both years.Biplot analysis indicated that amines and amino acids were the most representative of the total carbon source utilization by the soil microbial communities in both years.The highest oat yield was achieved at a total N application rate of 135 kg ha^(-1) in the treatment involving 45 kg ha^(-1) N in the form of urea and 90 kg ha^(-1) N in the form of sheep manure in both years.It was concluded that the application of 50%of the conventional rate of mineral N fertilizer supplemented with an appropriate rate of organic fertilizer enhanced both the functional diversity of soil microbial communities and oat yield.Amine and amino acid carbon sources may be used as a substitute for total carbon sources for assessing total carbon source utilization by soil microbial communities in oat fields in future studies.

Partial organic substitution weakens the negative effect of chemical fertilizer on soil micro-food webs

Soil biotic communities play vital roles in enhancing soil nutrient cycling and soil fertility.Long-term excessive nitrogen(N)application is disadvantageous to the stability of soil food webs and affects arable soil health and sustainable utilization.Proper organic substitution is essential to improve soil health and alleviate the disadvantages of excessive chemical fertilization.However,the biological effects of various organic amendments on soil micro-food webs are poorly understood.In order to explore the effects of various organic amendments including stover,biochar and manure on soil micro-food webs(microbial and nematode communities),a field plot experiment with maize having five treatments viz.,100%urea(100%N),70%urea(70%N),70%urea plus stover(Stover),70%urea plus cattle manure(Manure)and 70%urea plus biochar(Biochar)was conducted.Manure treatment increased the carbon(C)to N use efficiency of soil microbes,which contributed to the retention of soil C,while Biochar treatment elevated soil organic C(SOC)and soil p H.Additionally,Biochar treatment mitigated the negative effects of soil acidification on the soil micro-food web and reduced the abundance of plant parasites.Overall,the biological effect of organic amendments was distinguished from chemical fertilization(100%N and 70%N)through principal co-ordinates analysis.Negative relationships among soil properties,microbial and nematode biomass in the 100%N treatment were diminished in treatments where chemical fertilizer was reduced.The bottom-up effects on soil food webs were observed in organic substitution treatments.In conclusion,organic amendments improved soil fertility by regulating soil microbial and nematode communities in the cropland ecosystem,alleviated the negative effects of chemical fertilizer on the micro-food webs and controlled the trophic cascades among soil biota.

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included： a non-amended control（CK）, a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment（NPK）; a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment（NPKM）, and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment（NPKS）. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（DGGE） of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term（NPKM, NPKS） significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only（NPK）, and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness（S） and structural diversity（H）. Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities（average well color development, AWCD） and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices（H＇ and E） indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated（NPKM, NPKS） could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis（PCA） based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis（RDA） indicated that soil organic carbon（SOC） availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon（Cmic） and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China＇s soil resource.

氮肥配施生物质碳点对潮土微生物残体碳含量的影响

为探明碳氮投入下土壤微生物残体对有机碳积累的相对贡献,采用培养试验方法探究氮肥配施生物质碳点(简称碳点)对潮土微生物残体碳含量的影响。研究设置4个处理:空白(CK)、施碳点(CDs)、施氮(N)、施氮和碳点(N+CDs)。结果表明:与CK处理相比,CDs处理的无机氮(SIN)含量显著下降29.1%;与N处理比较,N+CDs处理的SIN含量显著下降32.8%,土壤脲酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性均显著下降(P<0.05)。CDs处理的土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量略高于CK处理,且CDs处理改变了DOC的官能团结构;N+CDs处理的DOC含量比N处理显著提高28.8%,N+CDs也提高了DOC中胺类和芳香类化合物含量。与N处理比较,N+CDs处理的细菌残体碳(BNC)和真菌残体碳(FNC)含量显著增加29.5%和17.7%(P<0.05),且提高了土壤微生物残体对有机碳积累的相对贡献。回归分析表明,总的细菌和真菌残体碳与土壤理化性质存在相关性。通过结构方程模型进一步验证,发现DOC中的芳香族化合物是调控BNC的主要因素,FNC主要受土壤氮净硝化速率和DOC的平均分子量调控,N+CDs处理主要通过改变潮土溶解性有机碳及官能团结构和氮转化速率影响微生物残体碳积累。

化肥减量配施有机肥对花生土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

为了探究化肥减量配施两种不同黄腐酸钾有机肥对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响,采取盆栽试验模拟大田花生种植,以不施肥、纯施化肥为对照,设置100%化肥配施100%有机肥、75%化肥配施25%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥、25%化肥配施75%有机肥和施用100%有机肥处理,探讨了SOC、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(LOC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)在花生不同生育期内的含量特征。结果表明:化肥减量配施有机肥各处理SOC及其组分含量在花生各生育期均表现为:花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期,其中DOC和MBC含量结荚期显著高于成熟期(P<0.05);各处理SOC及其组分含量均表现为:25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理;其中花针期25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为133.0 g/kg、284.4 mg/kg、269.7 mg/kg、30.76 g/kg和111.2 g/kg,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOC和ROC含量分别为130.9 g/kg、250.5 mg/kg、251.7 mg/kg、29.86 g/kg和110.8 g/kg。综上,化肥减量配施生化黄腐酸钾对SOC及其组分含量的影响整体优于配施矿源黄腐酸钾,化肥减量配施黄腐酸钾花针期含量显著高于结荚期和成熟期(P<0.05),其中25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理对提升SOC及其组分含量效果最佳。

露地辣椒生产固碳增活全程施肥方案

河北露地辣椒种植历史悠久,但生产中粗放的养分管理,导致土壤有机质消耗,植株抗逆性差,连作障碍频发。本文基于露地辣椒生产固碳增活施肥技术,围绕肥料养分均衡减量、有机替代固碳增效、菌剂滴灌沃土增活3项核心内容,从肥料养分总量推荐、有机物料多源配施、滴灌肥水协同运筹等方面制定了河北露地辣椒生产固碳增活全程施肥解决方案,并对比四种固碳技术模式应用效果,发现基施多样化来源的有机物料朝天椒增产效果优于单一有机物料,优选牛粪堆肥+秸秆类生物炭模式或牛粪堆肥+玉米秸秆+秸秆类生物炭技术模式(秸秆还田条件),以助力传统辣椒产区耕地保护与土壤质量提升,促进种植户养分管理由盲目粗放向合理精准转变。

不同施肥方式对土壤理化性质和烟草生长的影响

为明确不同施肥方式对烟草土壤理化性质以及烟株生长的影响,研究了常规施肥条件下额外添加微生物菌剂、微生物有机肥和高炭基肥对不同生育期烟草农艺性状、土壤理化性质和烟叶质量的影响。结果表明:常规施肥与微生物有机肥联合处理可以促进烟株的生长,在烟株成熟期最大叶宽和最大叶面积均显著高于常规施肥,分别增加了18.4%和20.0%。值得注意的是,添加微生物有机肥、微生物菌剂以及高炭基肥的处理相较常规施肥能够显著提高土壤中的速效钾和有机质的含量,速效钾含量由374.8 mg/kg分别提升至819.3、813.9和769.6 mg/kg,有机质含量提升1.25至1.35倍,烟叶每公顷产量相较常规施肥提升60~110 kg,每公顷产值相较常规施肥增收2121~2892元。综上所述,相较于常规施肥,烟草种植过程中增施额外的微生物菌剂、微生物有机肥和高炭基肥对改善烟草土壤环境、促进烟株生长发育和提高烟叶产、质量具有积极作用。

覆膜和施化肥对土壤有机碳含量及玉米、大豆产量的影响

以贵州安顺大田试验为依托,设置4个处理:不覆膜不施肥(non-F+CK)、不覆膜施肥(non-F+NP)、覆膜不施肥(F+CK)和覆膜施肥(F+NP),探究覆膜和施肥对土壤有机碳和玉米、大豆产量的影响,为贵州农田土壤固碳培肥和作物产量提升提供理论依据。结果表明:覆膜或施肥对土壤有机碳(SOC)影响不显著;施肥和不施肥条件下覆膜后土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量分别降低了9.1%和10.2%,施肥使土壤MBC显著增加了8.2%~32.5%;施肥对土壤全氮(TN)的增加幅度在2.9%~76.5%之间,施肥和不施肥条件下覆膜处理的TN分别降低了11.4%(P<0.05)和4.4%;与non-F+NP相比,F+NP处理玉米大豆分别增产10.4%和28.6%;SOC与土壤MBC和TN呈正相关,MBC与TN呈显著正相关关系,与C/N呈负相关,玉米和大豆产量均与MBC呈显著正相关。综上,覆膜不利于SOC和MBC含量的增加,施肥则相反,将覆膜与施肥相结合可增加玉米和大豆产量。

不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的影响

为探究不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥影响植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应,基于连续9年的田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF-1,当地常规推荐施肥)、80%化肥(CF-2)、80%化肥配施有机肥(OF-1)、60%化肥配施有机肥(OF-2)、70%化肥配施有机肥+生物有机肥(BOF)处理,对植烟土壤有机碳储量盈亏、固碳速率、有机碳组分含量、有机碳敏感指数、土壤碳库活度和土壤碳库管理指数进行对比,探讨不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥对植烟土壤有机碳固存的长期效应。与CF-1处理相比,连续不施肥(CK)处理植烟土壤有机碳组分、储量和土壤碳固存速率显著下降。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥的OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理,植烟土壤有机碳含量分别增加9.6%、20.9%和13.9%,土壤活性有机碳含量分别增加43.4%、68.0%和41.7%,土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别增加14.8%、19.1%和25.4%,土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加22.8%、37.2%和36.4%,土壤有机碳储量分别增加15.3%、30.2%和31.2%,年平均固碳速率分别提高191.3%、382.6%和391.3%,碳库管理指数分别提高100.8%、159.8%和79.6%。不同比例化肥减量配施有机肥显著提升土壤活性有机碳敏感指数。与CF-1相比,OF-1、OF-2和BOF处理的烟叶产量分别提高10.3%、33.5%和35.3%,中上等烟叶比例分别提高14.6%、22.0%和18.0%。连续9年化肥减量配施有机肥显著提高植烟土壤有机碳组分含量和土壤有机碳固存速率,促进烟叶产质量提升,是烟叶绿色优质生产、农田土壤固碳增效的有效途径,以OF-2和BOF效应更好。

不同施肥方法对香蕉园土壤条件和香蕉产量及品质的影响

为了探究不同施肥方式对香蕉园土壤环境条件、香蕉产量及果实品质的影响差异,筛选香蕉园较佳的施肥方式,为香蕉园合理施肥提供参考。以当地常规施肥(仅施化肥)为对照,设置增施生物有机肥、复合微生物肥和鸽子粪肥等处理,在广州市增城区永宁街道永和简村开展为期2年的香蕉大田试验,分析比较不同施肥方式对香蕉园土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物群落结构,及香蕉产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,增施生物有机肥、复合微生物肥和鸽子粪肥处理均显著增加香蕉园土壤有机质含量,以增施生物有机肥处理效果最为明显,分别较对照和增施鸽子粪肥处理增加46.51%和18.23%,处理间差异显著;增施生物有机肥处理的有效磷、总氮、碱解氮含量及pH值也最高。土壤酶活性方面,3个增施肥处理均增加α-葡萄糖苷酶、中性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶活性,3个处理间差异不显著,增施生物有机肥处理的多酚氧化酶显著降低,而纤维素酶则显著增加。增施复合微生物肥处理改变土壤细菌群落结构,增加变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度,而增施生物有机肥处理则提升细菌群落丰度。3个增施肥处理均显著增加香蕉产量和产值,提高果实可溶性糖和维生素C含量,降低硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量,以增施生物有机肥处理效果最为明显,较对照产量增加754 kg/667 m^(2),纯收益增加1248元/667 m^(2),施肥产投比达到5.8∶1。说明香蕉园增施生物有机肥、复合微生物肥和鸽子粪肥均可增加土壤有机质含量,提高土壤酶活性,改变土壤微生物菌落结构及丰度,并显著提高香蕉产量,改善果实品质,以增施生物有机肥效果最佳。

有机肥对玉溪植烟土壤有机质组分和微生物群落结构的影响

为进一步明确有机肥增施对植烟土壤微生态环境的影响及其内在相互作用,通过田间试验,在常规化学肥料基础上分别增施0、3000、6000和12000 kg·hm^(-2)有机肥,研究其对土壤有机质组分、理化性质及微生物群落特征的影响。结果表明,增施有机肥显著提升了植烟土壤pH及有机质和速效养分含量;随着有机肥施入量的增加,土壤颗粒有机质、水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳氮及轻组有机质含量均呈现增加趋势,其中有机质含量提升7%~28%,速效钾含量提升10%~61%,微生物量碳提升14%~20%,微生物量氮提升24%以上。增施有机肥处理提高植烟土壤细菌与真菌的ACE指数,土壤中变形菌门、担子菌门、枝顶孢霉属、假单胞菌属等有益菌群的丰度明显增加;Bryobacter、Haliangium等菌群丰度明显降低,且其丰度与土壤活性有机质含量呈负相关。综上所述,增施有机肥刺激了土壤有益微生物菌群的生长和繁殖,提高了植烟土壤活性有机质组分含量,改善了土壤理化性状。

施用生物有机肥对仁用杏园土壤微生物结构及杏仁品质的影响

生物有机肥替代化肥不仅可以刺激作物生长,还可以减轻化肥对生态环境的污染。为进一步探究生物有机肥对杏园土壤微生物机制以及杏仁品质的影响。本试验以河北省张家口市蔚县细弦子村15 a生‘优一’仁用杏为材料进行施肥试验,以常规施肥(化肥)处理为对照,研究生物有机肥不同施肥量T_(1)(1 kg/株)、T_(2)(2 kg/株)、T_(3)(3 kg/株)处理在2020—2021年对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤理化性质与杏仁品质上的影响。与对照相比,生物有机肥不同施肥量均能提高杏仁品质;显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和有效磷含量,降低土壤pH;同时显著提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性。生物有机肥不同施肥量均能提高土壤真菌和细菌丰富度和多样性,改变土壤微生物群落结构和数量,提高放线菌门等有益菌的相对丰度。与CK相比,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)处理MND1属和T_(2)处理链霉菌属的相对丰度显著提高,并与产量呈显著正相关。与CK、T_(1)、T_(3)处理相比,T_(2)处理显著上调的类诺卡氏菌属也与产量呈显著正相关。生物有机肥通过改变土壤微生物群落结构,提高了微生物群落多样性,增加了土壤养分含量,提高了杏仁出仁率以及品质,且在本试验中,生物有机肥施用量为2 kg/株时效果最好。

牛粪与化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤有机碳库和酶活性的影响

【目的】研究牛粪化肥配施比例对苹果园土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性的影响,揭示不同配施比例对土壤碳库的影响,为苹果园牛粪与化肥的科学配施及土壤质量改善提供理论支撑。【方法】选取中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山施肥试验平台中不施肥(CK)、100%化肥(CF100)、25%牛粪配施75%化肥(CM25CF75)、50%牛粪配施50%化肥(CM50CF50)、75%牛粪配施25%化肥(CM75CF25)、100%牛粪(CM100)6个处理,分别测定施肥区(F)与非施肥区(NF)土壤活性有机碳组分(颗粒有机碳,POC;微生物量碳,MBC;易氧化有机碳,ROC)和酶活性(α-D-葡萄糖苷酶,AG;β-D-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;纤维素酶,CBH;过氧化物酶,PER;脲酶,UR)等相关指标。【结果】(1)牛粪化肥配施后施肥区土壤SOC、POC和ROC的含量随着牛粪施入比例的增加而增加;CM50CF50处理的MBC含量最高,比CK提高了139.7%。非施肥区,CF100、CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25处理与CK相比土壤POC含量分别下降了32.8%、28.4%、21.6%、14.7%,CM50CF50和CM75CF25处理ROC含量分别下降了31.5%和17.4%。同一处理施肥区活性有机碳组分含量明显高于非施肥区。(2)CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性较CK分别提高了87.7%、68.4%、278.1%、331.6%;CM25CF75处理β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性最高(39.00μg·g^(-1)·h^(-1));脲酶活性随牛粪施入比例的增加先升高后降低。牛粪化肥配施非施肥区土壤α-D-葡萄糖苷酶和脲酶活性也显著提高。(3)牛粪化肥配施显著提高了施肥区土壤POC/SOC和碳库管理指数(CPMI),CM25CF75、CM50CF50、CM75CF25、CM100处理的碳库管理指数分别提高了19.7%、38.3%、56.2%、103.5%。非施肥区牛粪化肥配施碳库管理指数显著下降。同一处理施肥区土壤碳库管理指数明显高于非施肥区。(4)相关分析和主成分分析表明,施肥区土壤中活性有机碳组分与α-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性呈显著正相关,牛粪比例的提高对土壤活性有机碳的提高贡献较大。【结论】牛粪化肥配施对于苹果园施肥区土壤的改善效果大于非施肥区。高比例的牛粪(配施比例在50%以上)能够提高土壤有机碳各组分含量和促进土壤酶活性增强,是苹果园科学施肥的较好的配施比例。

基于整合分析土壤微生物量碳、氮含量对有机肥施用的响应特征

土壤微生物量碳、氮含量是评价土壤肥力的重要指标。探究施用有机肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,旨在为生产中有机肥的科学施用提供指导。通过数据库共检索得高质量文献84篇,提取有效田间试验数据625组,以不施肥和单施无机肥为对照,采用Meta分析有机肥施用下土壤微生物量碳、氮含量和作物产量变化及其影响因素。研究结果表明:施用有机肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及作物产量具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05),分别增加41.14%[95%置信区间(CI):38.32%~44.04%]、46.46%(95%CI:43.02%~50.01%)和48.85%(95%CI:43.86%~45.03%)。与不施肥相比,施用有机肥可提高微生物量碳含量46.80%(95%CI:43.22%~50.46%),提高微生物量氮含量56.0%(95%CI:47.18%~65.37%),提高作物产量47.48%(95%CI:39.98%~55.36%);与单施化肥相比,有机肥施用下土壤微生物量碳含量可提高36.06%(95%CI:21.22%~52.71%),微生物量氮含量可提高40.80%(95%CI:30.42%~52.01%),作物产量可提高4.04%(95%CI:2.26%~5.46%);Meta分析结果表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量以及作物产量还受作物类型、氮肥施用量、有机肥施用方式、土壤初始pH、土壤类型以及气候条件的影响。进一步相关性分析结果表明,微生物量碳含量与土壤初始pH和年均温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤微生物量氮含量与土壤初始pH和氮肥施用量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);土壤微生物量碳氮比与年均温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);作物产量与土壤微生物量碳、氮含量和土壤初始pH呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。有机肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及作物产量具有显著的促进作用,建议结合作物类型、土壤条件和气候类型等因素,构建单施或配施有机肥的施肥技术,实现构建土壤健康微生态,最终实现肥料资源有效利用和提高土壤生产力的目的。

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统有机氮肥替代率的演变特征及其影响因素

有机肥替代化肥是化肥减量的关键措施。本研究的主要目标是明确太湖地区稻麦轮作体系中有机氮肥替代率的主要限制因素,为提高有机氮肥替代率提供理论基础。依托40 a长期定位观测试验,分别选择不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施有机肥(OM)3个处理,研究有机氮肥替代率与土壤碳氮关系。其中,化肥采用尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,年均施氮225~300 kg/hm^(2),年均施磷(P2O5)119.4 kg/hm^(2),年均施钾(K2O)179.1 kg/hm^(2);有机肥采用猪粪和菜籽饼,年均折合施氮103.1 kg/hm^(2),折合施磷(P2O5)82.7 kg/hm^(2),折合施钾(K2O)70.1 kg/hm^(2)。测定指标包括土壤有机碳、总氮,计算有机氮肥替代率和土壤碳氮比。结果表明,长期施肥提高了土壤有机碳水平,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤有机碳含量可用米氏方程拟合,且前10 a内快速累积、后30 a趋近平衡,平均含量分别为16.8、15.8、15.1 g/kg。长期施肥处理线性提高了土壤总氮含量,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤平均总氮含量分别为1.71、1.64、1.47 g/kg。有机氮肥替代率的时序演变可用分段线性模型拟合,有机氮肥替代率前期略降低后期增加,稻麦两季有机氮肥替代率的时间拐点分别出现在第11年和第15.5年。线性回归分析表明,有机氮肥替代率与土壤总有机碳无显著关系,但与土壤总氮和碳氮比显著线性相关。在太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中,长期施用有机肥可有效提高土壤碳氮库容,具有较高水平土壤有机碳(>17.0 g/kg)是提升有机氮肥替代率的前提,但在有机碳趋近饱和后,土壤总氮和碳氮比是限制有机氮肥替代率提升的主要因素。

化肥减量配施生物有机肥对紫甘蓝产量、品质及干物质和养分分配的影响

【目的】筛选西北高原紫甘蓝提质增效的适宜施肥模式。【方法】以紫甘蓝品种紫宝为试验材料,共设5个施肥处理,分别为不施肥(CK0),当地常规施肥(CK1),化肥减量30%平衡施肥+400 kg/667m2生物有机肥(T400),化肥减量30%平衡施肥+600 kg/667 m^(2)生物有机肥(T600),化肥减量30%平衡施肥+800 kg/667 m^(2)生物有机肥(T800),测定分析紫甘蓝产量、品质、干物质和养分吸收积累。【结果】与CK1相比,T600处理的株高、茎粗和叶片数分别提高了5.00%、12.5%和17.39%;维生素C,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量分别提高了19.09%、9.35%和18.87%。紫甘蓝的经济效益以T600处理最佳,较CK1提高了982.96元/667 m^(2)。T600处理总干物质积累量较CK1提高10.43%,叶球氮素、磷素、钾素积累量分提高了7.49%、18.75%和12.86%。【结论】化肥减量30%平衡施肥+600 kg/667 m^(2)生物有机肥能够促进紫甘蓝养分合理分配和吸收积累,提质增产效果显著,经济效益最高。

氮磷钾添加对罗汉松土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为揭示罗汉松土壤微生物对不同氮磷钾养分水平的响应及规律,该研究以两年生罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)幼苗为试验树种,采用L9正交试验控制盆栽土壤的氮磷钾养分水平梯度,使用稀释平板涂布法和Biolog-ECO微平板法探讨不同土壤氮磷钾养分水平对罗汉松土壤微生物量和群落多样性及其对6种碳源的利用特征。结果表明:(1)随氮添加量的增加,土壤细菌(P<0.05)和放线菌数量(P<0.001)减少,真菌(P<0.001)及固氮菌数量(P<0.01)显著增加,土壤微生物群落的Pielou指数(P<0.001)降低,Simpson指数(P<0.05)和McIntosh指数(P<0.001)升高,从而降低了土壤微生物对6种碳源的利用强度,特别是对难利用碳源胺类(P<0.001)、羧酸(P<0.001)、聚合物(P<0.001)及其他化合物(P<0.001)的利用强度显著降低。(2)磷添加量的增加显著降低了土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数(P<0.05)。(3)钾添加量的增加显著降低了土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数和Pielou指数及微生物群落对碳水化合物和氨基酸(P<0.01)两类易利用碳源的强度。综上所述,氮添加和钾添加是影响罗汉松土壤微生物群落功能多样性的主要因素,在罗汉松培育时应注意少量多次施肥,降低氮和钾的添加量,适当提高磷添加量,以促进罗汉松的生长及其可持续培育。该研究从微生物的角度为罗汉松施肥及管护提供了理论依据。