No relationship between biopsy sites near the main testicular vessels or rete testis and successful sperm retrieval using conventional or microdissection biopsies in 220 non-obstructive azoospermic men

In 220 consecutive patients with non-obstructive azoospermia, sperm retrieval was attempted by a combination of conventional and microdissection testicular sperm extraction （TESE）. For sperm retrieval, 2-3 conventional biopsies were performed followed by a microdissection TESE in cases of negative conventional biopsies. During the surgery, the vasculature of the testis was assessed using the operative microscope, and the location of positive biopsies was registered in relation to the blood supply. The overall sperm retrieval rate was 58.2%. From the initial conventional biopsies, sperm could be retrieved in 46.8% of the patients. With microdissection TESE, sperm could be retrieved from an additional 11.4% of the patients. The further use of microdissection TESE improved the sperm retrieval rate significantly （P=0.017）. No significant accumulation of positive biopsies was found towards the rete testis or the main testicular vessels.

Development of a predictive model for increasing sperm retrieval sucpess by microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia

Microdissection testicular sperm extraction(micro-TESE)is widely used to treat nonobstructive azoospermia.However,a good prediction model is required to anticipate a successful sperm retrieval rate before performing micro-TESE.This retrospective study analyzed the clinical records of 200 nonobstructive azoospermia patients between January 2021 and December 2021.The backward method was used to perform binary logistic regression analysis and identify factors that predicted a successful micro-TESE sperm retrieval.The prediction model was constructed using acquired regression coefficients,and its predictive performance was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve.In all,67 patients(sperm retrieval rate:33.5%)underwent successful micro-TESE.Follicle-stimulating hormone,anti-Miillerian hormone,and inhibin B levels varied significantly between patients who underwent successful and unsuccessful micro-TESE.Binary logistic regression analysis yielded the following six predictors:anti-Mullerian hormone(odds ratio[OR]=0.902,95%confidence interval[Cl]:0.821-0.990),inhibin B(OR=1.012,95%Cl:1.001-1.024),Klinefelter’s syndrome(OR=0.022,95%Cl:0.002-0.243),Y chromosome microdeletion(OR=0.050,95%Cl:0.005-0.504),cryptorchidism with orchiopexy(OR=0.085,95%Cl:0.008-0.929),and idiopathic nonobstructive azoospermia(OR=0.031,95%Cl:0.003-0.277).The prediction model had an area under the curve of 0.720(95%Cl:0.645-0.794),sensitivity of 65.7%,specificity of 72.2%,Youden index of 0.379,and cut-off value of 0.305 overall,indicating good predictive value and accuracy.This model can assist clinicians and nonobstructive azoospermia patients in decision-making and avoiding negative micro-TESE results.

Testis sperm extraction

The last 20 years have produced developments in the treatment for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA)who were once considered to be infertile.The combination of intracytoplasmic sperm injection together with various testicular sperm retrieval techniques,including conventional testicular sperm extraction(TESE),microdissection TESE(micro-TESE)and fine needle aspiration(FNA),have revolutionized treatment for these men.In men with NOA,isolated regions of spermatogenesis within the testis are common.The goal for all types of sperm retrieval procedures is locating the focal region(s)of spermatogenesis,and harvesting the sperm for assisted reproduction.This review article explores the surgical management of men with NOA and describes all techniques that can be used for testicular sperm retrieval.A PubMed search was conducted using the key words:“sperm extraction”,“NOA”,“testicular FNA”,“testicular mapping”,“TESE”,and“testicular biopsy”.All articles were reviewed.Articles were included if they provided data on sperm retrieval rates.The methods for performing sperm retrieval rates and outcomes of the various techniques are outlined.Micro-TESE has a higher sperm retrieval rates with fewer postoperative complications and negative effects on testicular function compared with conventional TESE.

Sperm retrieval rates and clinical outcomes for patients with different causes of azoospermia who undergo microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection

The aim of our study was to compare the sperm retrieval rates(SRRs)and clinical outcomes of patients with different causes of azoospermia who underwent microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection(micro-TESE-ICSI).We conducted a retrospective study at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital in Beijing,China,from January 2014 to December 2017.This study examined 769 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia who underwent 347 cycles of micro-TESE-ICSI.Patients with azoospermia were classified into Group A(Klinefelter syndrome,n=284,125 cycles),Group B(azoospermia Y chromosome factor c[AZFc]microdeletion,n=91,64 cycles),Group C(cryptorchidism,n=52,39 cycles),Group D(previous mumps and bilateral orchitis,n=23,23 cycles),and Group E(idiopathic azoospermia,n=319,96 cycles).Clinical characteristics,SRR,embryonic development,and pregnancy outcomes of the patients were compared between all groups.Patients in Group D had the highest and most successful SRR.The average SRR for all patients was 46.0%.The rates of clinical pregnancy,implantation,and live birth in Group D were 78.3%,65.0%,and 74.0%,respectively,which were higher than those in all other groups(P<0.05).Group B patients had the lowest clinical pregnancy,implantation,and live birth rates of all groups(P<0.05).No differences were found in the miscarriage rate or birth defects among the groups(P>0.05).Patients with orchitis had the highest SRR and best clinical outcomes.Although AZFc microdeletion patients had a higher SRR,their clinical outcomes were worse.

Clinical outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection with fresh or cryopreserved sperm in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia

We performed this study to evaluate the clinical outcomes of microdissection testicular sperm extraction-intracytoplasmic sperm injection(micro-TESE-ICSI)treatment that used fresh or cryopreserved sperm in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA).A total of 338 NOA patients with 344 consecutive cycles received treatment in the reproductive medicine center of Peking University Third Hospital in Beijing,China,from January 2014 to December 2017.Fresh oocytes and fresh sperm were used in 222 patients with 234 cycles(Group A).Fresh oocytes and cryopreserved sperm were used in 116 patients with 110 cycles(Group B).We compared patient characteristics,embryonic development,and pregnancy outcomes between Groups A and B.There was no statistical difference in the patient characteristics,and no differences were observed with fertilization or quality embryo rates between Groups A and B.The rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth were both higher for Group A than those for Group B(both P<0.05).In conclusion,fresh testicular sperm appears to produce better ICSI outcomes than cryopreserved testicular sperm in patients with NOA.

Predictive factors for successful sperm retrieval by microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia and a history of cryptorchidism

This study aims to explore the factors influencing the success rate of the microdissection testicular sperm extraction(Micro-TESE)in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)and cryptorchidism.Clinical data of 162 patients with cryptorchidism who underwent Micro-TESE due to infertility from December 2015 to May 2020 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were analyzed retrospectively.In the univariate analysis,significant differences in the age of patient at the time of orchidopexy(median[interquartile range,IQR]:7.0[4.0–11.0]years vs 11.5[9.0–14.5]years,P<0.001),interval between orchidopexy and Micro-TESE(mean±standard deviation:17.5±5.0 years vs 14.4±4.4 years,P<0.001),severity of cryptorchidism(unilateral[62.8%]vs bilateral[31.6%],P<0.001;location of cryptorchidism,intra-abdominal[27.3%]vs inguinal[44.8%]vs suprascrotal[66.7%],P<0.001),volume of the dominant testis(median[IQR]:17.00[15.00–19.00]ml vs 14.50[11.75–16.25]ml,P<0.001),and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH;P=0.004)and testosterone(P=0.006)were observed between the successful and failed sperm extraction groups.After conducting the multivariate analysis,four of these factors,including unilateral/bilateral cryptorchidism(P<0.001),location of cryptorchidism(P=0.032),age of orchidopexy(P<0.001),and dominant testicular volume,were adopted in the clinical prediction model to evaluate preoperatively the success rate of Micro-TESE for patients with NOA and cryptorchidism.The likelihood of successful sperm retrieval by Micro-TESE in men with NOA and cryptorchidism increased in patients with mild forms of cryptorchidism.

A preliminary study of sperm identification in microdissection testicular sperm extraction samples with deep convolutional neural networks

Sperm identification and selection is an essential task when processing human testicular samples for in vitro fertilization.Locating and identifying sperm cell(s)in human testicular biopsy samples is labor intensive and time consuming.We developed a new computer-aided sperm analysis(CASA)system,which utilizes deep learning for near human-level performance on testicular sperm extraction(TESE),trained on a custom dataset.The system automates the identification of sperm in testicular biopsy samples.A dataset of 702 de-identified images from testicular biopsy samples of 30 patients was collected.Each image was normalized and passed through glare filters and diffraction correction.The data were split 80%,10%,and 10%into training,validation,and test sets,respectively.Then,a deep object detection network,composed of a feature extraction network and object detection network,was trained on this dataset.The model was benchmarked against embryologists’performance on the detection task.Our deep learning CASA system achieved a mean average precision(mAP)of 0.741,with an average recall(AR)of 0.376 on our dataset.Our proposed method can work in real time;its speed is effectively limited only by the imaging speed of the microscope.Our results indicate that deep learning-based technologies can improve the efficiency of finding sperm in testicular biopsy samples.

Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes of Single Sperm Cryopreservation in Patients Underwent Micro-TESE

For men with severe oligozoospermia, sperm cryopreservation can preserve surgically obtained sperm. How to cryopreserve single sperm in men is still a hot topic in assisted reproduction technology. Aim to analyze the laboratory and pregnancy outcomes of single sperm cryopreservation group, we retrospectively selected 38 cycles underwent single sperm cryopreservation and thawing as the study group and 618 cycles underwent conventional sperm cryopreservation and thawing as the control group, which were performed in the reproductive medicine center of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, from April 2014 to October 2023. All the sperm came from microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE), and performed intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for fertilization. Zygotes were cultured to Day 3 embryo, which were freshly transferred to female uterus. Surplus embryos were cultured to blastosphere and cryopreserved. There was no statistical difference in female/male age, female BMI, infertility duration and female basal sex hormone (FSH, LH E2, AMH), No. of oocytes retrieved per cycle, No. of ICSI oocytes per cycle and No. of embryos transferred per cycle between the two groups (P > 0.05). No significant difference was found in two-pronuclear oocyte fertilization rate (59.23% VS 58.84%), Day 3 available embryo rate (61.81% VS 63.55%), Day 3 good-quality embryo rate (45.73% VS 50.27%), blastocyst formation rate (47.83% VS 49.46%), the implantation rate (47.37% VS 52.16%), clinical pregnancy rate (36.84% VS 47.18%), miscarriage rate (14.29% VS 12.68%) and live birth rate (85.71% VS 81.70%) between two groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, single-sperm cryopreservation was the optimal method to preserve sperm after micro-TESE. It can increase the utilization of each sperm and lead to clinical pregnancy.

睾丸显微取精术结局预测指标的研究进展

非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)是指由于睾丸精子发生障碍而导致精液中无精子,但睾丸中可能仍存在多处或孤立的生精灶。由于通过取精手术仍能在睾丸内获取到精子,NOA男性也可以借助ICSI生育自己的生物学后代。不同于传统睾丸取精手术,睾丸显微取精术(M-TESE)借助手术显微镜对睾丸组织进行显微解剖以寻找精子发生灶,大大提高了精子的获取率。虽然M-TESE是NOA患者获取精子的最佳方法,但阳性率不高。目前缺乏更准确的预测指标,因此生精灶的定性和定位诊断具有重要意义。本文旨在对M-TESE结局的预测因素以及未来可能具有应用价值的预测技术进行总结,为NOA的临床诊疗和研究提供参考。

微小RNA在非梗阻性无精症中的研究进展

微小RNA(miRNA)在细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等多种生物过程中发挥着关键作用。精子发生是一个非常复杂的细胞分裂分化过程,miRNA同样在其中扮演着极其重要的角色。miRNA表达失调极大影响着精子的发生,精子发生严重障碍可表现为非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)。目前,显微睾丸取精(micro-TESE)是NOA患者获精率最高的手术,但仍有一半的患者无法获取精子。最新研究发现,精浆miRNAs模型预测micro-TESE获精显示出了一定潜力。本文综述了miRNA在NOA中的作用以及精浆miRNA预测micro-TESE精子获取的相关模型,讨论了miRNA作为NOA潜在治疗靶点的可能性。

生精细胞形态学检查联合血清FSH水平检测在NOA患者M-TESE中的应用价值

目的探讨精液生精细胞形态学检查联合血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平检测在非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)患者睾丸显微取精术(M-TESE)中的应用价值。方法以2019年10月至2021年10月在该院生殖医学中心接受M-TESE的41例NOA患者为研究对象,采集精液标本进行生精细胞形态学检查和血清FSH水平检测。将精液生精细胞形态学检查检出生精细胞的患者作为阳性组,未检出生精细胞的患者作为阴性组;显微镜下找到成熟精子为M-TESE成功,未找到成熟精子为M-TESE未成功。分析两组患者的血清FSH水平和M-TESE的成功率。结果41例NOA患者中,阳性组18例,占43.9%;阴性组23例,占56.1%。M-TESE成功15例,未成功26例,总成功率为36.6%,其中阳性组M-TESE成功率为66.7%(12/18),阴性组M-TESE成功率为13.0%(3/23),两组的M-TESE成功率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。阳性组血清FSH水平为(27.2±14.2)mIU/mL,阴性组为(39.3±15.0)mIU/mL,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012)。结论NOA患者精液生精细胞形态学检查联合血清FSH水平检测对M-TESE成功率有一定的预测作用。

电生理适宜技术在睾丸显微取精术患者围手术期护理的应用研究

目的:探讨睾丸显微取精术患者围手术期护理中电生理适宜技术的应用。方法:回顾性分析本中心2021年至2022年108例行显微镜下睾丸切开取精术患者病历资料,其中常规护理患者51例,接受电生理治疗患者57例。通过VAS疼痛评分、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分、匹兹堡睡眠质量评分、kolcaba舒适状况量表评价增加电生理适宜技术的围手术期护理效果。结果:电生理适宜技术干预的患者,VAS疼痛评分(2.36±1.37 vs 4.16±1.38,P<0.001)低于对照组,kolcaba舒适状况量表(GCQ)评分(70.73±19.46 vs 52.06±17.50,P<0.001)高于对照组;焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分及匹兹堡睡眠质量评分无统计学差异。结论:电生理适宜技术在显微镜下睾丸切开取精术患者围手术期护理中可以有效改善患者的术后疼痛及舒适状况,具有临床应用价值。

不同病因非梗阻性无精子症患者睾丸切开显微取精的精子获取率比较

目的探讨不同病因引起的非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)患者睾丸切开显微取精的精子获取率;方法选取2020年1月—2022年12月在江西中医药大学附属生殖医院生殖男科住院的225例NOA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。分析患者的年龄、体质量指数、睾丸体积、生殖内分泌激素以及不同病因分类是否与精子获取率具有相关性。结果按照手术获取精子与否分为两组,其中获取精子组107例,未获取精子组118例。两组患者的年龄、睾丸体积及内分泌激素水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而按不同病因比较,腮腺炎病史、隐睾术史、Y染色体c区缺失以及克氏综合征引起的NOA患者有较高的精子获取率,特发性NOA的手术精子获取率最低(P<0.01)。结论睾丸切开显微取精术是治疗NOA的一种有效手段。针对不同的病因分类,可预测NOA患者手术精子获取率。

不同病因的非梗阻性无精子症显微镜下睾丸取精术结局研究(附1355例报道)

目的:分析不同病因的非梗阻性无精子症(non⁃obstructive azoospermia,NOA)患者经显微镜下睾丸取精术(microdis⁃section testicular sperm extraction,micro⁃TESE)的治疗结局。方法:回顾性分析上海市第一人民医院2015年3月—2022年1月1355例接受micro⁃TESE的患者,病因/危险因素包括克氏综合征(Klinefelter syndrome,KS)、Y染色体AZFc缺失、隐睾、腮腺炎性睾丸炎、放化疗、精索静脉曲张以及特发性NOA,研究分析各组患者精子获取率(sperm retrieval rate,SRR),并比较各组取精成功的妊娠结局。结果:NOA患者的总体SRR为26.2%(355/1355),其中腮腺炎性睾丸炎SRR最高(75.9%,22/29),其次分别为隐睾(70.5%,43/61)、Y染色体AZFc缺失(55.6%,30/54)、KS(47.6%,71/149)、特发性NOA(18.6%,167/897)、放化疗(15.4%,2/13),精索静脉曲张SRR最低(13.2%,20/152)。根据手术结局,将NOA患者分为取精成功组及取精失败组。特发性NOA及放化疗类型中,取精成功组卵泡刺激素(follicle⁃stimulating hormone,FSH)和黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)水平显著高于取精失败组;Y染色体AZFc缺失类型中,取精成功组FSH、LH水平显著低于取精失败组;腮腺炎性睾丸炎类型中,取精成功组睾丸体积高于取精失败组。回归分析发现年龄可作为预测特发性NOA患者取精结局的因素,年龄较高者拥有较好的取精结局。卵胞浆内单精子注射治疗的妊娠率为51.4%(200/389),活产率为73.5%(147/200)。结论:不同病因/危险因素NOA患者的SRR具有显著差异,是影响micro⁃TESE取精结局的重要指标。

显微镜下睾丸切开取精术在非梗阻性无精子症助孕治疗中的应用

目的 评估显微镜下睾丸切开取精术(microdissection testicular sperm extraction, MD-TESE)在非梗阻性无精子症(non-obstructive azoospermia, NOA)助孕治疗中的价值及其安全性。方法 回顾性分析2017年7月1日至2022年3月15日在我中心确诊为NOA的患者,共176例,根据选择取精方式的不同分为MD-TESE和睾丸穿刺取精术(testicular sperm aspiration, TESA)。比较两种取精方式的手术时间、术中出血量、血肿形成等并发症、精子获得率(sperm retrieval rate, SRR)以及体外受精的临床结局。结果 两组患者的年龄、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、睾丸体积、睾酮(testosterone, T)、促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)、抗苗勒管激素(anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH)、促卵泡生成素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)等无明显差异(P>0.05);MD-TESE组的手术时间明显长于TESA组(P<0.001);MD-TESE组术后睾丸血肿发生率为2.4%(1/42),略低于TESA组7.5%(10/134);两组均无术后感染。MD-TESE组的SRR为38.1%(16/42),显著高于TESA组的9.0%(12/134,P<0.001)。两组获得的精子用于卵胞浆内单精子显微注射技术(intracytoplasmic sperm infecting, ICSI)助孕治疗,MD-TESE组受精率、卵裂率、临床妊娠率分别为65.1%、93.9%和50.0%,TESA组受精率、卵裂率、临床妊娠率分别为58.3%、71.4%和50.0%,两组平均疗效无明显差别。结论 MD-TESE安全有效,尤其适合于隐睾、病毒性睾丸炎以及Y染色体AZFc缺失等有迫切希望生育自身遗传背景的子代的无精子症患者。

非梗阻性无精子症的遗传学病因及治疗研究进展

非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)病因复杂,是由多因素引起的具有高度遗传异质性和表型异质性的复杂疾病,其中遗传学病因包括染色体异常、Y染色体微缺失、基因突变以及表观遗传修饰等。目前尚缺乏统一有效的恢复生精功能的治疗策略。目前治疗方案主要有术前激素优化治疗、改变睾丸生精微环境、干细胞疗法等。本文对现存的NOA遗传学病因以及相关的治疗方法进行综述,以期对今后的临床治疗提供一定的指导意义。

Machine learning-based prediction of pregnancy outcomes in couples with non-obstructive azoospermia using micro-TESE for ICSI: a retrospective cohort study

Objective:To develop a clinically applicable tool for predicting clinical pregnancy,providing individualized patient counseling,and helping couples with non-obstructive azoospermia(NOA)decide whether to use fresh or cryopreserved spermatozoa for oocyte insemination before microdissection testicular sperm extraction(mTESE).Methods:A total of 240 couples with NOA who underwent mTESE-ICSI were divided into two groups based on the type of spermatozoa used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI):the fresh and cryopreserved groups.After evaluating several machine learning algorithms,logistic regression was selected.Using LASSO regression and 10-fold cross-validation,the factors associated with clinical pregnancy were analyzed.Results:The area under the curves(AUCs)for the fresh and cryopreserved groups in the Logistic Regression-based prediction model were 0.977 and 0.759,respectively.Compared with various modeling algorithms,Logistic Regression outperformed machine learning in both groups,with an AUC of 0.945 for the fresh group and 0.788 for the cryopreserved group.Conclusion:The model accurately predicted clinical pregnancies in NOA couples.

显微取精术治疗非梗阻性无精子症的疗效分析(附196例报告)

目的:探讨显微镜下睾丸切开取精术应用于非梗阻性无精子症患者的疗效,以及显微取精术的手术适应症。方法:回顾性分析自2014年9月至2017年3月在我院接受显微镜下睾丸切开取精术的196例非梗阻性无精子症病例,统计取精成功率及其与年龄、睾丸体积、FSH、病因的相关性。结果:共87例(44.4%)患者成功手术取精;按手术成功取精与否分为阳性组与阴性组比较,患者年龄、睾丸大小及血FSH无统计学差异(P>0.05);按病因分类,取精成功率分别为睾丸炎29例(100%)、隐睾下降术后16例(66.7%)、其他各种继发损害10例(55.6%)、AZFc区缺失3例(60.0%)、严重睾丸发育不良9例(40.9%)、特发性无精子症12例(21.4%)、Klinerfelter综合征8例(20.5%)、其他Y染色体异常0例(0%)。结论:显微镜下睾丸切开取精术是非梗阻性无精子症患者获取精子助孕的有效手段,其取精成功率与睾丸大小及FSH高低无关,存在明确病因的患者获精率高。

睾丸显微切开取精术在非嵌合型Klinefelter综合征患者中的临床应用及评价(附143例报告)

目的:探讨睾丸显微切开取精术在非嵌合型Klinefelter综合征患者中的临床应用及其结局。方法:总结从2012年7月至2016年8月在我院生殖医学中心行睾丸显微切开取精术的143例非嵌合型Klinefelter综合征患者的临床资料并随访其治疗结局。结果:143例非嵌合型Klinefelter综合征患者中有64例成功获取精子,精子获得率为44.76%(64/143);其中顺利获得精子的64例患者中,有84.4%(54/64)患者仅行一侧睾丸显微切开取精即成功获取足够精子,15.6%(10/64)患者需行双侧睾丸显微切开取精获得精子。随访75例患者,成功获取精子的34例患者中,临床妊娠率为73.52%(25/34),已有14例患者妻子成功分娩8个男孩与8个女孩,目前有4例患者妻子正常临床妊娠中。结论:睾丸显微切开取精术是使非嵌合型Klinefelter综合征患者成功获得自己遗传学子代的有效方法,有较高的精子获得率和临床受孕率。

非梗阻性无精子症三步法取精术及其临床意义(附73例报告)

目的:探讨非梗阻性无精子症应用三步法取精术获取睾丸精子的方法及其临床意义。方法:73例非梗阻性无精子症患者按步骤依次行睾丸细针抽吸术、睾丸活检术、睾丸显微取精术,并将每次获取的睾丸组织在倒置显微镜(×400)下寻找精子,如该步操作查见精子则终止手术,若未查找到则依次进行。同时取睾丸组织送病理行组织学检查。结果:73例患者行睾丸细针抽吸术,28例(38.4%)获得精子;行至睾丸活检术时,38例(52.1%)获得精子;行至睾丸显微取精术时,47例(64.4%)获得精子。病理学检查结果为唯支持细胞综合征型25例,其中10例查到精子,精子成熟阻滞型21例,其中14例查找到精子,精子发生低下型27例,其中23例查到精子。结论:三步法取精术能够有效地提高患者精子获得率;其精子获得率与睾丸组织学类型相关,其中精子发生低下型精子获得率较高。