The Effect of Macronutrient Restrictions on Gut Microbiome and Biochemical Parameters of Wistar Albino Rats

Macronutrients serve as a source of energy for both gut microbiota and its host. An increase or decrease in macronutrients can either increase or decrease the composition of gut microbiota, leading to gut dysbiosis which has been implicated in many diseases state including non-communicable diseases. To achieve this, seven diets were formulated by restricting 60% of each macronutrient. These diets were fed on 42 albino rats (Wistar), divided into 7 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 was fed on a normal laboratory chow diet (ND), group 2 received a fat-restricted diet (FRD), group 3 received a protein-restricted diet, (PFD), group 4 received a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRD), group 5 received a protein and fat-restricted diet (PFRD), group 6 re-ceived a carbohydrate and fat-restricted diet (CFRD) and group 7 received a carbohydrate and protein-restricted diet (CPRD). Feed and water intake were given ad libitum and daily weight and food intake were recorded. The experiment went on for 4 weeks after which animals were sacrificed and intestinal content and blood were collected for analysis (gut microbial composition, glucose, insulin levels, serum lipid, and enzyme). Compared to the control group results showed a decrease in Bacteroides (40.50 - 14.00 CFU), HDL (68.20 - 40.40 mg/dl), and AST (66.62 - 64.74 U/L) in FRD. An increase in AST (66.6 - 69.43 U/L), Bifidobacterial (59.50 - 92.00 CFU) and decreased Bacteroides (40.5 - 19.5 CFU) for PRD was also recorded. CRD reduced Lactobacillus (73 - 33.5 CFU), total bacterial count (129 - 48 CFU), HDL (68.2 - 30.8 mg/dl), and cholesterol (121.44 - 88.65 mg/dl) whereas intestinal composition of E. coli (30.5 - 51.5 CFU) increased. PFRD increased Lactobacillus (73.00 - 102.5 CFU), Bifidobacterial (59.5 - 100 CFU), HDL (68.2 - 74.7 mg/dl), and Triglyceride (111.67 - 146.67 mg/dl) concentration. Meanwhile, a reduction in Bifidobacterial (59.5 - 41.5 CFU), and an increasing of AST (66.62 - 70.30 U/l) were recorded for CFRD. However, Bacteroides (40.5 69.5 CFU), LDL (30.95 - 41.98 mg/dl) increased and Bifidobacterial (59.5 - 38.00 CFU) and HDL (68.2 - 53.5 mg/dl) decreased for CPRD. This work, therefore, concludes that macronutrient restriction causes significant changes in serum marker and enzyme profile, and gut microbial composition which can cause gut dysbiosis and later on could expose the host to inflammatory diseases in the long run.

Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases

The Human Microbiome Project,Earth Microbiome Project,and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association,host genetic linkages,and pathogen identification.The microbiome is the sum of the microbes,their genetic information,and their ecological niche.This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease.The gut microbiome changes in relation with age,with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet,drugs,age,smoking,exercise,and host genetics.In addition,changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system.In this study,we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases.Due to the high number of publications on the argument,from a methodologically point of view,we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years.Then we selected the previously published papers.The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.

Correlation between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases:a review of metagenomics evidence

A growing body of evidence suggests that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.As a contributing factor,microbiota dysbiosis always occurs in pathological changes of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.High-throughput sequencing technology has helped to reveal that the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system is facilitated by the microbiota’s diverse microorganisms,and for both neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems.Here,we summarize the bioinformatics analysis and wet-biology validation for the gut metagenomics in neurodegenerative diseases,with an emphasis on multi-omics studies and the gut virome.The pathogen-associated signaling biomarkers for identifying brain disorders and potential therapeutic targets are also elucidated.Finally,we discuss the role of diet,prebiotics,probiotics,postbiotics and exercise interventions in remodeling the microbiome and reducing the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.

Antihypertensive effects of whey protein hydrolysate involve reshaping the gut microbiome in spontaneously hypertension rats

Novel angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory peptides were identified from whey protein hydrolysates(WPH)in vitro in our previous study and the antihypertensive abilities of WPH in vivo were further investigated in the current study.Results indicated that WPH significantly inhibited the development of high blood pressure and tissue injuries caused by hypertension.WPH inhibited ACE activity(20.81%,P<0.01),and reduced renin concentration(P<0.05),thereby reducing systolic blood pressure(SBP)(12.63%,P<0.05)in spontaneously hypertensive rats.The increased Akkermansia,Bacteroides,and Lactobacillus abundance promoted high short chain fatty acid content in feces after WPH intervention.These changes jointly contributed to low blood pressure.The heart weight and cardiomyocyte injuries(hypertrophy and degeneration)were alleviated by WPH.The proteomic results revealed that 19 protein expressions in the heart mainly associated with the wingless/integrated(Wnt)signaling pathway and Apelin signaling pathway were altered after WPH supplementation.Notably,WPH alleviated serum oxidative stress,indicated by the decreased malondialdehyde content(P<0.01),enhanced total antioxidant capacity(P<0.01)and superoxide dismutase activity(P<0.01).The current study suggests that WPH exhibit promising antihypertensive abilities in vivo and could be a potential alternative for antihypertensive dietary supplements.

Metabolic syndrome’s new therapy:Supplement the gut microbiome

This letter to the editor discusses the publication on gut microbiome supple-mentation as therapy for metabolic syndrome.Gut microbiome dysbiosis disrupts intestinal bacterial homeostasis and is related to chronic inflammation,insulin resistance,cardiovascular diseases,type 2 diabetes mellitus,and obesity.Previous research has found that increasing the abundance of beneficial microbiota in the gut modulates metabolic syndrome by reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.Prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,and postbiotics are often used as supplements to increase the number of beneficial microbes and thus the produc-tion of short-chain fatty acids,which have positive effects on the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.In this review article,the author summarizes the available supplements to increase the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and reduce the abundance of harmful microbiota in patients with metabolic disorders.Our group is also researching the role of the gut microbiota in chronic liver disease.This article will be of great help to our research.At the end of the letter,the mechanism of the gut microbiota in chronic liver disease is discussed.

Interactions between maternal parity and feed additives drive the composition of pig gut microbiomes in the post‑weaning period

Background Nursery pigs undergo stressors in the post-weaning period that result in production and welfare chal-lenges.These challenges disproportionately impact the offspring of primiparous sows compared to those of mul-tiparous counterparts.Little is known regarding potential interactions between parity and feed additives in the post-weaning period and their effects on nursery pig microbiomes.Therefore,the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal parity on sow and offspring microbiomes and the influence of sow parity on pig fecal microbi-ome and performance in response to a prebiotic post-weaning.At weaning,piglets were allotted into three treat-ment groups:a standard nursery diet including pharmacological doses of Zn and Cu(Con),a group fed a commercial prebiotic only(Preb)based on an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,and a group fed the same prebiotic plus Zn and Cu(Preb+ZnCu).Results Although there were no differences in vaginal microbiome composition between primiparous and mul-tiparous sows,fecal microbiome composition was different(R^(2)=0.02,P=0.03).The fecal microbiomes of primiparous offspring displayed significantly higher bacterial diversity compared to multiparous offspring at d 0 and d 21 post-weaning(P<0.01),with differences in community composition observed at d 21(R^(2)=0.03,P=0.04).When analyzing the effects of maternal parity within each treatment,only the Preb diet triggered significant microbiome distinc-tions between primiparous and multiparous offspring(d 21:R^(2)=0.13,P=0.01;d 42:R^(2)=0.19,P=0.001).Composi-tional differences in pig fecal microbiomes between treatments were observed only at d 21(R^(2)=0.12,P=0.001).Pigs in the Con group gained significantly more weight throughout the nursery period when compared to those in the Preb+ZnCu group.Conclusions Nursery pig gut microbiome composition was influenced by supplementation with an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract,with varying effects on performance when combined with pharmacological levels of Zn and Cu or for offspring of different maternal parity groups.These results indicate that the development of nursery pig gut microbiomes is shaped by maternal parity and potential interactions with the effects of dietary feed additives.

Gut microbiome in alcohol use disorder:Implications for health outcomes and therapeutic strategies-a literature review

Alcohol use disorder(AUD)represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and has emerged as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders.Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to the development and progression of AUD,with alcohol consumption directly impacting its composition and function.This review article aims to explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and AUD,focusing on the implications for mental health outcomes and potential therapeutic strategies.We discuss the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain,highlighting the role of microbiotaderived metabolites in neuroinflammation,neurotransmission,and mood regulation.Furthermore,we examine the influence of AUD-related factors,such as alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability,on mental health outcomes.Finally,we explore emerging therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome in the management of AUD,including prebiotics,probiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation.Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and AUD holds promise for developing novel interventions that could improve mental health outcomes in individuals with AUD.

Impact of gut microbiome in the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer:Newer insights

The gut microbiome plays an important role in the variation of pharmacologic response.This aspect is especially important in the era of precision medicine,where understanding how and to what extent the gut microbiome interacts with drugs and their actions will be key to individualizing therapy.The impact of the composition of the gut microbiome on the efficacy of newer cancer therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell treatment has become an active area of research.Pancreatic adenocarcinoma(PAC)has a poor prognosis even in those with potentially resectable disease,and treatment options are very limited.Newer studies have concluded that there is a synergistic effect for immunotherapy in combination with cytotoxic drugs,in the treatment of PAC.A variety of commensal microbiota can affect the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment in the treatment of PAC.This review will provide newer insights on the impact that alterations made in the gut microbial system have in the development and treatment of PAC.

Comprehensive analysis of the gut microbiome and posttranslational modifications elucidates the route involved in microbiota-host interactions

The gut microbiome interacts with the host to maintain body homeostasis,with gut microbial dysbiosis implicated in many diseases.However,the underlying mechanisms of gut microbe regulation of host behavior and brain functions remain unclear.This study aimed to elucidate the influence of gut microbiota on brain functions via post-translational modification mechanisms in the presence or absence of bacteria without any stimulation.We conducted succinylome analysis of hippocampal proteins in germ-free(GF)and specific pathogen-free(SPF)mice and metagenomic analysis of feces from SPF mice.These results were integrated with previously reported hippocampal acetylome and phosphorylome data from the same batch of mice.Subsequent bioinformatics analyses revealed 584 succinylation sites on 455 proteins,including 54 up-regulated succinylation sites on 91 proteins and 99 down-regulated sites on 51 proteins in the GF mice compared to the SPF mice.We constructed a panoramic map of gut microbiota-regulated succinylation,acetylation,and phosphorylation,and identified cross-talk and relative independence between the different types of post-translational modifications in modulating complicated intracellular pathways.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that 13 taxa,predominantly belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum,were correlated with the biological functions of post-translational modifications.Positive correlations between these taxa and succinylation and negative correlations between these taxa and acetylation were identified in the modulation of intracellular pathways.This study highlights the hippocampal physiological changes induced by the absence of gut microbiota,and proteomic quantification of succinylation,phosphorylation,and acetylation,contributing to our understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in brain function and behavioral phenotypes.

Gut microbiome and serum metabolome analyses identify Bacteroides fragilis as regulators of serotonin content and PRL secretion in broody geese

Broody behavior is regulated by hypothalamic prolactin secretion,which seriously affects egg production in poulty production.Numerous studies have provided evidence that animal behavior is governed by dynamic bidirectional communication between specific gut bacteria and their host via the brain-gut-microbiome axis.However,little research focused on how the gut microbiota influence broody behavior in poultry.In this study,Zhedong white geese in laying and brooding phases were selected.Ten differentially abundant bacteria in cecum were detected between brooding and laying geese through metagenomic analyses and 16S rRNA sequencing(P<0.05),and Bacteroides fragilis was specifically identified as a key driver species in the brooding geese.Moverover,the serum metabolites were quantified,and the 313 differentially abundant metabolites were found between the two groups of different physiological geese.They were primarily enriched in the tryptophan metabolism pathways.Pearson correlation analyses revealed there was a significant positive correlation between B.fragilis abundance and the context of 11 tryptophan metabolism-related metabolites(such as serotonin,etc.)in broody geese,which hinted that those tryptophan metabolites might be produced or driven by B.fragilis.Finally,the serum hormone levels were also measured.We found there was a positive correlation between B.fragilis abundance and content of serotonin.Besides,prolactin secreted by the pituitary gland was greater in brooding geese than that in laying geese,which was also highly correlated with B.fragilis abundance.This result implied that B.fragilis could promote the secretion of prolactin by the pituitary gland.Together,the current study findings provided the information on gut microbiota influencing broody behavior,B.fragilis produced or driven more serum serotonin,and stimulated the pituitary gland to secret more prolactin,which potentially offered a new enlightenment for the intervention of broody behavior in poultry.

Core and variable antimicrobial resistance genes in the gut microbiomes of Chinese and European pigs

Monitoring the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs)is vital for addressing the global crisis of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.Despite its importance,the characterization of ARGs and microbiome structures,as well as the identification of indicators for routine ARG monitoring in pig farms,are still lacking,particularly concerning variations in antimicrobial exposure in different countries or regions.Here,metagenomics and random forest machine learning were used to elucidate the ARG profiles,microbiome structures,and ARG contamination indicators in pig manure under different antimicrobial pressures between China and Europe.Results showed that Chinese pigs exposed to high-level antimicrobials exhibited higher total and plasmid-mediated ARG abundances compared to those in European pigs(P<0.05).ANT(6)-Ib,APH(3')-IIIa,and tet(40)were identified as shared core ARGs between the two pig populations.Furthermore,the core ARGs identified in pig populations were correlated with those found in human populations within the same geographical regions.Lactobacillus and Prevotella were identified as the dominant genera in the core microbiomes of Chinese and European pigs,respectively.Forty ARG markers and 43 biomarkers were able to differentiate between the Chinese and European pig manure samples with accuracies of 100%and 98.7%,respectively.Indicators for assessing ARG contamination in Chinese and European pigs also achieved high accuracy(r=0.72-0.88).Escherichia flexneri in both Chinese and European pig populations carried between 21 and 37 ARGs.The results of this study emphasize the importance of global collaboration in reducing antimicrobial resistance risk and provide validated indicators for evaluating the risk of ARG contamination in pig farms.

Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves

Colonization and development of the gut microbiome are crucial for the growth and health of calves.In this review,we summarized the colonization,beneficial nutrition,immune function of gut microbiota,function of the gut barrier,and the evolution of core microbiota in the gut of calves of different ages.Homeostasis of gut microbiome is beneficial for nutritional and immune system development of calves.Disruption of the gut microbiome leads to digestive diseases in calves,such as diarrhea and intestinal inflammation.Microbiota already exists in the gut of calf fetuses,and the colonization of microbiota continues to change dynamically under the influence of various factors,which include probiotics,diet,age,and genotype.Colonization depends on the interaction between the gut microbiota and the immune system of calves.The abundance and diversity of these commensal microbiota stabilize and play a critical role in the health of calves.

Gut microbiome therapeutic modulation to alleviate drug-induced hepatic damage in COVID-19 patients

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus,its symptoms,treatment,and post-COVID-19 effects have been a major focus of research since 2020.In addition to respiratory symptoms,different clinical variants of the virus have been associated with dynamic symptoms and multiorgan diseases,including liver abnormalities.The release of cytokines by the activation of innate immune cells during viral infection and the high doses of drugs used for COVID-19 treatment are considered major drivers of liver injury in COVID-19 patients.The degree of hepatic inflammation in patients suffering from chronic liver disease and having COVID-19 could be severe and can be estimated through different liver chemistry abnormality markers.Gut microbiota influences liver chemistry through its metabolites.Gut dysbiosis during COVID-19 treatment can promote liver inflammation.Here,we highlighted the bidirectional association of liver physiology and gut microbiota(gut-liver axis)and its potential to manipulate drug-induced chemical abnormalities in the livers of COVID-19 patients.

Characterization of oral and gut microbiome and plasma metabolomics in COVID-19 patients after 1-year follow-up

Background:Due to the outbreak and rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),more than 160 million patients have become convalescents worldwide to date.Significant alterations have occurred in the gut and oral microbiome and metabonomics of patients with COVID-19.However,it is unknown whether their characteristics return to normal after the 1-year recovery.Methods:We recruited 35 confirmed patients to provide specimens at discharge and 1 year later,as well as 160healthy controls.A total of 497 samples were prospectively collected,including 219 tongue-coating,129 stool and 149 plasma samples.Tongue-coating and stool samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing,and plasma samples were subjected to untargeted metabolomics testing.Results:The oral and gut microbiome and metabolomics characteristics of the 1-year convalescents were restored to a large extent but did not completely return to normal.In the recovery process,the microbial diversity gradually increased.Butyric acid-producing microbes and Bifidobacterium gradually increased,whereas lipopolysaccharideproducing microbes gradually decreased.In addition,sphingosine-1-phosphate,which is closely related to the inflammatory factor storm of COVID-19,increased significantly during the recovery process.Moreover,the predictive models established based on the microbiome and metabolites of patients at the time of discharge reached high efficacy in predicting their neutralizing antibody levels one year later.Conclusions:This study is the first to characterize the oral and gut microbiome and metabonomics in 1-year convalescents of COVID-19.The key microbiome and metabolites in the process of recovery were identified,and provided new treatment ideas for accelerating recovery.And the predictive models based on the microbiome and metabolomics afford new insights for predicting the recovery situation which benefited affected individuals and healthcare.

Maintenance of gut microbiome stability for optimum intestinal health in pigs——a review

Pigs are exposed to various challenges such as weaning,environmental stressors,unhealthy diet,diseases and infections during their lifetime which adversely affects the gut microbiome.The inability of the pig microbiome to return to the pre-challenge baseline may lead to dysbiosis resulting in the outbreak of diseases.Therefore,the maintenance of gut microbiome diversity,robustness and stability has been influential for optimum intestinal health after perturbations.Nowadays human and animal researches have focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a robust gut microbiota that provides protection against pathogens and improves the digestive physiology and the immune system.In this review,we present an overview of the swine gut microbiota,factors affecting the gut microbiome and the importance of microbial stability in promoting optimal intestinal health.Additionally,we discussed the current understanding of nutritional interventions using fibers and pre/probiotics supplementation as non-antibiotic alternatives to maintain microbiota resilience to replace diminished species.

Gut microbiome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has become the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally and imposed a heavy economic burden on society and individuals.To date,the pathological process of NAFLD is not yet fully elucidated.Compelling evidences have demonstrated the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of NAFLD,and gut dysbiosis has been commonly observed in patients with NAFLD.Gut dysbiosis impairs gut permeability,allowing the translocation of bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides(LPS),short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),and ethanol to the liver via portal blood flow.This review aimed to shed light on the underlying mechanisms by which gut microbiota influences the development and progression of NAFLD.In addition,the potential application of gut microbiome as a non-invasive diagnostic tool and a novel therapeutical target was reviewed.

Emerging role of the gut microbiome in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome:A literature review

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome(PI-IBS)is a particular type of IBS,with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis.Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent,10%of patients will develop PI-IBS.In susceptible individuals,the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions.These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity,disrupting the intestinal barrier,altering neuromuscular function,triggering persistent low inflammation,and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms.There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS.Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general,guided by their clinical symptoms.This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms.It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS.The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging.Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results.However,published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce.Future research is required.

Pretreatment with probiotics Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium-induced gut injury through modulating intestinal microbiome and immune responses with barrier function in broiler chickens

Background:Preventing Salmonella infection and colonization in young birds is key to improving poultry gut health and reducing Salmonella contamination of poultry products and decreasing salmonellosis for human consumption(poultry meat and eggs).Probiotics can improve poultry health.The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of a probiotics,Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181(E.faecium NCIMB 11181)on the intestinal mucosal immune responses,microbiome and barrier function in the presence or absence of Salmonella Typhimurium(S.Typh-imurium,ST)infection.Methods:Two hundred and forty 1-day-old Salmonella-free male broiler chickens(Arbor Acres AA+)were randomly allocated to four groups with 6 replicate cages of 10 birds each.The four experimental groups were follows:(1)nega-tive control(NC),(2)S.Typhimurium,challenged positive control(PC),(3)the E.faecium NCIMB 11181-treated group(EF),(4)the E.faecium NCIMB 11181-treated and S.Typhimurium-challenged group(PEF).Results:Results indicated that,although continuous feeding E.faecium NCIMB 11181 did not obviously alleviate growth depression caused by S.Typhimurium challenge(P>0.05),E.faecium NCIMB 11181 addition significantly blocked Salmonella intestinal colonization and translocation(P<0.05).Moreover,supplemental E.faecium NCIMB 11181 to the infected chickens remarkably attenuated gut morphological structure damage and intestinal cell apoptosis induced by S.Typhimurium infection,as evidenced by increasing gut villous height and reducing intes-tinal TUNEL-positive cell numbers(P<0.05).Also,E.faecium NCIMB 11181 administration notably promoting the production of anti-Salmonella antibodies in intestinal mucosa and serum of the infected birds(P<0.05).Addition-ally,16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that E.faecium NCIMB 11181 supplementation ameliorated S.Typhimu-rium infection-induced gut microbial dysbiosis by enriching Lachnospiracease and Alistipes levels,and suppressing Barnesiella abundance.Predicted function analysis indicated that the functional genes of cecal microbiome involved in C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism;valine,leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis;glycerolipid metabolism and lysine biosynthesis were enriched in the infected chickens given E.faecium NCIMB 11181.While alanine,asparate and glutamate metabolism;MAPK signal pathway-yeast;ubiquine and other terpenoid-quinore biosynthesis,protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum;as well as glutathione metabolism were suppressed by E.faecium NCIMB 11181 addition.Conclusion:Collectively,our data suggested that dietary E.faecium NCIBM 11181 supplementation could ameliorate S.Typhimurium infection-induced gut injury in broiler chickens.Our findings also suggest that E.faecium NCIMB 11181 may serve as an effective non-antibiotic feed additive for improving gut health and controlling Salmonella infection in broiler chickens.

Protective effects of dioscin against Parkinson's disease via regulating bile acid metabolism through remodeling gut microbiome/GLP-1 signaling

It is necessary to explore potent therapeutic agents via regulating gut microbiota and metabolism to combat Parkinson's disease(PD).Dioscin,a bioactive steroidal saponin,shows various activities.However,its effects and mechanisms against PD are limited.In this study,dioscin dramatically alleviated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress,and restored the disorders of mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP).16 S rDNA sequencing assay demonstrated that dioscin reversed MPTP-induced gut dysbiosis to decrease Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and the abundances of Enterococcus,Streptococcus,Bacteroides and Lactobacillus genera,which further inhibited bile salt hydrolase(BSH)activity and blocked bile acid(BA)deconjugation.Fecal microbiome transplantation test showed that the anti-PD effect of dioscin was gut microbiota-dependent.In addition,non-targeted fecal metabolomics assays revealed many differential metabolites in adjusting steroid biosynthesis and primary bile acid biosynthesis.Moreover,targeted bile acid metabolomics assay indicated that dioscin increased the levels of ursodeoxycholic acid,tauroursodeoxycholic acid,taurodeoxycholic acid and bmuricholic acid in feces and serum.In addition,ursodeoxycholic acid administration markedly improved the protective effects of dioscin against PD in mice.Mechanistic test indicated that dioscin significantly up-regulated the levels of takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5),glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor(GLP-1R),GLP-1,superoxide dismutase(SOD),and down-regulated NADPH oxidases 2(NOX2)and nuclear factor-kappaB(NF-kB)levels.Our data indicated that dioscin ameliorated PD phenotype by restoring gut dysbiosis and regulating bile acid-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via targeting GLP-1 signal in MPTP-induced PD mice,suggesting that the compound should be considered as a prebiotic agent to treat PD in the future.

Gut microbiome supplementation as therapy for metabolic syndrome

The gut microbiome is defined as an ecological community of commensal symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms that exist in our body.Gut microbiome dysbiosis is a condition of dysregulated and disrupted intestinal bacterial homeostasis,and recent evidence has shown that dysbiosis is related to chronic inflammation,insulin resistance,cardiovascular diseases(CVD),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),and obesity.It is well known that obesity,T2DM and CVD are caused or worsened by multiple factors like genetic predisposition,environmental factors,unhealthy high calorie diets,and sedentary lifestyle.However,recent evidence from human and mouse models suggest that the gut microbiome is also an active player in the modulation of metabolic syndrome,a set of risk factors including obesity,hyperglycemia,and dyslipidemia that increase the risk for CVD,T2DM,and other diseases.Current research aims to identify treatments to increase the number of beneficial microbiota in the gut microbiome in order to modulate metabolic syndrome by reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance.There is increasing interest in supplements,classified as prebiotics,probiotics,synbiotics,or postbiotics,and their effect on the gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome.In this review article,we have summarized current research on these supplements that are available to improve the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and to reduce the harmful ones in patients with metabolic syndrome.