Effect of Process Parameters of Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) on Polysaccharides Yield from Pumpkin

Process parameters of microwave assisted extraction （MAE） of the polysaccharides from pumpkin viz. extraction temperature, time and liquid-solid ratio were studied by using single factor and response surface methodology method. The results showed that the liquid-solid ratio was the most important factor in polysaccharides yield, followed the extraction temperature was the least important factor. The optimum microwave assisted extraction co by ndi extraction time, and tions for the highest polysaccharides yield from pumpkin （16.76%-4-0.38%） were obtained by using the response surface methodology with extraction time of 29 min, an extraction temperature of 79 ℃ and a liquid-solid ratio of 22 mL·g^-1. Validation experiment result well agreed with predicted value.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID FROM LICORICE ROOT-EFFECT OF THE PROPERTY OF SOLUTION ON EXTRACTION OF GA

The property of extraction solution is an important factor influencing the extraction efficiency. In the present work, the effect of the property of solution on extraction of GA was studied, which including the concentration of ethanol, ammonia and cation (M+), pH of extraction solution, different kinds of organic solvent etc. The results show that 50%-60%(v/v) ethanol can reach high percentage extraction of GA. If 1% (v/v) ammonia solution was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, the percentage extraction can be increased from 2.0% to 2.31%. Without ammonia, 50mmol/L [M+] (M+ = K+, NH4+) was added into 60%(v/v) ethanol, percentage extraction of GA can reach about 2.26%. If pH of solution (60% ethanol) was adjust to pH=4.0, it can reach high percentage extraction. If pH of solution (60% ethanol + 50mmol [M+], pH=6.1) was adjust tO PH=4.0, especially M+ is K+ or NH4+, it can reach almost same extraction efficiency as that of 1% ammonia solution + 60% ethanol, and the operation environment can be greatly improved.

Microwave-assisted Extraction of Rutin and Quercetin from Flos Sophorae

Three microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) procedures were studied. The first procedure was household microwave oven dynamic extraction(HMODE). The second procedure was special microwave oven bath extraction(SMOBE). The third procedure was microwave resonant cavity dynamic extraction(MRCDE). The results obtained by the three microwave-assisted extraction procedures were compared with those obtained by using traditional Soxhlet extraction. The results indicate that the MAE not only took a shorter time, but also simplified the procedure, and made the extraction a higher yield. At the same time the results obtained by the three MAE procedures were also compared with each other.

Response surface optimization of microwave-assisted extraction for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii

Microwave-assisted extraction was optimized with response surface methodology for HPLC-fluorescence determination of puerarin and daidzein in Radix Puerariae thomsonii.The optimized extraction procedure was achieved by soaking the sample with 70% methanol（1∶15,v/v）for 30 min,and then microwave irradiation for 11 min at a power of 600 W.Coupling the extraction process with HPLC-fluorescence presented good recovery,satisfactory precision,and good linear relation.Compared with a method from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the proposed method enables higher extraction efficiency and more accurate analytical results.It can be of potential value in quality assessment of Radix Puerariae thomsonii medicinal materials.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumule using response surface methodology

In this work,a fast and efficient microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) method was developed to extract main bioactive alkaloids from lotus plumue.To optimize MAE conditions,three main factors were selected using univariate approach experiments,and then central composite design(CCD).The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:methanol concentration of 65%,microwave power of 200 W,and extraction time of 260 s.A high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector(HPLC–DAD) method was established to quantitatively analyze these phytochemicals in different lotus plumule samples and in different part of lotus.Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Extend-C_(18) column(4.6 mm×150 mm,3.5 μm).Gradient elution was applied with the mobile phase constituted with 0.1% triethylamine in water(A)and acetonitrile(B):40%-70% B at 0-8 min,70%-100% B at 8–9 min,100% B for 2 min,and then equilibrated with 40% B for 2 min.

Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of castor oil from castor seeds

This study was aimed at evaluating the physicochemical properties and oxidation stability of castor oil using microwave-assisted solvent extraction(MAE). MAE was performed using 5% ethanol in hexane as solvent at different extraction times, power intensities and solvent-to-feed(S/F, ml of solvent to gram of feed) ratios.The process parameters were optimized by statistical approach using historical data design of response surface method(RSM). The oils were characterized for yield, physicochemical properties, dielectric properties and oxidation stability, and comparison was also made with oil extracted using Soxhlet method. Results show that the maximum oil yield of 37% was obtained at 20 min with microwave power intensity of 330 W and S/F ratio of 20. The main fatty acid composition of castor oil is ricinoleic acid. The density, refractive index, dielectric properties and oxidation stability of oils are not affected by the extraction methods and extraction parameters of MAE. However, the MAE-extracted oil is more viscous compared to that by Soxhlet method. With extra caution on oil oxidation, MAE could be a promising solvent extraction method with an 86% less in processing time and a higher yield.

Application and research advancement on the microwave-assisted extraction

This paper summarized application and research advancement of the microwave-assisted extraction in the agriculture, food industry, environmental analytical chemistry, traditional Chinese medicine industry, and so on. The microwave-assisted extraction was manifested to be a simple device, wide area of application, high extraction efficiency, good reproducibility and low consumption of agent and time as well as low environmental pollution. At present, industrialization question of the microwave-assisted extraction technology has been attached importance, which will impel the microwave-assisted extraction technology to more development in the future

Comparison of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network in Predicting the Microwave-Assisted Extraction Procedure to Determine Zinc in Fish Muscles

In this paper, the estimation capacities of the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), in a microwave-assisted extraction method to determine the amount of zinc in fish samples were investigated. The experiments were carried out based on a 3-level, 4-variable Box–Behnken design. The amount of zinc was considered as a function of four independent variables, namely irradiation power, irradiation time, nitric acid concentration, and temperature. The RSM results showed the quadratic polynomial model can be used to describe the relationship between the various factors and the response. Using the ANN analysis, the optimal configuration of the ANN model was found to be 4-10-1. After predicting the model using RSM and ANN, two methodologies were then compared for their predictive capabilities. The results showed that the ANN model is much more accurate in prediction as compared to the RSM.

Study on chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to HPLC/DAD

Microwave-assisted extraction(MAE)was used for extraction of effective components of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),and then chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)was studied by high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector(HPLC/DAD).The conditions of MAE were optimized by an orthogonal experiment,and then the authentication and validation of the chromatographic fingerprint were conducted.Nine peaks were identified as common peaks in the fingerprint chromatograms,and isofraxidin was considered as a reference compound and quantified.Relative standard deviations of retention time and peak area of each component were less than 3% and 8%,respectively.Similarity and difference analysis were conducted by use of PCA and relation coefficient.Twenty batches of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.)samples from two different producing areas could be classified into two different groups in the PCA model.The results showed that MAE-HPLC/DAD method was simple,efficient and stable for the study of complex chromatographic fingerprint of sarcandra glabra(Thunb.),which could provide more reliable and precise information for quality evaluation.

Rapid Lab-Scale Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Analysis of Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals in River Sediments

An Ethos EZ Microwave Lab Station is employed in the development of a robust and efficient microwave extraction method for organic contaminants of anthropogenic origin in river sediments. The extraction method is designed for a small, representative set of target compounds encompassing a range of physicochemical properties. Listed in order of gas chromatography elution they are para-cresol, indole, 4-tert-octylphenol, phenanthrene, triclosan, bisphenol-A, carbamazepine, and benzo [a] pyrene. The sediments samples are extracted wet, which reduces preparation time, and allows the ambient moisture of the sediments to aid in microwave energy absorption and the extraction process. The microwave can hold up to 12 samples that can be simultaneously extracted allowing for rapid sample preparation. Utilizing the pressurized vessels, microwave energy, and a unique mixture of three organic solvents allows for multiple samples to be extracted rapidly with minimal solvent consumption. The final extracts are quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Recoveries of the 8 target compounds in sediment range from 49% to 113%, and method detection limits range between 14 and 114 μg kg–1, which are comparable with other more time consuming methods.

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Natural Polyphenols and Flavonoids from the Raw Solid Waste of the Orange Juice Industry

Orange pomace is the solid waste of the orange juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Orange pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which can substitute the potentially hazardous or less desirable chemical antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics industry.In this work,an eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of orange pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce aqueous bioactive antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three factorial Response Surface Optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain optimum values of total polyphenols and total flavonoids and build predictive models for their optimal extraction conditions.The three optimization factors in terms of applied process parameters were(a)water/solid ratio,(b)extraction temperature and(c)extraction time.The effectiveness and statistical soundness of the two corresponding models regarding optimal total polyphenols and flavonoids were verified by Analysis of Variance(ANOVA).

Mathematical Modeling and Optimization of the Microwave Assisted Extraction of the Solid Waste of the Pomegranate Juice Industry

Pomegranate pomace is the solid waste of the pomegranate juice industry which accounts for approximately 50%of the quantity of the fruits,which is processed into juice and is a good raw material for production of high added value products with diverse uses.Pomegranate pomace is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids which could substitute the potentially hazardous synthetic antioxidants/antimicrobials used in agro-food and cosmetics sectors.In this work,eco-friendly aqueous microwave assisted extraction of pomegranate pomace was investigated and optimized in order to produce effectively novel natural antioxidant/antimicrobial extracts.A three-factorial response surface optimization methodology with centered Box&Behnken experimental design was used to obtain the predictive models and the maximum values of total polyphenols,total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity(TAC).The three optimization factors involved were:(a)water/solid ratio;(b)extraction temperature;(c)extraction time and the effectiveness and robustness of the three models were statistically verified by ANOVA.

MAE-SAFE-GC-MS法分析道口烧鸡挥发性成分

采用微波辅助萃取耦合溶剂辅助风味蒸发法对道口烧鸡的挥发性成分进行提取。采用气相色谱-质谱结合保留指数定性分析道口烧鸡挥发性成分,共鉴定出98种化合物,包括11种醇、17种醛、9种酮、11种含氮、含硫及杂环化合物、3种酸、5种酯、4种醚、36种烃和2种酚。可能对道口烧鸡特征香气的形成起关键作用的有4-萜烯醇、糠醇、肉桂醇、己醛、苯甲醛、反-2-癸烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、大茴香醛、肉桂醛、丁香酚、茴香脑、肉豆蔻醚、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-4-吡喃酮等。

茶饮料浸提工艺的微波辅助萃取(MAE)应用研究

浸提工艺是茶饮料生产过程一个关键生产工艺。本文比较了传统热水浸提工艺和微波辅助萃取工艺之间的最优工艺参数,并利用高效液相色谱分析方法研究了微波萃取对茶多酚浸出得率和单体组成的影响,表明微波萃取技术(Microwave-assistedextraction,MAE)可应用在茶饮料生产中,而且比传统热水浸提工艺省时节能。结果表明:传统热水浸提工艺的最优浸提温度90℃、时间43min、液固比20:1,茶多酚的得率为19.76%;微波辅助萃取工艺的最优浸提功率360W、时间3.5min、液固比25:1,茶多酚的得率为20.63%。微波短时处理茶叶不会对茶多酚的结构和单体组成产生破坏性影响。

MAE-SAFE/GC-MS分析酱牛肉挥发性成分

采用微波辅助萃取耦合溶剂辅助风味蒸发法提取酱牛肉挥发性成分,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪结合保留指数定性分析酱牛肉的挥发性成分,共鉴定出65种化合物,包括11种醇,10种醛,3种酮,8种含氮、含硫或杂环化合物,9种酸,6种酯,3种醚,14种烃和1种酚。采用嗅闻频率检测法对酱牛肉挥发性成分进行GC-O分析,嗅觉检测频率≥5/11的化合物有壬醛、5-甲基糠醛、薄荷酮、茴香脑、麦芽酚、反-肉桂醛、肉桂醇。

MAE法萃取薄荷挥发油的研究

以正戊烷为溶剂,采用微波协助萃取技术(MAE),对影响薄荷挥发油萃取的4个因素进行了研究。结果表明:影响薄荷挥发油萃取各因素由强到弱排序依次为溶剂用量、微波处理时间、烘干温度、溶剂浸泡时间。20 g薄荷干粉采用溶剂浸泡时间3 h,溶剂用量400 mL,微波处理时间30 s,薄荷烘干温度为50℃的工艺参数组合,所获得的薄荷挥发油量最高,为352.10 mg,萃取率达1.76%。

微波辅助提取技术(MAE)研究和应用进展

微波辅助提取技术与传统技术相比在很多方面有其独特的优越性。本文综述了微波辅助提取技术的机理、特点、设备以及近几年来微波辅助提取在有机污染物、生化活性物质、金属等方面的研究和应用进展的研究报导。最后展望了微波辅助提取的发展前景。

MAE-HS-SPME联合萃取GC-MS分析肉桂香气成分

采用微波辅助萃取与顶空-固相微萃取联合(MAE-HS-SPME)的方法萃取肉桂中香气成分,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法进行分析,并将分析结果与同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)和HS-SPME法对比。结果表明,MAE-HS-SPME的最佳条件为:称取10g样品,加入100mL去离子水,微波功率为150W,用100μmPA萃取头萃取4.5min,250℃解吸20s。GC-MS分析确认了其中62种成分,占总峰面积的95.01%。3种萃取方法所得肉桂中主要香气成分基本相同,均为桂醛、α-荜澄茄烯、反式茴香脑和4,7-二甲基-1-异丙基-[1α,4aα,8aα]-1,2,4a,5,6,8a-六氢萘等。MAE-HS-SPME法鉴定的成分比HS-SPME和SDE法分别多出18种和26种。说明MAE-HS-SPME是一种分析肉桂中香气物质的高效的样品前处理方法。