The paper presents and examines the impact of corporate governance and ethics in particular on sustainable development of the Zimbabwean microfinance sector in the period 2009-2019.The critical microfinance institutio...The paper presents and examines the impact of corporate governance and ethics in particular on sustainable development of the Zimbabwean microfinance sector in the period 2009-2019.The critical microfinance institutions(MFIs)crisis experienced in Masvingo,Zimbabwe recently was not the first one in the world in terms of its severity.The main aim of MFIs in any economy is to serve the poor and vulnerable people of a society through providing them with soft or concessional loans,insurance coverage,and facilities for savings.The study used the descriptive qualitative design to draw research data from MFIs dotted in and around Masvingo Province for presentation,analysis,and interpretation.One of the major findings of the study was that corporate governance and ethics played an indispensable role in the growth and development of MFIs’products and services.The study also realized that good corporate governance and ethical behaviours in business practices were essential for the success of any organization and vice versa and MFIs were no exception.The study therefore concluded that poor capital formation,corporate governance and ethics,human recruitment and selection procedures and fraudulent activities or misappropriation of funds were responsible for the majority of threats faced by MFIs in Masvingo in their growth and development endeavours.Therefore the study recommended that directors of MFIs should craft policies and strategies that are corporate governance and ethics oriented in their desire to grow their business towards sustainable development in the foreseeable future.展开更多
The aim of this research is to extract information from married female clients who utilize financing,empowering,and other facilities provided by Microfinance Institutions(MFIs).Quantitative descriptive approach is use...The aim of this research is to extract information from married female clients who utilize financing,empowering,and other facilities provided by Microfinance Institutions(MFIs).Quantitative descriptive approach is used in order to describe MFIs.Specifically,the difference between MFIs in each area will be overviewed by using statistical instruments of testing for a difference between means and independent F-test.On the other hand,descriptive qualitative approach is used to review the social interactions of female clients.The results of this research have uncovered some facts.First,however,Difference-Between-Two-Means Test has revealed that no significant difference is found.This shows that the empowering aspect that has been done by MFIs conforms with the standard.Second,the fact that no significant difference is found in the empowering process has been backed by data that reveals relatively small loans scale,similarity in business models,unvaried necessity,relatively small expenditure and living cost,low access to education,and good accessibility to MFIs.Third,business models that are desirable by female clients have these characteristics:only requiring a minimum amount of capital;durable;fast-moving;focusing more on costumers;adaptable;contributing to the socieW's economy;flexible;having a set amount of freedom.展开更多
The wave of global financial crises(2008-2009)caused a surge in the capital flows of developed countries particularly,between developed and developing countries.The crunch hit all financial sectors with unanticipated ...The wave of global financial crises(2008-2009)caused a surge in the capital flows of developed countries particularly,between developed and developing countries.The crunch hit all financial sectors with unanticipated severity.The study evaluates the role of a country’s political practices in moderating the impact of global financial crunch on microfinance performance.Using the fixed effect panel regression method on the dataset comprising of 95 MFIs operating in South Asia from 2003 to 2012,we determine that microfinance operational capability shares a positive relationship with the institutional attributes of a country and our output reveals that impact of country’s political practices is pervasive on the financial output of MFIs,liable to different levels of implementation.The findings further reveals that MFIs situated in countries having vigorous political practices are less severely affected by the economic crunch.展开更多
In Lebanon, as in some countries, the major financial institutions in the economy experienced by the country in the aftermath of independence were banks and insurance companies. However, the operation of these financi...In Lebanon, as in some countries, the major financial institutions in the economy experienced by the country in the aftermath of independence were banks and insurance companies. However, the operation of these financial institutions obeys to some requirements that are not often likely to allow economic agents with low purchasing power to obtain the necessary funds to finance their production activities. Microfinance therefore comes in as the beginning of seeking effective market oriented solutions to the provision of substantial and effective financial resource for poor groups of people who do not have access to financial service from formal government and private financial institution. Microfinance Institutions （MFIs） are created for a social and sometimes non-profit objective. In Lebanon, many limitations hinder the development of MFIs including the lack of regulations, economic conditions, insecurity, political conflict, financial resources, and the risk of interest rates. Microfinance in Lebanon saw the light during the 1975-1990 Civil War through programs of charitable and community organizations, and really started to develop only in the second half of the 1990s. Capping interest rates may affect the access of poor people to financial services. The problem is that the granting of very small loans involves inevitably higher administrative costs than those offered by traditional bank loans. Therefore, MFIs that seek profitability should have higher interest rates than those charged by traditional banks. By providing money to poor people, how do MFIs in Lebanon reduce the credit risk？ This theme＇s treatment requires a qualitative analysis development. Indeed, after the selection of a representative sample, semi-structured interviews were done with the MFIs managers, and several researches done on this topic were analyzed. The data obtained from the above are treated by the triangulation of different data and the interviews analysis by the method of discourse content analysis. In addition, a literature review was done through scientific journals, books, newspapers, and websites.展开更多
This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure....This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure. The objective-of the study was investigation on Thai microfinance institution marketing structure by using Concentration Ratio （CR） and Herfindahl Hirschman Index （HHI）. The data of the study focus on the outstanding loans market share of microfinance institutions （MFIs）. The market share of the outstanding loans of MFIs from the largest to the smallest is as follows： Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives （BAAC）, Village Fund Cooperatives, Government Saving Bank （GSB）, Pawnshop, Self Help group： Saving Group, Commercial Bank, Self Help Group： Sudja Group and Isalamic Bank （IB）, respectively. It stated that CR by outstanding loans is as follows： Cr 1, 59.35%; Cr 3, 81.11%; Cr 6, 92.14%; and Cr 9, 94.37%. At the same time HHI is 0.38. Additionally, BAAC remains the majority MFIs even though there are the other MFIs available in the microfinance system. The main role of providing the microfinance services mostly derived from BAAC.展开更多
The idea of this survey on microfinance in Panama arises from the importance of this financial sector in Latin America, in particular this paper analyzes the system of microcredit and estimate, among other things, the...The idea of this survey on microfinance in Panama arises from the importance of this financial sector in Latin America, in particular this paper analyzes the system of microcredit and estimate, among other things, the financial needs of the institutions of microcredit as a potential target of international investment. The present paper aims to provide a cognitive framework on microcredit in Panama. It wants to demonstrate how this country can be an area in which international investors can operate considering that this form of credit can improve their yields especially in countries, such as Panama, characterized by high interest rates. Under the methodological point of view, the paper considers the financial variables of microcredit in Panama. In this way, it reaches the goal of the research to identify MFIs （micro finance institutions） as a potential target of investors.展开更多
China＇s evolutionary reform brought China economy enormous progress, which also subsided the poverty phenomenon. But the present anti-poverty task is still very arduous for China today. Peasant household＇s microfina...China＇s evolutionary reform brought China economy enormous progress, which also subsided the poverty phenomenon. But the present anti-poverty task is still very arduous for China today. Peasant household＇s microfinance is a kind of important tool which contributes to the poverty alleviation. The sustainable development of microfinance has become a serous problem at present. This text analyses the sustainable development of microfinance through setting up the income model of microfinance, then puts forward the way to solve.展开更多
In Myanmar, the formal financial institution does not provide uncollateralized credits. The rural unbanked under the poverty line is depending on the informal money-lenders with high interest rate. Private Agency Coll...In Myanmar, the formal financial institution does not provide uncollateralized credits. The rural unbanked under the poverty line is depending on the informal money-lenders with high interest rate. Private Agency Collaboration Together is only one microfinance institution providing the credits without collateral and with low interest rate to the unbanked in Myanmar. Half of the unbanked are unable to borrow the loans from the microfinance institution because of the weakness of the information contribution and the strict legal policies of the microfinance institution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a system to improve the relationship between the microfinance institution and the unbanked by reducing the obstacles in the current system ofmicrofinance institution. The legal policy is studied from the vision of the local unbanked as the originality of this research and the /-System methodology is applied to accomplish the research. The current system comprises the information contribution, loans and legal policies. The current system is only one relationship between the microfinance institution and unbanked. When the ten obstacles occurred in the current system, the unbanked cannot approach to the microfinance institution. An access system including four sub-systems is developed depending on the collected ideas to solve these obstacles and intend to improve the relationship between microfinance institution and the unbanked.展开更多
文摘The paper presents and examines the impact of corporate governance and ethics in particular on sustainable development of the Zimbabwean microfinance sector in the period 2009-2019.The critical microfinance institutions(MFIs)crisis experienced in Masvingo,Zimbabwe recently was not the first one in the world in terms of its severity.The main aim of MFIs in any economy is to serve the poor and vulnerable people of a society through providing them with soft or concessional loans,insurance coverage,and facilities for savings.The study used the descriptive qualitative design to draw research data from MFIs dotted in and around Masvingo Province for presentation,analysis,and interpretation.One of the major findings of the study was that corporate governance and ethics played an indispensable role in the growth and development of MFIs’products and services.The study also realized that good corporate governance and ethical behaviours in business practices were essential for the success of any organization and vice versa and MFIs were no exception.The study therefore concluded that poor capital formation,corporate governance and ethics,human recruitment and selection procedures and fraudulent activities or misappropriation of funds were responsible for the majority of threats faced by MFIs in Masvingo in their growth and development endeavours.Therefore the study recommended that directors of MFIs should craft policies and strategies that are corporate governance and ethics oriented in their desire to grow their business towards sustainable development in the foreseeable future.
文摘The aim of this research is to extract information from married female clients who utilize financing,empowering,and other facilities provided by Microfinance Institutions(MFIs).Quantitative descriptive approach is used in order to describe MFIs.Specifically,the difference between MFIs in each area will be overviewed by using statistical instruments of testing for a difference between means and independent F-test.On the other hand,descriptive qualitative approach is used to review the social interactions of female clients.The results of this research have uncovered some facts.First,however,Difference-Between-Two-Means Test has revealed that no significant difference is found.This shows that the empowering aspect that has been done by MFIs conforms with the standard.Second,the fact that no significant difference is found in the empowering process has been backed by data that reveals relatively small loans scale,similarity in business models,unvaried necessity,relatively small expenditure and living cost,low access to education,and good accessibility to MFIs.Third,business models that are desirable by female clients have these characteristics:only requiring a minimum amount of capital;durable;fast-moving;focusing more on costumers;adaptable;contributing to the socieW's economy;flexible;having a set amount of freedom.
文摘The wave of global financial crises(2008-2009)caused a surge in the capital flows of developed countries particularly,between developed and developing countries.The crunch hit all financial sectors with unanticipated severity.The study evaluates the role of a country’s political practices in moderating the impact of global financial crunch on microfinance performance.Using the fixed effect panel regression method on the dataset comprising of 95 MFIs operating in South Asia from 2003 to 2012,we determine that microfinance operational capability shares a positive relationship with the institutional attributes of a country and our output reveals that impact of country’s political practices is pervasive on the financial output of MFIs,liable to different levels of implementation.The findings further reveals that MFIs situated in countries having vigorous political practices are less severely affected by the economic crunch.
文摘In Lebanon, as in some countries, the major financial institutions in the economy experienced by the country in the aftermath of independence were banks and insurance companies. However, the operation of these financial institutions obeys to some requirements that are not often likely to allow economic agents with low purchasing power to obtain the necessary funds to finance their production activities. Microfinance therefore comes in as the beginning of seeking effective market oriented solutions to the provision of substantial and effective financial resource for poor groups of people who do not have access to financial service from formal government and private financial institution. Microfinance Institutions （MFIs） are created for a social and sometimes non-profit objective. In Lebanon, many limitations hinder the development of MFIs including the lack of regulations, economic conditions, insecurity, political conflict, financial resources, and the risk of interest rates. Microfinance in Lebanon saw the light during the 1975-1990 Civil War through programs of charitable and community organizations, and really started to develop only in the second half of the 1990s. Capping interest rates may affect the access of poor people to financial services. The problem is that the granting of very small loans involves inevitably higher administrative costs than those offered by traditional bank loans. Therefore, MFIs that seek profitability should have higher interest rates than those charged by traditional banks. By providing money to poor people, how do MFIs in Lebanon reduce the credit risk？ This theme＇s treatment requires a qualitative analysis development. Indeed, after the selection of a representative sample, semi-structured interviews were done with the MFIs managers, and several researches done on this topic were analyzed. The data obtained from the above are treated by the triangulation of different data and the interviews analysis by the method of discourse content analysis. In addition, a literature review was done through scientific journals, books, newspapers, and websites.
文摘This paper was devoted to analyzing the structure of microfinance in Thailand. The theory of industrial organization （IO） was applied as a guideline to measure the degree of monopoly power in microfinance structure. The objective-of the study was investigation on Thai microfinance institution marketing structure by using Concentration Ratio （CR） and Herfindahl Hirschman Index （HHI）. The data of the study focus on the outstanding loans market share of microfinance institutions （MFIs）. The market share of the outstanding loans of MFIs from the largest to the smallest is as follows： Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives （BAAC）, Village Fund Cooperatives, Government Saving Bank （GSB）, Pawnshop, Self Help group： Saving Group, Commercial Bank, Self Help Group： Sudja Group and Isalamic Bank （IB）, respectively. It stated that CR by outstanding loans is as follows： Cr 1, 59.35%; Cr 3, 81.11%; Cr 6, 92.14%; and Cr 9, 94.37%. At the same time HHI is 0.38. Additionally, BAAC remains the majority MFIs even though there are the other MFIs available in the microfinance system. The main role of providing the microfinance services mostly derived from BAAC.
文摘The idea of this survey on microfinance in Panama arises from the importance of this financial sector in Latin America, in particular this paper analyzes the system of microcredit and estimate, among other things, the financial needs of the institutions of microcredit as a potential target of international investment. The present paper aims to provide a cognitive framework on microcredit in Panama. It wants to demonstrate how this country can be an area in which international investors can operate considering that this form of credit can improve their yields especially in countries, such as Panama, characterized by high interest rates. Under the methodological point of view, the paper considers the financial variables of microcredit in Panama. In this way, it reaches the goal of the research to identify MFIs （micro finance institutions） as a potential target of investors.
文摘China＇s evolutionary reform brought China economy enormous progress, which also subsided the poverty phenomenon. But the present anti-poverty task is still very arduous for China today. Peasant household＇s microfinance is a kind of important tool which contributes to the poverty alleviation. The sustainable development of microfinance has become a serous problem at present. This text analyses the sustainable development of microfinance through setting up the income model of microfinance, then puts forward the way to solve.
文摘In Myanmar, the formal financial institution does not provide uncollateralized credits. The rural unbanked under the poverty line is depending on the informal money-lenders with high interest rate. Private Agency Collaboration Together is only one microfinance institution providing the credits without collateral and with low interest rate to the unbanked in Myanmar. Half of the unbanked are unable to borrow the loans from the microfinance institution because of the weakness of the information contribution and the strict legal policies of the microfinance institution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a system to improve the relationship between the microfinance institution and the unbanked by reducing the obstacles in the current system ofmicrofinance institution. The legal policy is studied from the vision of the local unbanked as the originality of this research and the /-System methodology is applied to accomplish the research. The current system comprises the information contribution, loans and legal policies. The current system is only one relationship between the microfinance institution and unbanked. When the ten obstacles occurred in the current system, the unbanked cannot approach to the microfinance institution. An access system including four sub-systems is developed depending on the collected ideas to solve these obstacles and intend to improve the relationship between microfinance institution and the unbanked.
