Since the 1 960 s,many successful space missions have highlighted the advantages and necessity of humans in the exploration of space,but scientists have long worried about the adverse effects of spaceflight on Astrona...Since the 1 960 s,many successful space missions have highlighted the advantages and necessity of humans in the exploration of space,but scientists have long worried about the adverse effects of spaceflight on Astronaut.Space flight and models that create conditions similar to those that occur during space flight have been shown to deleteriously affect a variety of immunological responses.The mechanisms and biomedical consequences of these changes remain to be established.Conducting experiments in an environment of true microgravity requires a roundtrip ticket into space,a feat that is both expensive and challenging.Simulated microgravity(SMG)models allow scientists to gather preliminary data without the cost and logistical challenges of spaceflight.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of SMG on immunity function of macrophages that exposed to RPM and RCCS separately.While many studies have demonstrated that alterations occur in the immune system as a result of space travel,the level at which these mechanisms exert their effect,at the level of the mature immune cell or earlier at the progenitor or stem cell stage is not known.In particular,macrophages,as one of the most important immune cells and play a key role in both specific and non-specific immunity,did not have received much attention.Therefore,in our study,we mainly study the influence of microgravity on the immune function of macrophages.In this study,we evaluated the immune dysfunction of macrophages under SMG.Firstly,we found that the morphology and structure of the macrophages were changed,specifically,we observed that there were more protrusions on cell surface and the cells were shrinking significantly after exposure to SMG.Secondly,we demonstrated that under simulated microgravity(SMG)conditions,the phagocytic and proliferative functions of macrophages were significantly reduced.Thirdly,several processes,including surface receptor expression,cytoskeleton,and cytokines secreted were investigated in macrophages under SMG.Phagocytosis is one of the important means for macrophages to exert immune function,and cell surface phagocytosis-related receptors play an important role.Here,we selected four common receptors(TLR2,FcyR1,CD11b and CD 18)to detect.The results indicate that SMG(RPM and RCCS)have a great influence on the expression of surface phagocytosis-related receptors,which may be one of the main reasons for the decline of immune function ofmacrophages.Macrophages exert immune function through phagocytosis,and the cytoskeleton plays an important role in the process of phagocytosis.The results indicate that SMG(RPM and RCCS)have a great influence on the expression of cytoskeleton-related proteins,which provides me with a new idea that SMG may regulate immunity of macrophage by affecting the cytoskeleton.Immune-related cytokines play an important role in macrophage immune process.Here,we selected four common immunocytokine(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-10)to detect.The change of these four immunocytokine further demonstrate that SMG significantly decline the immunity of macrophage,we must pay enough attention to the impact of SMG on macrophage.The above factors such as the changes of morphology and structure of the macrophages and the decreased expression of Arp2/3 complex related proteins,cytokine secretion,and cell surface receptors may be responsible for the immune dysfunction of macrophages under SMG.展开更多
With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological c...With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.展开更多
文摘Since the 1 960 s,many successful space missions have highlighted the advantages and necessity of humans in the exploration of space,but scientists have long worried about the adverse effects of spaceflight on Astronaut.Space flight and models that create conditions similar to those that occur during space flight have been shown to deleteriously affect a variety of immunological responses.The mechanisms and biomedical consequences of these changes remain to be established.Conducting experiments in an environment of true microgravity requires a roundtrip ticket into space,a feat that is both expensive and challenging.Simulated microgravity(SMG)models allow scientists to gather preliminary data without the cost and logistical challenges of spaceflight.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of SMG on immunity function of macrophages that exposed to RPM and RCCS separately.While many studies have demonstrated that alterations occur in the immune system as a result of space travel,the level at which these mechanisms exert their effect,at the level of the mature immune cell or earlier at the progenitor or stem cell stage is not known.In particular,macrophages,as one of the most important immune cells and play a key role in both specific and non-specific immunity,did not have received much attention.Therefore,in our study,we mainly study the influence of microgravity on the immune function of macrophages.In this study,we evaluated the immune dysfunction of macrophages under SMG.Firstly,we found that the morphology and structure of the macrophages were changed,specifically,we observed that there were more protrusions on cell surface and the cells were shrinking significantly after exposure to SMG.Secondly,we demonstrated that under simulated microgravity(SMG)conditions,the phagocytic and proliferative functions of macrophages were significantly reduced.Thirdly,several processes,including surface receptor expression,cytoskeleton,and cytokines secreted were investigated in macrophages under SMG.Phagocytosis is one of the important means for macrophages to exert immune function,and cell surface phagocytosis-related receptors play an important role.Here,we selected four common receptors(TLR2,FcyR1,CD11b and CD 18)to detect.The results indicate that SMG(RPM and RCCS)have a great influence on the expression of surface phagocytosis-related receptors,which may be one of the main reasons for the decline of immune function ofmacrophages.Macrophages exert immune function through phagocytosis,and the cytoskeleton plays an important role in the process of phagocytosis.The results indicate that SMG(RPM and RCCS)have a great influence on the expression of cytoskeleton-related proteins,which provides me with a new idea that SMG may regulate immunity of macrophage by affecting the cytoskeleton.Immune-related cytokines play an important role in macrophage immune process.Here,we selected four common immunocytokine(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 and IL-10)to detect.The change of these four immunocytokine further demonstrate that SMG significantly decline the immunity of macrophage,we must pay enough attention to the impact of SMG on macrophage.The above factors such as the changes of morphology and structure of the macrophages and the decreased expression of Arp2/3 complex related proteins,cytokine secretion,and cell surface receptors may be responsible for the immune dysfunction of macrophages under SMG.
文摘With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.
基金China’s Manned Space Station Project(TGJZ800-2-RW024)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51606209)Shanghai Technical Platform for Testing and Characterization on Inorganic Materials(14DZ2292900)
