PrP 106-126 Altered PrP mRNA Gene Expression in Mouse Microglia BV-2 Cells

Prion diseases are infectious and fatal neurodegenerative diseases.The pathogenic agent is an abnormal prion protein aggregate.Microglial activation in the centre nervous system is a characteristic feature of prion disease.In this study,we examined the effect of PrP 106-126 on PrP mRNA gene expression in Mouse microglia cells BV-2 by real-time quantitative PCR.PrP mRNA expression level was found to be significantly increased after 18 h exposure of BV-2 cells to PrP 106-126,with 3-fold increase after 18 h and 4.5-fold increase after 24 h and BV-2 cells proliferating occurred correspondingly.Our results provide the first in vitro evidence of the increase of PrP mRNA levels in microglial cells exposed to PrP 106-126,and indicate that microglial cells might play a critical role in prion pathogenesis.

灯盏乙素通过环状GMP-AMP合酶-干扰素基因刺激因子通路抑制BV-2小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症

目的探讨灯盏乙素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞神经炎症的影响。方法培养BV-2小胶质细胞系,将BV-2小胶质细胞分为对照组(Ctrl)、环状GMP-AMP合酶(cGAS)抑制剂RU320521(RU.521)组、LPS组、LPS+RU.521组、LPS+灯盏乙素预处理(LPS+S)组、LPS+S+RU.521组,共6组。Western blotting及免疫荧光双标染色法检测并观察BV-2小胶质细胞中cGAS、干扰素基因刺激因子(STING)、核因子κB(NF-κB)、磷酸化NF-κB(p-NF-κB)、PYD结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的表达变化(n=3)。结果Western blotting和免疫荧光双标染色均显示,与对照组相比,LPS诱导后,BV-2小胶质细胞中cGAS、STING、p-NF-κB、NLRP3和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,LPS+S组中cGAS、STING、p-NF-κB、NLRP3和TNF-α蛋白的表达水平显著下降(P<0.05)。使用cGAS通路抑制剂RU.521后显示了与灯盏乙素预处理组相似的作用效果。此外,NF-κB在各组的变化不明显(P>0.05)。结论灯盏乙素干预抑制BV-2小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症反应,可能与cGAS-STING信号通路有关。

Inhibiting SHP2 reduces glycolysis, promotes microglial M1 polarization, and alleviates secondary inflammation following spinal cord injury in a mouse model

Reducing the secondary inflammatory response, which is partly mediated by microglia, is a key focus in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2(SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, is widely expressed in the human body and plays a role in inflammation through various mechanisms. Therefore, SHP2 is considered a potential target for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. However, its role in secondary inflammation after spinal cord injury remains unclear. In this study, SHP2 was found to be abundantly expressed in microglia at the site of spinal cord injury. Inhibition of SHP2 expression using siRNA and SHP2 inhibitors attenuated the microglial inflammatory response in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide-induced model of inflammation. Notably, after treatment with SHP2 inhibitors, mice with spinal cord injury exhibited significantly improved hind limb locomotor function and reduced residual urine volume in the bladder. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that, in microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, inhibiting SHP2 expression promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization. Finally, a co-culture experiment was conducted to assess the effect of microglia treated with SHP2 inhibitors on neuronal cells. The results demonstrated that inflammatory factors produced by microglia promoted neuronal apoptosis, while inhibiting SHP2 expression mitigated these effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP2 enhances secondary inflammation and neuronal damage subsequent to spinal cord injury by modulating microglial phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting SHP2 alleviates the inflammatory response in mice with spinal cord injury and promotes functional recovery postinjury.

灯盏乙素通过STAT3信号对激活的BV-2小胶质细胞M2型极化的影响

目的探究灯盏乙素(Scutellarin)对脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)作用下M2型小胶质细胞极化的作用及信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducers and activators of transcription 3,STAT3)的调控机制。方法BV-2小胶质细胞分为对照组(Con组)、STAT3抑制剂α-氰基-(3,4-二羟基)-N-苄基霉素-烟酰胺组(AG490组)、LPS组、LPS+AG490组、LPS+灯盏乙素预处理组(LPS+S组)、LPS+S+AG490组,共6组。Western blot和免疫荧光染色检测STAT3、磷酸化STAT3(P-STAT3)和M2型小胶质细胞标记物白介素10(IL-10)的表达。结果Western blot结果显示,LPS组的P-STAT3、IL-10表达显著增强,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);使用灯盏乙素干预后P-STAT3表达明显降低;IL-10表达显著增高;均与LPS组有显著差异(P<0.05)。AG490增强灯盏乙素的作用。此外,STAT3在各组的变化无统计学意义(P>0.05)。免疫荧光染色结果显示,灯盏乙素干预后可降低LPS激活的BV-2小胶质细胞P-STAT3的蛋白表达水平;增强IL-10蛋白表达。各组STAT3的蛋白水平无统计学意义。结论灯盏乙素通过抑制STAT3活化促进BV-2小胶质细胞向M2型极化,可能与灯盏乙素减轻神经炎症反应有关。

雌激素受体GPR30通过TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路减弱氧糖剥夺/复氧诱导的BV-2细胞氧化应激损伤和炎症反应

目的:通过研究雌激素受体G蛋白偶联受体30(G protein-coupled receptor 30,GPR30)对氧糖剥夺/再灌注(oxygenglucose deprivation and reperfusion,OGD/R)BV-2小胶质细胞的氧化应激损伤和炎症反应的调控作用,探讨其对OGD/R BV-2小胶质细胞的保护作用及其相关机制。方法:取BV-2小胶质细胞ODG 4 h后再灌注2、4、6或12 h。Western blot检测细胞中GPR30的蛋白表达水平。将pcDNA3.1、pcDNA3.1-GPR30、sh-NC、sh-GPR30质粒转染BV-2小胶质细胞,OGD 4 h后再灌注12 h。qRT-PCR检测GPR30 mRNA的表达水平,验证其转染效率,Western blot检测细胞中GPR30、硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(thioredoxin-interactingprotein,TXNIP)、NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶剪切体-1(cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1,cleaved Caspase-1)的蛋白表达水平,ELISA检测细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白细胞介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)水平。结果:GPR30在OGD/R后显著上升,在6 h时达到峰值,而在12 h时与对照组没有显著差异。随后确定OGD处理4 h,复氧12 h的时间点进行后续实验。qRT-PCR验证慢病毒转染成功,与对照组相比,OGD/R组细胞中ROS、MDA、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-18水平及TXNIP、NLRP3、cleavedCaspase-1蛋白表达水平显著上升,SOD活性显著下降(P<0.05);过表达GPR30抑制了ROS、MDA、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-18水平及TXNIP、NLRP3、cleaved-Caspase-1蛋白表达水平,促进了SOD活性;而干扰GPR30表达发挥了相反的作用。结论:GPR30能抑制ODG/R处理后BV-2细胞内TXNIP/NLRP3信号通路分子的表达,抑制ODG/R诱导的BV-2细胞氧化应激损伤和炎症反应,这可能是其保护ODG/R细胞的分子机制之一。

Spliceosomal GTPase Eftud2 regulates microglial activation and polarization

Elongation factor Tu GTP binding domain protein 2(Eftud2)is a spliceosomal GTPase that serves as an innate immune modulator restricting virus infection.Microglia are the resident innate immune cells and the key players of immune response in the central nervous system.However,the role of Eftud2 in microglia has not been reported.In this study,we performed immunofluorescent staining and western blot assay and found that Eftud2 was upregulated in microglia of a 5xFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.Next,we generated an inducible microglia-specific Eftud2 conditional knockout mouse line(CX3CR1-CreER;Eftud2^(f/f) cKO)via Cre/loxP recombination and found that Eftud2 deficiency resulted in abnormal proliferation and promoted anti-inflammatory phenotype activation of microglia.Furthermore,we knocked down Eftud2 in BV2 microglia with siRNA specifically targeting Eftud2 and found that Eftud2-mediated regulation of microglial proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory phenotype activation in response to inflammation might be dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway.Our findings suggest that Eftud2 plays a key role in regulating microglial polarization and homeostasis possibly through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

The Alzheimer's disease-associated gene TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglia polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-like 2(TREML2)is a newly identified susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease(AD).It encodes a microglial inflammation-associated receptor.To date,the potential role of mic roglial TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD remains unclear.In this study,APP/PS1 mice were used to investigate the dynamic changes of TREML2 levels in brain during AD progression.In addition,lipopolysaccharide(LPS)stimulation of primary microglia as well as a lentivirus-mediated TREML2 overexpression and knockdown were employed to explore the role of TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD.Our res ults show that TREML2 levels gradually increased in the brains of AP P/PS1 mice during disease progression.LPS stimulation of primary microglia led to the release of inflammato ry cytokines including interleukin-1β,inte rleukin-6,and tumor necrosis factor-a in the culture medium.The LPS-induced mic roglial release of inflammatory cytokines was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and was attenuated by TREML2 knoc kdown.LPS increased the levels of mic roglial M1-type polarization marker inducible nitric oxide synthase.This effect was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and ameliorated by TREML2 knockdown.Furthermore,the levels of microglial M2-type polarization markers CD206 and ARG1 in the primary microglia were reduced by TREML2 overexpression and elevated by TREML2 knockdown.LPS stimulation increased the levels of NLRP3 in primary microglia.The LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 was further elevated by TREML2 overexpression and alleviated by TREML2 knockdown.In summary,this study provides the first evidence that TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglial polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.These findings reveal the mechanisms by which TREML2 regulates microglial inflammation and suggest that TREML2 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase family member 14 promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through regulating microglia M1/M2 polarization via STAT1/6 pathway

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase family member 14(PARP14),which is an intracellular mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase,has been reported to promote post-stroke functional recovery,but its role in spinal cord injury(SCI)remains unclear.To investigate this,a T10 spinal cord contusion model was established in C57BL/6 mice,and immediately after the injury PARP14 shRNA-carrying lentivirus was injected 1 mm from the injury site to silence PARP14 expression.We found that PARP14 was up-regulated in the injured spinal cord and that lentivirus-mediated downregulation of PARP14 aggravated functional impairment after injury,accompanied by obvious neuronal apoptosis,severe neuroinflammation,and slight bone loss.Furthermore,PARP14 levels were elevated in microglia after SCI,PARP14 knockdown activated microglia in the spinal cord and promoted a shift from M2-polarized microglia(anti-inflammatory phenotype)to M1-polarized microglia(pro-inflammatory phenotype)that may have been mediated by the signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)1/6 pathway.Next,microglia M1 and M2 polarization were induced in vitro using lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γand interleukin-4,respectively.The results showed that PARP14 knockdown promoted microglia M1 polarization,accompanied by activation of the STAT1 pathway.In addition,PARP14 overexpression made microglia more prone to M2 polarization and further activated the STAT6 pathway.In conclusion,these findings suggest that PARP14 may improve functional recovery after SCI by regulating the phenotypic transformation of microglia via the STAT1/6 pathway.

髓系细胞触发受体2在高糖处理的小胶质细胞中的表达及作用

目的 探索高糖条件下小胶质细胞中髓系细胞触发受体2(triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, TREM2)的表达情况,以及TREM2在高糖条件下小胶质细胞增殖、迁移和吞噬中的作用。方法 小胶质细胞分为对照组、高糖处理组(67.5 mmol/L葡萄糖,24 h),检测小胶质细胞数量、Iba1和TREM2的表达水平;转染TREM2的siRNA,检测小胶质细胞增殖和迁移能力的变化;加入带有荧光标签的淀粉样蛋白β(Aβ),观察小胶质细胞对Aβ吞噬能力的影响。结果 与正常小胶质细胞相比,高糖处理后小胶质细胞的数量明显下降(P<0.001),而TREM2和Iba1表达显著升高(P<0.001)。高糖和TREM2均不影响小胶质细胞的增殖能力。与正常组相比,高糖处理后小胶质细胞迁移能力下降(P<0.05),而TREM2对高糖小胶质细胞的迁移能力无显著影响。与正常小胶质细胞相比,高糖处理组小胶质细胞对Aβ的吞噬能力显著下降(P<0.001),TREM2 siRNA敲减后高糖小胶质细胞对Aβ的吞噬能力进一步下降(P<0.001)。结论 高糖处理后小胶质细胞TREM2表达明显升高,其主要影响小胶质细胞对Aβ的吞噬能力。

Role of N-formyl peptide receptor 2 in germinal matrix hemorrhage:an intrinsic review of a hematoma resolving pathway

Germinal matrix hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of morbidity,mortality,and acquired infantile hydrocephalus in preterm infants in the United States,with little progress made in its clinical management.Blood clots have been shown to elicit secondary brain injury after germinal matrix hemorrhage,by disrupting normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after germinal matrix hemorrhage causing post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus development.Current evidence suggests that rapid hematoma resolution is necessary to improve neurological outcomes after hemorrhagic stroke.Various articles have demonstrated the beneficial effects of stimulating the polarization of microglia cells into the M2 phenotype,as it has been suggested that they play an essential role in the rapid phagocytosis of the blood clot after hemorrhagic models of stroke.N-formyl peptide receptor 2(FPR2),a G-protein-coupled receptor,has been shown to be neuroprotective after stroke.FPR2 activation has been associated with the upregulation of phagocytic macrophage clearance,yet its mechanism has not been fully explored.Recent literature suggests that FPR2 may play a role in the stimulation of scavenger receptor CD36.Scavenger receptor CD36 plays a vital role in microglia phagocytic blood clot clearance after germinal matrix hemorrhage.FPR2 has been shown to phosphorylate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2),which then promotes the transcription of the dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1(DUSP1)gene.In this review,we present an intrinsic outline of the main components involved in FPR2 stimulation and hematoma resolution after germinal matrix hemorrhage.

Tamoxifen Induces Apoptosis of Mouse Microglia Cell Line BV-2 Cells via both Mitochondrial and Death Receptor Pathways

Little is known about whether tamoxifen (TAM) can affect resting state microglia apoptosis and about the cellular mechanism that may account for this. To explore this question, we incubated the microglia cell line BV-2 cells with TAM at different concentrations. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay, and flow cytometric analysis was performed to detect the cell apoptosis rate. Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was tested by flow cytometry, and Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, and Fas-L expression was detected by Western blot. The results demonstrated that TAM decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis of BV-2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In addition, disruption of Δψm was followed by up-regulated expression of pro-apoptotic Bax, Fas and Fas-L, and down-regulated expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These results indicate that TAM may induce apoptosis of BV-2 cells through both mitochondria- and death receptor-mediated pathways.

小胶质细胞PTGS2/Hepcidin炎症通路在神经元铁死亡中的作用机制

目的探讨BV2小胶质细胞前列腺素内过氧化物酶2(prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2,PTGS2)对HT22海马神经元铁死亡的调控及可能的分子机制。方法DMEM培养基培养BV2细胞,待BV2小胶质细胞进入对数生长期后,将其分为模型组(CELE组、CELE+LPS组和LPS组)与对照组(Control组),Control组继续常规培养,CELE组和CELE+LPS组加入2.5μmol/L塞来昔布,LPS组加入等体积完全培养基。24 h后换液,LPS组和CELE+LPS组给予脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)(100 ng/mL)孵育12 h。收集各组培养液上清,以1∶1比例与完全培养基混合培养对应各组HT22细胞24 h。MTT法检测细胞活力,酶联免疫吸附测定法(Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay,ELISA)检测ROS及炎症因子TNF-α等。比色法检测神经元铁含量。Western blotting、qPCR法检测相关蛋白及mRNA表达。结果LPS处理后,BV2细胞活化标志物离子化钙结合适配分子1(ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1,IBA-1)、PTGS2表达升高,其培养基上清液中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达增加,与对照组比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。CELE+LPS组PTSG2、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6表达降低,与LPS组比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LPS组HT22细胞活力降低,丙二醛(malonic dialdehyde,MDA)、Fe2+水平升高,铁转运蛋白1(ferroportin 1,FPN1)、铁调素(hepcidin)表达增加,STAT3磷酸化(p-STAT3)增加,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),CELE+LPS组HT22细胞活力增加,铁死亡水平降低,FPN1、hepcidin及p-STAT3减少。结论小胶质细胞PTGS2上调细胞炎症,促进神经元铁死亡。其机制可能与PTGS2促进STAT3磷酸化,增加hepcidin表达,诱导神经元铁稳态失衡有关。

体外标记CFSE对BV-2细胞活率的影响

探究荧光染料羟基荧光素二醋酸盐琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)在不同使用浓度和孵育时间下对BV-2细胞系的影响。方法:采用0、1、2、5、10μmol/L的CFSE标记BV-2细胞系,染料孵育时间分别为10、20、30min,采用流式细胞术检测细胞的阳性率和荧光强度,采用CCK-8法检测在孵育时间为10min的条件下不同浓度CFSE对于24h后细胞活率的影响;选出合适的浓度后CCK-8法检测该条件下的最佳孵育时间,结果:随着CFSE标记浓度提高,细胞标记率也随之提高,而CFSE孵育时间的延长对细胞标记率无明显改变且使细胞活率下降,孵育20和30min对细胞活率有影响(P<0.05),在细胞标记率接近100%后,提高CFSE的浓度,对细胞的活率也有影响,10μmol/L浓度的CFSE孵育10min就降低了细胞的活率。因此,在本研究实验条件下,体外标记浓度5μmol/L并孵育10min可能是CFSE染料标记BV-2细胞的最适条件。

Conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells treats spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglial pyroptosis

Human dental pulp stem cell transplantation has been shown to be an effective therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury.However,whether the human dental pulp stem cell secretome can contribute to functional recovery after spinal cord injury remains unclear.In the present study,we established a rat model of spinal cord injury based on impact injury from a dropped weight and then intraperitoneally injected the rats with conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells.We found that the conditioned medium effectively promoted the recovery of sensory and motor functions in rats with spinal cord injury,decreased expression of the microglial pyroptosis markers NLRP3,GSDMD,caspase-1,and interleukin-1β,promoted axonal and myelin regeneration,and inhibited the formation of glial scars.In addition,in a lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia model,conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells protected cells from pyroptosis by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway.These results indicate that conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells can reduce microglial pyroptosis by inhibiting the NLRP3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway,thereby promoting the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury.Therefore,conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells may become an alternative therapy for spinal cord injury.

Novel insights into immune-related genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND The cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a multifaceted and advancing state that requires further exploration to fully comprehend.Neu-roinflammation is considered to be one of the main mechanisms and the immune system has played a vital role in the progression of the disease.AIM To identify and validate the immune-related genes in the hippocampus associated with T2DM-related cognitive impairment.METHODS To identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between T2DM and controls,we used data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database GSE125387.To identify T2DM module genes,we used Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis.All the genes were subject to Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.Protein-protein interaction network construction and machine learning were utilized to identify three hub genes.Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed.The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539 via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.Validation experiments including reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR,Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted both in vivo and in vitro.To identify potential drugs associated with hub genes,we used the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database(CTD).RESULTS A total of 576 DEGs were identified using GSE125387.By taking the intersection of DEGs,T2DM module genes,and immune-related genes,a total of 59 genes associated with the immune system were identified.Afterward,machine learning was utilized to identify three hub genes(H2-T24,Rac3,and Tfrc).The hub genes were associated with a variety of immune cells.The three hub genes were validated in GSE152539.Validation experiments were conducted at the mRNA and protein levels both in vivo and in vitro,consistent with the bioinformatics analysis.Additionally,11 potential drugs associated with RAC3 and TFRC were identified based on the CTD.CONCLUSION Immune-related genes that differ in expression in the hippocampus are closely linked to microglia.We validated the expression of three hub genes both in vivo and in vitro,consistent with our bioinformatics results.We discovered 11 compounds associated with RAC3 and TFRC.These findings suggest that they are co-regulatory molecules of immunometabolism in diabetic cognitive impairment.

Microglia:a promising therapeutic target in spinal cord injury

Microglia are present throughout the central nervous system and are vital in neural repair,nutrition,phagocytosis,immunological regulation,and maintaining neuronal function.In a healthy spinal cord,microglia are accountable for immune surveillance,however,when a spinal cord injury occurs,the microenvironment drastically changes,leading to glial scars and failed axonal regeneration.In this context,microglia vary their gene and protein expression during activation,and proliferation in reaction to the injury,influencing injury responses both favorably and unfavorably.A dynamic and multifaceted injury response is mediated by microglia,which interact directly with neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and neural stem/progenitor cells.Despite a clear understanding of their essential nature and origin,the mechanisms of action and new functions of microglia in spinal cord injury require extensive research.This review summarizes current studies on microglial genesis,physiological function,and pathological state,highlights their crucial roles in spinal cord injury,and proposes microglia as a therapeutic target.

Neuroprotective effect of LSS on Aβ_(1-42)-induced BV-2 microglial cells through the inhibition of neuroinflammation

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of neuroprotective effect of lychee seed saponins(LSS) in BV-2.METHODS Aβ_(1-42) induced BV-2 cells were incubated with LSS for 12 h,the content of the inflammatory factors such as IL^(-1)β,TNF-α,COX-2 and i NOS in the supernatant of BV-2 cell were measured by ELISA.The detection of the m RNA levels and the protein expression of the inflammatory factors including IL^(-1)β,TNF-α,COX-2 and i NOS using real-time PCR and Western blotting,respectively.RESULTS The level of IL^(-1)β,COX-2 and i NOS significantly increased with the treatment of Aβ_(1-42),and 0.117 mg·L^(-1)-0.469 mg·L^(-1) LSS can inhibit these increased level.CONCLUSION LSS conferred neuroprotection via inhibiting the inflammatory factors expression.

Fasudil通过TLR4通路抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞TNF-α和IL-1β的表达

目的探讨Fasudil对脂多糖(LPS)诱导BV-2小胶质细胞系促炎细胞因子表达中的作用。方法体外培养BV-2小胶质细胞系,实验分为PBS对照组、LPS刺激组、LPS联合Fasudil干预组,ELISA检测细胞TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,Griess法检测NO释放水平,流式细胞术检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)、TLR2蛋白表达。结果 LPS刺激BV-2细胞可导致TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的释放明显增加,还可导致炎性信号通路中的受体TLR4表达明显增加。Fasudil能明显抑制炎性因子的释放和TLR4的表达。结论 Fasudil可抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞NO、TNF-α和IL-1β释放,其作用机制可能与Fasudil下调TLR4通路有关。

乙酰葛根素对Aβ_(25-35)诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞NF-κBp65和iNOS表达的影响

目的:研究乙酰葛根素对β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞核转录因子-κBp65和诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响。方法:体外培养小鼠BV-2小胶质细胞,用凝聚态β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid-β25-35,Aβ_(25-35))诱导小胶质细胞活化建立阿尔茨海默病炎症细胞模型。实验细胞随机分为6组:空白对照组,Aβ_(25-35)组,Aβ_(25-35)+乙酰葛根素(浓度分别为:0.1,0.4,1.6μmol/L)剂量组和含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(caspase-3)抑制剂(Z-DEVD-fmk)组。在倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化;硝酸还原酶法检测乙酰葛根素对一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的影响;利用Western Blot分析乙酰葛根素对NF-κBp65和i NOS蛋白表达的影响;通过Realtime PCR分析乙酰葛根素对NF-κBp65和i NOS基因表达的影响。结果:Aβ_(25-35)诱导后小胶质细胞由静息状态转变为阿米巴样,乙酰葛根素可减轻细胞发生的形态改变。乙酰葛根素呈剂量依赖性的抑制炎性因子NO的产生,抑制NF-κBp65和i NOS的表达。结论:乙酰葛根素可以改善BV-2小胶质细胞的形态变化,减轻BV-2小胶质细胞的炎性反应,其机制可能与其抑制NF-κB信号通路的激活有关,且具有剂量依赖性。

TLR4介导的BV-2细胞抗HCV固有免疫应答机制初步研究

目的:观察BV-2细胞感染HCV后IFN-β、IL-6分泌和TLR4表达相关性,初步探讨TLR4是否介导参与中枢神经系统抗HCV固有免疫应答及其可能机制。方法:将BV-2细胞接种于24孔培养板,贴壁后换用含20%HCV阳性血清的培养液感染细胞,为HCV实验组,同时设正常血清组和空白对照组。应用流式细胞术检测各组BV-2细胞TLR4蛋白水平的表达;用RT-PCR观察阻断TLR4后各组BV-2细胞TLR4mRNA表达变化;用ELISA检测阻断TLR4后各组BV-2细胞IFN-β、IL-6分泌变化。结果:HCV实验组TLR4表达和IFN-β、IL-6分泌均高于正常血清组及空白对照组(P<0.01);阻断TLR4的HCV实验组TLR4mRNA表达及IFN-β、IL-6分泌明显低于非阻断组(P<0.01)。结论:HCV感染中枢神经系统后,TLR4可通过启动下游细胞因子IL-6、IFN-β等的转录和翻译,介导参与宿主抗HCV固有免疫应答过程。