Investigation of the Relation between Rolling Contact Fatigue Property and Microstructure on the Surface Layer of D2 Wheel Steel

Through the rolling contact fatigue experiment under the condition of the lubricating oil, this article investigated the relation between contact fatigue property and microstructure on the surface layer of D2 wheel steel. The results showed that although the roughness of the original specimen induced by mechanical processing would diminish to some extent in the experiment, the 0.5 - 1.5 μm thick layer of ultrafine microstructure on the original mechanically-processed specimen surface would still become micro-cracks and small spalling pits due to spalling, and would further evolve into fatigue crack source. Additionally, even under the impact of the load that was not adequate to make the material reach fatigue limit, the ferrite in the microstructure underwent plastic deformation, which led the refinement of proeutectoid ferrite grains. During the experiment, the hardening and the refinement caused by plastic deformation consisted with the theory that dislocation gave rise to plastic deformation and grain refinement. The distribution laws of hardness and ferrite grain sizes measured could be explained by the distribution law of the shearing stress in the subsurface.

Microstructure of Ni /WC Surface Composite Layer on Gray Iron Substrate

The surface infiltrated composite （Ni/WC） layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique （VICT） using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution and Ni （Fe） solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Fe） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution,Fe （Ni） solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.

Mg,Ti-base surface integrated layer and bulk doping to suppress lattice oxygen evolution of Ni-rich cathode material at a high cut-off voltage

The Nickel-rich layered cathode materials charged to 4.5 V can obtain a specific capacity of more than 200 m Ah g^(-1).However,the nickel-rich layered cathode materials suffer from the severe capacity fade during high-voltage cycling,which is related to the phase transformation and the surface sides reactions caused by the lattice oxygen evolution.Here,the simultaneous construction of a Mg,Ti-based surface integrated layer and bulk doping through Mg,Ti surface treatment could suppress the lattice oxygen evolution of Nirich material at deep charging.More importantly,Mg and Ti are co-doped into the particles surface to form an Mg_(2)TiO_(4) and Mg_(0.5–x)Ti_(2–y)(PO_(4))_(3) outer layer with Mg and Ti vacancies.In the constructed surface integrated layer,the reverse electric field in the Mg_(2)TiO_(4) effectively suppressed the outward migration of the lattice oxygen anions,while Mg_(0.5–x)Ti_(2–y)(PO_(4))_(3) outer layer with high electronic conductivity and good lithium ion conductor could effectively maintained the stability of the reaction interface during highvoltage cycling.Meanwhile,bulk Mg and Ti co-doping can mitigate the migration of Ni ions in the bulk to keep the stability of transition metal–oxygen(M-O)bond at deep charging.As a result,the NCM@MTP cathode shows excellent long cycle stability at high-voltage charging,which keep high capacity retention of 89.3%and 84.3%at 1 C after 200 and 100 cycles under room and elevated temperature of 25 and 55°C,respectively.This work provides new insights for manipulating the surface chemistry of electrode materials to suppress the lattice oxygen evolution at high charging voltage.

Effect of deep surface rolling on microstructure and properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy

A solution-treated AZ91 bulk material was deep-surface-rolled at room temperature to investigate the effect of deep surface rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy. Microhardness and microstructure along the depth of the treated surface layer were characterized. The results show that the affected layer was up to 2.0 mm thick and consisted of three sublayers: a severe deformation layer with thickness of about 400 μm from the topmost surface, a medium deformation layer with thickness of around 600 μm and a small deformation layer up to 1000 μm thick. In addition to grain refinement in the deformation layer, strain-induced precipitation of β phase (Mg17Al12) was observed, particularly in the severe and medium deformation layers. It is believed that the cooperative effects of grain refinement, strain hardening and precipitation strengthening led to the significant increase in hardness of the AZ91 alloy after the deep surface rolling.

Fractal Characteristics and Microstructure Evolution of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Thin Films

How to describe surface morphology characteristic and microstructure evolution are the hottest researches of current thin film researches. But in traditional characterization of surface morphology, the roughness parameters are scale related. And the microstructure evolution of thin film during post-treatment is usually not considered in detail, To give a better understanding of the roughness of thin films topography, fractal method is carried out. In addition, microstrueture evolution of thin films is analyzed based on the crystallography and energy theory. Cu thin films are deposited on Si （100） substrates by magnetron sputtering, and then annealed at different temperatures. Surface topography is characterized by atomic force microscope （AFM）. Triangular prism surface area （TPSA） algorithm is used to calculate the fractal dimension of the AFM images. Apparent scale effect exists between the surface morphology roughness and film thickness. Relationship between the fractal dimension and roughness is analyzed by linear regression method and linear relationship exists between fractal dimension and surface roughness root mean square （RMS）. Fractal dimension can be characterized as a scale independence parameter to represent the complex degree and roughness level of surface. With the increase of annealing temperature, surface roughness and fractal dimension decrease. But when the annealing temperature exceeds the recrystallization temperature, due to the agglomeration and coalescence of Cu grain, surface roughness and fractal dimension increase. Scale effect and changing regularity of grain growth and shape evolution for different film thickness under different annealing temperatures are analyzed. Based on minimum total free energy, regularity of grain growth and changing is proposed. The proposed research has some theory significance and applicative value of Cu interconnect process and development of MEMS.

Effect of Sliding Wear on Surface Microstructure and Wear Property of D2 Wheel Steel

In this paper, the surface microstructure and wear property of D2 wheel steel under sliding wear condition were studied by MRH-30 sliding wear tester. After testing, a transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and micro-hardness testers were used to characterize the surface microstructure of samples with different cycles. The results show that the wear losss samples are increased as the increase of cycles, and the wear loss of wheel samples is higher than that of rail samples. The surface hardness and thickness of deformation layer of wheel samples are increased as the cycles increase. After sliding wear, the samples surfaces form the white etching layer with the thickness of several microns. Through the analysis of surface microstructure of sample with 12,000 cycles, the lamellar cementite in pearlite is fragment into cementite particles with the decrease of depth from surface, and the cementite is dissolved at surface to lead to the form of white etching layer. The ferrite grains are refined gradually and the fraction of high angle grain boundary is increased with the decrease of depth from surface. The nanosgrains layer of ferrite grains with 5 μm thickness is formed. According to the result of finite element simulation of contact surface temperature, the formation of surface nanograins and the dissolution of cementite are caused by the severe plastic deformation. The fiber structure of samples is formed after sliding wear, with direction of .

Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Ni Metal Treated by Surface Mechanical Attrition

A nanostructured surface layer can be formed in Ni metal treated by surface mechanical attrition (SMA). The microstructure was investigated by using optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscope, respectively. Mechanical property measurements indicate that the yield strength of the surface layer raises significantly while the tensile strength somewhat changes and the elongation percentage reduces severely compared with that of the inside layer. Meanwhile, yield-drop-like phenomenon occurs in the surface layer after SMA treatment. In order to compare the mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials with two phases, Fe-30Ni nanostructured alloy was also investigated.

Friction Stir Processing of Thixoformed AZ91D Magnesium Alloy and Fabrication of Surface Composite Reinforced by SiC_ps

The microstructural evolution characteristics of the thermomechanically affected zone （TMAZ） alloy during friction stir processing （FSP） of thixoformed （TF） AZ91D alloy were investigated. Simultaneously, a surface composite layer reinforced by SiC particles （SiCps） was prepared on the alloy by FSP and the corresponding tribological properties were examined. The experimental results indicate that dynamic recrystallization and mechanical separation （including splitting and fracture of the primary grains） are the main mechanisms of grain refinement for the TMAZ. A composite surface reinforced by uniformly distributed SiCps was prepared on the alloy. Compared with the corresponding permanent mould casting alloy and the TF alloy without composite surface, the TF alloy with composite surface has the highest wear resistance and lowest friction coefficient.

EFFECT OF ALUMINIUM AND BORON ON SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SOME MATERIALS

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激光熔凝处理对P20钢组织及性能的影响

目的提高P20模具钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能。方法采用激光熔凝技术对P20模具钢表面进行强化处理。通过硬度梯度检测和摩擦磨损测试,分别评价熔凝层的硬度分布特征和耐磨性能,并通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对熔凝层及磨痕形貌进行分析。结果使用激光输出功率为500W、光斑直径为2.5mm、聚焦透镜距离为40 mm、扫描速度为6 mm/s、搭接率为45%、氮气保护的激光熔凝工艺所得熔凝层的组织细小,无脱碳、畸变、裂纹等缺陷,熔凝处理质量高。熔凝过程中单道激光熔凝层呈半椭圆形分布,最大深度为610~620μm。熔凝处理后表面硬度提升显著,熔凝层的硬度分布与熔凝层的区域位置有关,具有较高硬度且硬度保持基本稳定的熔凝层深度约为400μm;单道激光熔凝层最高硬度可达460~480HV,重叠影响区即双熔凝区的最高硬度在540~560HV之间,即熔凝层硬度普遍较基体硬度提高了60%以上。此外,P20模具钢经过激光熔凝处理后耐磨性能提升明显,其平均摩擦因数约为0.85,熔凝处理的磨损失重较未处理的试样减少了约61%,其磨损机制主要表现为磨粒磨损和少量的黏着磨损或剥落脱离。结论激光熔凝处理能够显著提高P20模具钢的表面硬度和耐磨性能,试验采用的激光熔凝工艺可在P20钢表面获得硬度较高且稳定可靠的熔凝层深度在400μm左右,能将P20模具钢的表面硬度及耐磨性提高60%以上。

超声滚压表面复合强化研究综述

超声滚压技术通过位错的湮灭和产生将晶粒细化至纳米级,提高了材料硬度和耐磨损等性能。探讨了如何进一步提升材料的使役性能,通过将超声滚压与其他处理技术相结合形成复合加工工艺,克服单一超声滚压处理工艺的局限性,如超过塑性变形的极限或过度强化带来的起皱、开裂和压溃等。超声滚压表面复合强化技术作为特种复合加工工艺,在零件高性能表面制造中具有明显优势。根据超声滚压在复合工艺中的位置顺序,分别介绍了超声滚压前端强化、同步强化和后续强化3种加工类型。超声滚压前端复合加工技术主要包括超声滚压复合物理气相沉积技术和超声滚压复合离子注入技术等。在超声滚压同步强化方面,讨论了声电耦合和温度场辅助超声滚压对变形层厚度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。在超声滚压后续强化方面,介绍了涂层复合超声滚压技术,讨论了它对涂层裂纹、孔隙以及表面粗糙度的影响。此外,分析了超声滚压对复合强化过程中材料微观组织演化和塑性变形的作用机制,总结了这些技术在改善表面强化效果和满足复杂服役要求方面的研究现状。最后,展望了超声滚压复合强化技术的应用前景和发展方向,强调了它在提高材料使役性能方面的研究价值和目标。

等离子弧熔覆Fe-C-B-V系耐磨堆焊层的组织及性能研究

以硼铁、高碳铬铁、钒铁为原料,采用等离子弧熔覆技术在Q345钢表面堆焊Fe-C-B-V系铁基合金。使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等研究了堆焊层的显微组织;分别使用维氏硬度计和冲击试验机测量堆焊层的显微硬度和冲击韧性。结果表明,堆焊层显微组织主要由马氏体、网格状Fe_(3)(C,B)和Fe_(2)B、弥散分布的碳化物及硼化物等(如VB_(2)、VC、Cr_(2)B)硬质相构成;堆焊层的平均硬度高达904.58 HV10、冲击功为68.5 J。堆焊过程中形成的硼化物、碳化物作为硬质相提高了堆焊层的硬度和耐磨性,形成的碳化钒使组织从鱼骨状变成网格状,细化了晶粒,提高了堆焊层的冲击韧性。

温度对Stellite6与Stellite21合金堆焊层组织与性能的影响

采用等离子堆焊技术在304H不锈钢上分别堆焊Stellite6和Stellite21钴基合金,研究了在550~650℃不同温度下钴基合金堆焊层的显微组织和性能演变规律。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜与电子探针对堆焊层组织形貌及结合处元素分布进行观察分析,采用显微硬度计与电化学工作站分别对堆焊层的显微硬度与耐腐蚀性能进行检测。结果表明:两种合金堆焊层组织由熔合区的平面晶、中部柱状晶及顶部的等轴晶组成。随着温度升高,堆焊合金枝晶间距略有增大,熔合处无明显元素扩散,具有良好的组织稳定性。焊态Stellite6、Stellite21合金堆焊层的显微硬度分别为463、365HV0.3,受热后两种合金堆焊层硬度略有降低;焊态Stellite6、Stellite21合金堆焊层的腐蚀电流密度分别为1.312、10.848μA/cm^(2),受热后两种合金腐蚀电流密度均略增大。总体而言,在550~650℃下两种合金均具有较高的硬度和良好的耐腐蚀性能。

Y_(2)O_(3)对等离子堆焊WC/Ni60堆焊层组织及性能的影响

利用等离子堆焊在Q235钢板上制备镍基复合堆焊层,研究了不同含量的Y_(2)O_(3)对镍基碳化钨堆焊层组织及性能的影响。采用SEM、XRD分析了堆焊层的微观组织;使用维氏硬度计和端面高温摩擦磨损试验机对堆焊层进行了硬度和磨损性能测试。结果表明:Y_(2)O_(3)的加入促使堆焊层中碳化物规则化,以WC为核心向周围生长。堆焊层检测出主要的物相为γ-Ni(Fe)、WC、W_(2)C、M_(23)C_(6)、M_(6)C、Cr_(7)C_(3)、FeNi_(3)相。添加1.2%Y_(2)O_(3)的堆焊层维氏硬度达到最大值970 HV0.5,比未加Y_(2)O_(3)的堆焊层硬度高283 HV0.5,在高温摩擦磨损条件下磨损量最小为2.8 mg,摩擦系数为0.32,此时磨损机制为轻微的磨粒磨损。

反倾层状斜坡破裂面演化特征离心机模型试验与数值模拟

破裂面形成演化特征是反倾层状斜坡研究的重点之一,也是稳定性评价和工程设计治理的基础。利用室内大型土工离心机,获取坡体受力和变形参数,同时结合PFC数值模拟成果,展示斜坡破裂面的形成演化过程和特征,并讨论破裂面的形成机理。结果表明:(1)首先在坡体内部产生压剪裂隙,随后向中下部扩展,坡体压剪分区;(2)裂隙向中上部发展,破裂面初步形成,深部坡体发生弯折;(3)浅层裂隙完全贯通,形成由坡顶至坡脚的完整破裂面Ⅰ,内部潜在破裂面(Ⅱ、Ⅲ)中上部近似平行坡面,下部合并后至坡脚,而稳定受压区域与弯折区分界潜在破裂面Ⅳ呈阶梯形,同时浅层存在3条次级破裂面;(4)斜坡的变形破坏由于重力作用,使得岩层差异性受力,在压剪、拉剪及弯折作用下,裂隙由预制裂隙尖端萌生、扩展,最终贯通形成破裂面。重力是内在原因,而坡体结构特征是基础条件。研究成果可以为反倾层状斜坡进一步深入研究和实践提供参考。

人工淹没空化射流喷丸强化7075铝合金性能分析

目的利用喷丸强化技术提高材料的性能,延长零件的使用寿命。方法在人工淹没空化射流喷丸中,利用由2个具有大速度差的同心共流射流产生的剪切层引起的空化,在承受疲劳载荷或腐蚀环境的金属部件的表面层中引入压缩残余应力,从而实现冲击性能显著提高的新型喷丸强化技术。为了进一步验证人工淹没空化射流的强化性能,采用人工淹没空化射流喷丸对7075铝合金(Al7075)进行表面强化处理,研究不同扫描速度的人工淹没空化射流喷丸对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。观测不同扫描速度人工淹没空化射流喷丸下Al7075的表面形貌和粗糙度。结果在扫描速度为3.0mm/min时,粗糙度值约为1.27μm;在扫描速度为2.0 mm/min时,粗糙度值约为4.08μm;在扫描速度为1.0 mm/min时,粗糙度值约为12.35μm。测量了人工淹没空化射流喷丸冲击前后Al7075的残余应力和显微硬度沿深度方向的分布,研究并讨论了Al7075在人工淹没空化射流喷丸过程中的微观结构演变。结论人工淹没空化射流喷丸会在Al7075表面发生塑性变形,增加了表面粗糙度,且产生加工硬化。揭示了Al7075在塑性变形过程中的晶粒细化机制,旨在为获得高性能的Al7075提供一种新的表面强化方法。

双层土质滑坡临界滑动面判识与失稳机理研究

研究层状土质边坡的临界滑动面和失稳机制是岩土工程中经典的研究课题。聚焦引起边坡失稳破坏的不同诱发机制和触发因素,关注边坡的破坏模式和失稳过程,有利于提供更具针对性的加固措施。针对岩土工程中常见的非均质边坡,研发了适合双层土质边坡的有限元程序。研究了土坡在不同几何形态下,稳定性态、临界滑动面位置、失稳模式及破坏机制的演化规律;推导了非均质土坡的安全系数FS与土体特性和几何形态之间的内在函数关系式;提出了双滑面失稳机理与临界强度比的概念,给出了边坡稳定性态与失稳破坏的临界转折点和双滑面失稳的判别准则;揭示了双层不排水边坡的破坏机制,建立了不排水边坡稳定性态和失稳机理的相关设计图表。工程验证表明,计算所得的边坡稳定数及稳定状态与工程实际非常接近,该运算程序能够精准快速地判定潜在临界滑动面,准确评估边坡破坏机制,为双层土质边坡稳定性分析提供了新的思路和途径。

构筑物下覆岩离层注浆控制地表变形模拟试验研究

为掌握离层注浆开采控制地表变形的规律,以数值模拟与相似模拟相结合研究了采空区形变及应力变化和覆岩运移演化规律,并进行现场工程试验。研究结果表明:(1)在离层注浆作用下,顶板压力增加,采空区被压实,采空区应力无明显变化;(2)离层上方关键层应力受到向上的注浆压力作用,内部应力在短距离范围内出现下降,随着向上远离离层,注浆压力作用影响下降,在巨大覆岩压力作用下,岩层向下的压力有所增加;(3)塑性区发育高度在离层注浆后基本不再向上扩展,转而变为横向扩展,关键层上方由于注浆充填作用未出现明显大面积破坏。由此可见,关键层下方离层空间注浆充填,对于关键层上方的岩层起到了很好的保护作用;(4)注浆区域的关键层及其上覆岩层下沉量较小,而注浆层位下方岩层和未注浆区域的岩层下沉量普遍明显较大,表明离层注浆对控制关键层及其上覆岩层的运移发挥了良好的作用。

A novel micro-rolling&incremental sheet forming hybrid process:Deformation behavior and microstructure evolution

Thin-walled metal parts with functional micro-featured surface have broad application prospects in the fields of resistance reduction,noise reduction,etc.In this study,a novel micro-rolling&incremental sheet forming hybrid process(μR-ISF)is proposed to fabricate thin-walled metal parts with microgroove arrays.An analytical model which relates the rolling force and microgroove depth in the micro-rolling stage was first established.Then,the formation mechanism of microgroove morphology during both micro-rolling stage and macro-shape forming stage are investigated.After the micro-grooved sheet being incrementally formed,a significant reduction(between 21%to nearly 60%)is occurred in the depth of both transverse and longitudinal grooves compared to the flat sheet.Meanwhile,the width of transverse grooves decreases slightly by about 10%on average,while the width of longitudinal microgrooves increases significantly by more than 30%on average.After micro-rolling,85°{102}tensile twins appear on the micro-grooved sheet and the percentage of 65°{112}compressive twins increases.After incremental forming,the percentage of low-angle grain boundaries and the density of geometrically necessary dislocations in the formed part increase significantly,and the grain size distribution becomes more uniform.The present work provides a new strategy for the fabrication of 3D metal thin-walled components with surface micro-features.