Over the last five decades or so, historical linguists have proposed as many as four different hypotheses concerning the migration pathway of Proto Nuclear Micronesians (i.e. the ancestors of Nuclear-Micronesian-langu...Over the last five decades or so, historical linguists have proposed as many as four different hypotheses concerning the migration pathway of Proto Nuclear Micronesians (i.e. the ancestors of Nuclear-Micronesian-language speakers): Proto Nuclear Micronesians may have reached Micronesia by moving from northern Vanuatu, from the Cristobal-Malaitan region, from the Admiralty or the St Matthias Islands, or even from somewhere in the vast southeast Solomons-New Hebrides region. This article provides an overview of these hypotheses, coming to the conclusion that there is no conclusive linguistic evidence, historical-comparative or otherwise, for any of the hypotheses. In view of this state of affairs, the article makes use of Johanna Nichols‘s population typology model so as to understand better the migration route of Proto Nuclear Micronesians. This innovative model has been developed to investigate geographical distributions of structural properties with a view to making inferences about human migration. In particular, the structural property of possessive classifiers, which is one of the major structural characteristics of Micronesian languages, is selected in order to ascertain how this structural property is distributed in the wider geographical areas surrounding Micronesia.Proto Nuclear Micronesians must have carried their propensity for a large number of possessive classifiers in their language(s) when travelling from somewhere into Micronesia.展开更多
Background: Micronesians are a rapidly growing population in Hawaii and the continental U.S. Hepatitis B is prevalent in Micronesia, but the consequences in those migrating to the U.S. are unclear. This study characte...Background: Micronesians are a rapidly growing population in Hawaii and the continental U.S. Hepatitis B is prevalent in Micronesia, but the consequences in those migrating to the U.S. are unclear. This study characterizes hepatocellular carcinoma in Micronesians with comparisons to other Pacific Islanders. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was undertaken of 40 Micronesian and 142 Non-Micronesian Pacific hepatocellular carcinoma patients diagnosed in a large clinical practice in Hawaii from 1993-2017. Results: All Micronesians were born outside of the U.S. Micronesians were younger at diagnosis (52.0 vs. 60.2 years), had higher rates of hepatitis B (80% vs. 31.2%), a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma (17.5% vs. 4.4%) and more tumors <5 cm (64.1% vs. 45.2%). Non Micronesian Pacific Islanders had higher rates of Hepatitis C (48.6% vs. 22.5%) and hypertension (61.7% vs. 32.4%). There was no difference in the proportions of screen-detected tumors, those meeting Milan criteria, tumor stage, or liver function. Micronesians had better 5-year survival rates (48% vs. 16.7%). Conclusion: Hepatocellular carcinoma in Micronesians is primarily Hepatitis B-related. Micronesians were equally likely to have hepatocellular carcinoma found with screening, undergo transplant and had better survival. Our study emphasizes the need for hepatitis B screening and hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Micronesians.展开更多
文摘Over the last five decades or so, historical linguists have proposed as many as four different hypotheses concerning the migration pathway of Proto Nuclear Micronesians (i.e. the ancestors of Nuclear-Micronesian-language speakers): Proto Nuclear Micronesians may have reached Micronesia by moving from northern Vanuatu, from the Cristobal-Malaitan region, from the Admiralty or the St Matthias Islands, or even from somewhere in the vast southeast Solomons-New Hebrides region. This article provides an overview of these hypotheses, coming to the conclusion that there is no conclusive linguistic evidence, historical-comparative or otherwise, for any of the hypotheses. In view of this state of affairs, the article makes use of Johanna Nichols‘s population typology model so as to understand better the migration route of Proto Nuclear Micronesians. This innovative model has been developed to investigate geographical distributions of structural properties with a view to making inferences about human migration. In particular, the structural property of possessive classifiers, which is one of the major structural characteristics of Micronesian languages, is selected in order to ascertain how this structural property is distributed in the wider geographical areas surrounding Micronesia.Proto Nuclear Micronesians must have carried their propensity for a large number of possessive classifiers in their language(s) when travelling from somewhere into Micronesia.
文摘Background: Micronesians are a rapidly growing population in Hawaii and the continental U.S. Hepatitis B is prevalent in Micronesia, but the consequences in those migrating to the U.S. are unclear. This study characterizes hepatocellular carcinoma in Micronesians with comparisons to other Pacific Islanders. Methods: A retrospective evaluation was undertaken of 40 Micronesian and 142 Non-Micronesian Pacific hepatocellular carcinoma patients diagnosed in a large clinical practice in Hawaii from 1993-2017. Results: All Micronesians were born outside of the U.S. Micronesians were younger at diagnosis (52.0 vs. 60.2 years), had higher rates of hepatitis B (80% vs. 31.2%), a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma (17.5% vs. 4.4%) and more tumors <5 cm (64.1% vs. 45.2%). Non Micronesian Pacific Islanders had higher rates of Hepatitis C (48.6% vs. 22.5%) and hypertension (61.7% vs. 32.4%). There was no difference in the proportions of screen-detected tumors, those meeting Milan criteria, tumor stage, or liver function. Micronesians had better 5-year survival rates (48% vs. 16.7%). Conclusion: Hepatocellular carcinoma in Micronesians is primarily Hepatitis B-related. Micronesians were equally likely to have hepatocellular carcinoma found with screening, undergo transplant and had better survival. Our study emphasizes the need for hepatitis B screening and hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Micronesians.
