Full-Scale Numerical Simulation of the Local Scour Under Combined Current and Wave Conditions Based on Field Data

The monopile is the most common foundation to support offshore wind turbines.In the marine environment,local scour due to combined currents and waves is a significant issue that must be considered in the design of wind turbine foundations.In this paper,a full-scale numerical model was developed and validated based on field data from Rudong,China.The scour development around monopiles was investigated,and the effects of waves and the Reynolds number Re were analyzed.Several formulas for predicting the scour depth in the literature have been evaluated.It is found that waves can accelerate scour development even if the KC number is small(0.78<KC<1.57).The formula obtained from small-scale model tests may be unsafe or wasteful when it is applied in practical design due to the scale effect.A new equation for predicting the scour depth based on the average pile Reynolds number(Rea)is proposed and validated with field data.The equilibrium scour depth predicted using the proposed equation is evaluated and compared with those from nine equations in the literature.It is demonstrated that the values predicted from the proposed equation and from the S/M(Sheppard/Melville)equation are closer to the field data.

Experimental, Numerical and Simplified Theoretical Model Study for Internal Solitary Wave Load on FPSO with Emphasis on Scale Effect

Scale effect of ISWs loads on Floating Production Storage and Offloading(FPSO) is studied in this paper. The application conditions of KdV, eKdV and MCC ISWs theories are used in the numerical method. The depthaveraged velocities induced by ISWs are used for the velocity-inlet boundary. Three scale ratio numerical models λ=1, 20 and 300 were selected, which the scale ratio is the size ratio of numerical models to the experimental model.The comparisons between the numerical and former experimental results are performed to verify the feasibility of numerical method. The comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results are performed to discuss the applicability of the simplified theoretical model summarized from the load experiments. Firstly, the numerical results of λ=1 numerical model showed a good agreement with former experimental and simplified theoretical results. It is feasible to simulate the ISWs loads on FPSO by the numerical method. Secondly, the comparisons between the results of three scale ratio numerical models and experimental results indicated that the scale ratios have more significant influence on the experimental horizontal forces than the vertical forces. The scale effect of horizontal forces mainly results from the different viscosity effects associated with the model’s dimension.Finally, through the comparisons between the numerical and simplified theoretical results for three scale ratio models, the simplified theoretical model of the pressure difference and friction forces exerted by ISWs on FPSO is applied for large-scale or full-scale FPSO.

Simulation study on fluctuant flow stress scale effect

Crystal plasticity theory was used to simulate upsetting tests of different dimensions and grain size micro copper cylinders in this study on the fluctuant flow stress scale effect. Results showed that with the decrease of billet grain quantity, flow stress fluctuation is not always increased, but there is a maximum. Through this study, the fluctuant flow stress scale effect can be understood deeper, and relevant necessary information was obtained for further prediction and control of this scale effect and to design the microforming process and die.

Direct numerical simulation of compressible isotropic turbulence

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of decaying compressible isotropic turbulence at tur-bulence Mach numbers of Mt = 0.2-0.7 and Taylor Reynolds numbers of 72 and 153 is per-formed by using the 7th order upwind-biased difference and 8th order center difference schemes.Results show that proper upwind-biased difference schemes can release the limit of 'start-up'problem to Mach numbers.Compressibility effects on the statistics of turbulent flow as well as the mechanics of shockletsin compressible turbulence are also studied, and the conclusion is drawn that high Mach numberleads to more dissipation. Scaling laws in compressible turbulence are also analyzed. Evidence isobtained that scaling laws and extended self similarity (ESS) hold in the compressible turbulentflow in spite of the presence of shocklets, and compressibility has little effect on scaling exponents.

imulation and Discussion on the Decreasing Flow Stress Scale Effect

The miniaturization of products requires the mass production of microparts.The microforming can well meet this requirement.Due to the emergence of decreasing flow stress scale effect in the micro scale,the traditional forming process and theory may fail.Based on the crystal plasticity theory,upsetting tests of micro copper cylinders with different dimensions and grain sizes were simulated,and the decreasing flow stress scale effect was studied and discussed.Results show that with the decrease of billet dimensions,the flow stress is gradually decreased,and the decreasing flow stress scale effect is emerged;with the increase of grain size,the decreasing flow stress scale effect is more remarkable.It can also be seen that the decreasing flow stress scale effect can be well simulated with the crystal plasticity theory,and the necessary relevant information is provided for deeper understanding on this scale effect,as well as the design of processes and die structures in the microforming.

A continuum traffic flow model with the consideration of coupling effect for two-lane freeways

A new higher-order continuum model is proposed by considering the coupling and lane changing effects of the vehicles on two adjacent lanes. A stability analysis of the proposed model provides the conditions that ensure its linear stability. Issues related to lane changing, shock waves and rarefaction waves, local clustering and phase transition are also investigated with numerical experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed model is capable of providing explanations to some particular traffic phenomena commonly observable in real traffic flows.

数值模拟技术在微成形研究中的应用

微成形技术具备高生产效率、高材料利用率和优异的成形质量,是一种极具发展前景的高精度加工技术。数值模拟技术作为一种先进的研究手段,可以在塑性加工中对材料的变形和工艺可行性等进行评估和预测,达到节约生产成本、缩短研发周期的作用。主要综述了数值模拟技术在微成形研究中的典型应用。介绍了数值模拟技术在研究材料性质和材料变形方面的应用,包括利用Voronoi方法和晶体塑性方法建立金属多晶体模型,研究了微成形过程中材料的变形机制和尺寸效应,建立了材料摩擦函数、构建了零件粗糙表面,研究了微成形过程中的摩擦行为;将晶粒大小、晶体取向与板料模型相关联,研究了微成形过程中薄板的回弹行为和成形极限。除此之外,也介绍了近年来微成形领域的许多新成形技术,如激光辅助微成形、水射流增量微成形、超声辅助微成形,以及数值模拟方法在这些新微成形技术方面的应用。最后,总结了数值模拟技术在微成形研究中所起的作用,并展望了该领域的未来发展趋势。

基于改进MCFT的GFRP-RC梁抗剪承载力分析

通过三维细观数值模拟方法,建立了大尺寸GFRP筋混凝土(GFRP-RC)梁剪切破坏力学分析模型,研究了剪跨比、纵筋率和梁深对GFRP-RC梁裂缝倾角及荷载-位移曲线的影响规律。并以修正压力场理论(MCFT)为基础,根据剪切裂缝宽度沿梁深变化的特点,建立了考虑裂缝宽度沿梁深变化的平均裂缝宽度计算模型,提高了修正压力场简化公式的计算精度。鉴于此,提出能考虑剪跨比及大尺寸影响的无腹筋GFRPRC梁抗剪承载力计算方法,并通过213组试验和模拟数据验证其合理性及准确性。与规范计算结果相比较,结果表明,本文所建立的平均裂缝宽度计算模型合理有效,基于此得到的MCFT简化公式能较好的预测大尺寸无腹筋GFRP-RC梁的抗剪承载力,为GFRP-RC梁的抗剪设计提供了理论参考和方法。

2007号台风“海高斯”的多尺度能量分布及转化特征分析

2020年第7号台风“海高斯”在广东省造成大风、暴雨灾害,细致研究其多尺度能量分布及转化特征有助于更好地认识和防御类似的台风灾害。运用WRF模式对台风“海高斯”进行了数值模拟,使用Barnes滤波方法将模拟结果分离为大尺度背景场(>2000 km)、α中尺度系统(200~2000 km)、β中小尺度系统(<200 km)等三个尺度分量,分别计算三个尺度动能、有效位能的分布及变化。结果表明:(1)台风“海高斯”活跃期内,大尺度背景场动能先增加后稳定,α中尺度动能先增加后减少,β中小尺度动能变化不明显。动能的主要来源是有效位能的转化及气压梯度力做功,主要去向是水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度动能主要分布于对流层低层。(2)大尺度背景场有效位能有两次先增加后减少的过程,α中尺度和β中小尺度有效位能先增加后减少。有效位能的主要来源是非绝热加热,主要去向是转化为动能和水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度有效位能主要分布于对流层高层。(3)台风“海高斯”能量转化区域主要为距台风中心200 km以内台风眼壁及中心密集云盖区域对流层上层、距台风中心200—700 km台风外围区域对流层上层、距台风中心400 km以内对流层低层。

库水升降作用下浮托减重型滑坡稳定性研究

大坝建成后形成众多涉水滑坡。为研究库水位升降作用对涉水边坡稳定性的影响机制,基于重大涉水滑坡分类,针对浮托减重型滑坡,运用自主研制的滑坡模型试验系统,建立浮托减重型滑坡模型进行库水升降作用试验。试验结果表明,库水位升高,滑坡模型体内有效应力随之减小;库水位降低,有效应力随之增大。对于模型试验过程,运用Geo-studio软件进行渗流及稳定性计算,对照试验结果与数值模拟结果得出土压力及孔隙水压力渗流模拟变化情况与试验实测变化情况基本吻合。库水位上升阶段,滑坡稳定性系数随之减小;库水位下降阶段,滑坡稳定性系数随之降低。由此分析得出库水升降对浮托减重型滑坡稳定性的影响规律是:库水位上升引起滑坡体内阻滑段有效应力随之减小,导致滑坡稳定性降低;库水位下降引起滑坡体内阻滑段有效应力随之增加,使得滑坡稳定性提高。

大型冷却塔风荷载的数值模拟研究

针对单体和双塔情况下冷却塔的风荷载进行CFD数值模拟计算,获得冷却塔表面的压力系数。单个冷却塔CFD模拟的结果与规范数据比较接近,说明CFD方法的准确性,同时也发现一些偏差,并对偏差产生的原因进行分析。研究了因雷诺数不同而导致的单塔缩尺效应,发现实尺和缩尺模型的计算结果在最大正压和平台区有差别。分析双塔之间的干扰作用,针对不同风向角可分为尾流直接作用、尾流和临近干扰共同作用、临近干扰作用三个区域。

微气泡减阻的数值模拟方法及尺寸效应

分别采用混合物模型、欧拉双流体模型和相群平衡模型对底部通气的二维平板微气泡减阻效果进行了模拟分析,探讨了气泡直径、喷气速度对微气泡减阻率的影响,并对其尺度效应进行研究.结果表明:减小气泡直径可以增加微气泡减阻率;在一定的范围内,减阻率随着喷气速度的增加而增大,但喷气速度过小或过大都将影响减阻效果;相群平衡模型比其他2种模型的数值模拟结果更接近于试验结果;由于物体尺寸增加所致的雷诺数增大在一定程度上会降低微气泡减阻率.

微成形摩擦研究进展

评述了微成形在微细加工领域中的优势及存在的挑战。介绍了近年来体积微成形和板材微成形在摩擦的尺寸效应、摩擦模型、数值模拟中对摩擦的处理以及润滑方法等方面的研究进展。分析了当前微成形摩擦研究中存在的问题。展望了微成形摩擦有待研究的方向。

实尺度船舶快速性数值模拟方法综述

实尺度船舶快速性数值模拟方法是国内外关注和研究的重点。实船的水动力性能大多是通过模型尺度的结果外推得到的,然而船模不能同时满足傅汝德数与雷诺数相等,且一些外推方法的准确性还有待考证。论文从实尺度数值模拟的尺度效应问题出发,简要介绍船舶数值模拟方面的关键问题,并从网格、湍流模型、时间步长和壁面粗糙度等角度归纳和分析实尺度船舶快速性数值模拟方法的研究现状。基于研究现状,提出尚需进一步解决的问题。该文旨在介绍目前实尺度船舶快速性的研究进展,希望为今后船舶水动力性能研究提供参考。

微尺度效应对聚合物熔体壁面滑移影响的研究

在分析聚合物熔体的壁面滑移机理和微通道中尺度效应对壁面滑移的影响基础上,通过对Hatzikiriakos所建壁面滑移模型滑移系数的修正,建立了微通道的壁面滑移模型。采用修正前和修正后壁面滑移模型,通过数值模拟,计算出了直径为0.5mm的微通道中在不同剪切速率下的滑移速度和压力降。对比计算结果,修正后的滑移模型计算出的滑移速度减小了,而压力降增加了。通过与试验测得的压力降对比,根据修正后的壁面滑移模型计算出的压力降更接近试验值。

农业节水灌溉尺度分析方法研究进展

在阐述节水灌溉尺度效应内涵和尺度效应存在原因的基础上,从数据获取途径、节水尺度效应描述方法和节水尺度转换方法等3个方面当前的发展进行了评述,并探讨了节水尺度分析方法的主要发展趋势。现有研究成果表明,试验监测、遥感和GIS技术是数据获取、分析的主要途径;不同尺度试验方法和数值模拟方法在一定程度上描述了水均衡要素的尺度效应以及作物与水、肥的响应关系;而分形理论、地质统计学和小波分析等非线性理论在尺度转换方面也有一些研究工作。针对目前研究情况,指出了大尺度上水循环描述和不同尺度间水均衡变量尺度转换等尺度分析方面的研究,是重点发展方向和主要研究内容。

堆石体应力变形细观模拟的随机散粒体不连续变形模型及其应用

从细观角度建立堆石体的随机散粒体不连续变形(SGDD)模型,该模型采用蒙特卡罗法建立堆石体的随机分布模型,通过基于修正的增广Lagrangian算法的非线性接触算法模拟颗粒间的相互接触作用,可以有效模拟颗粒相互作用及尖端破坏等因素。对堆石体三轴试样进行细观数值模拟和试验验证,再现了堆石体内部的颗粒运动变形规律。数值计算结果表明,SGDD模型能够较好地反映堆石体试验的瞬时变形规律。对室内试验缩尺效应进行探讨,采用试验级配与真实级配的2组三轴堆石体试样,运用SGDD模型进行对比分析。计算结果表明,在没有考虑堆石体流变和湿化的条件下,采用原始级配的SGDD模型在相同的应力水平和围压下表现出较小的变形。

实船自航试验数值模拟及尺度效应分析

以KCS船和KP505桨为计算对象,采用RANS方法和VOF模型,开展了考虑自由液面的实船自航试验数值模拟。首先进行KCS船模自航点工况下的流场计算和KP505桨的敞水性能计算,计算结果与试验值吻合较好,验证了计算方法的可行性。本文分析了船体阻力、波形和速度场的尺度效应,获得了实船的推进因子。根据数值自航试验曲线确定了自航点,进而插值计算得到实船推进因子,并分析发现自航点转速和伴流分数尺度效应明显。结果表明:实船伴流分数要小于船模,自航点转速要大于船模。

运输机机翼、机身和翼身组合体气动特性雷诺数效应的数值模拟研究

通过CFD方法对运输机单独机身、翼身组合体及不同厚度和弯度的翼型进行了数值模拟研究,分析了雷诺数对机身和翼身组合体气动特性的影响规律,通过雷诺数对有弯度的翼型及旋成体气动特性影响的研究,初步解释了雷诺数对机身和机翼影响差别的原因。

静压开口管桩沉桩过程模型试验及数值模拟

利用侧面透明的模型箱和铝管半模桩模拟开口管桩在砂土中的沉桩过程。利用高分辨率数码摄录设备观察土塞形成的3个阶段,分析土塞形成的力学机制。在模型试验基础上,通过二次开发颗粒流程序PFC2D对沉桩全过程进行离散元数值模拟。结果表明,PFC2D能够模拟开口管桩从开始刺入砂土到形成土塞并最终呈现闭口管桩性态的整个过程;通过定性研究开口管桩在沉桩过程中土塞的形成演化规律、桩土接触面、土颗粒细观组构变化以及砂土颗粒运动规律等,从细观尺度出发探讨开口管桩沉桩过程中砂土的变形机制和土塞的形成机制。