Optimal Design of Aperture Illuminations for Microwave Power Transmission with Annular Collection Areas

This work presents an optimal design method of antenna aperture illumination for microwave power transmission with an annular collection area.The objective is to maximize the ratio of the power radiated on the annular collection area to the total transmitted power.By formulating the aperture amplitude distribution through a summation of a special set of series,the optimal design problem can be reduced to finding the maximum ratio of two real quadratic forms.Based on the theory of matrices,the solution to the formulated optimization problem is to determine the largest characteristic value and its associated characteristic vector.To meet security requirements,the peak radiation levels outside the receiving area are considered to be extra constraints.A hybrid grey wolf optimizer and Nelder–Mead simplex method is developed to deal with this constrained optimization problem.In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method,numerical experiments on continuous apertures are conducted;then,discrete arrays of isotropic elements are employed to validate the correctness of the optimized results.Finally,patch arrays are adopted to further verify the validity of the proposed method.

Microwave Power Transmission for Space-Based Solar Power (MPT-SBSP)

This paper examines the definition of MPT-SBSP and implementation model of such technology.It surveys the latest development and affirms the feasibility and a bright future of this technology,emphasizing the existing issues must be solved by more educated individuals and organizations for the early realization of this"beyond-the-realm-of-cost"technology.Because once this technology is successfully applied in large-scale,humans won’t have to worry about the energy crisis in the future.

X-BAND CIRCULARLY POLARIZED RECTENNAS FOR MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION APPLICATIONS

Circularly polarized rectennas operating at X-band are studied in this paper. The quasi-square patches fed by aperture coupling are used as the circularly polarized receiving antennas, which are easily matched and integrated with the circuits of rectennas. The double-layer structure not only minimizes the size of the rectennas but also decreases the effects of the circuits on the an- tenna. The receiving elements have broader bandwidth and higher gain than the single-layer patches. Two rectennas operating at 10GHz are designed, fabricated and measured. The voltage of 3.86V on a load of 200? is measured and a high RF-DC conversion efficiency of 75% is obtained at 9.98GHz. It is convenient for this kind of rectennas to form large arrays for high power applications.

On Differentiation Among Pilot Signals of Multiple Mobile Targets in Retro-Reflective Beamforming for Wireless Power Transmission

An experimental study is conducted on several retro-reflective beamforming schemes for wireless power transmission to multiple wireless power receivers(referred to herein as“targets”).The experimental results demonstrate that,when multiple targets broadcast continuous-wave pilot signals at respective frequencies,a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter is capable of generating multiple wireless power beams aiming at the respective targets as long as the multiple pilot signals are explicitly separated from one another by the wireless power transmitter.However,various practical complications are identified when the pilot signals of multiple targets are not appropriately differentiated from each other by the wireless power transmitter.Specifically,when multiple pilot signals are considered to be carried by the same frequency,the wireless power transmission performance becomes heavily dependent on the interaction among the pilot signals,which is highly undesirable in practice.In conclusion,it is essential for a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter to explicitly discriminate multiple targets’pilot signals among each other.

Retro-reflective Beamforming Technique with Applications in Wireless Power Transmission

Retro reflective beamforming technique has the potential of enabling efficient wireless power transmission over long distance(on the order of meters and even kilometers).In retro reflective beamforming,wireless power transmission is guided by pilot signal:Based upon pilot signal broadcasted by a wireless power receiver,a wireless power transmitter delivers focused microwave power beam(s)onto the location of wireless power receiver.When the wireless power receiver’s location is not fixed or when the wireless power receiver’s location is unknown to the wireless power transmitter,the microwave power beam would follow the wireless power receiver’s location dynamically as long as the wireless power receiver broadcasts pilot signal periodically.This paper reviews our research endeavors in recent years on retro reflective beamforming technique targeting three applications:(1)wireless charging for low power mobile/portable electronic devices,(2)space solar power satellites(SSPS)application,and(3)wireless charging in fully enclosed space.The feasibility and potential of retro reflective beamforming technique with applications in wireless power transmission are demonstrated by some preliminary experimental results.

Investigation of an X-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator

An X-band magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator （MILO） is designed and investigated numerically and experimentally for the first time. The X-band MILO is optimized in detail with KARAT code. In simulation, the X-band MILO, driven by a 720 kV, 53 kA electron beam, comes to a nonlinear steady state in 4.0 ns. High-power microwaves （HPM） of TEM mode is generated with an average power of 4.1 GW, a frequency of 9.3 GHz, and power conversion efficiency of 10.870 in durations of 0-40 ns. The device is fabricated according to the simulation results. In experiments, when the voltage is 400 kV and the current is 50 kA, the radiated microwave power reaches about 110 MW and the dominating frequency is 9.7GHz. Because the surfaces of the cathode end and the beam dump are destroyed, the diode voltage cannot increase continuously. However, when the diode voltage is 400 kV, the average power output is obtained to be 700 MW in simulation. The impedance of the device is clearly smaller than the simulation prediction. Moreover, the duration of the microwave pulse is obviously shorter than that of the current pulse. The experimental results are greatly different from the simulation predictions. The preliminary analyses show that the generations of the anode plasma, the cathode flare and the anode flare are the essential cause for the remarkable deviation of the experimental results from the simulation predictions.

Magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator oscillated in a modified HEM_(11) mode

This paper puts forward a novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator （MILO） for the first time which takes a modified HEM11 mode as its main interaction mode. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangements of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional （2-D） slow wave structure. The high frequency characteristics are analyzed and a PIC simulation is carried out; the detailed results are discussed to get a better understanding of this new MILO. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, it finds that the modified HEM11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4% and the generated microwave is in a TEll-like circularly polarized mode; its polarization direction is decided by the rotation direction of the SWS.

HEM_(11) mode magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator:Simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator （MILO） in which a modified HEM11 mode is taken as its main interaction mode （HEM11 mode MILO） is simulated and experimented in this paper. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure. The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region, the interaction mode is HEM11 mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively; and in the coaxial output region, the microwave mode is TE11 mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, the HEM11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TEll-like circular polarization mode. In a preliminary experiment investigation, high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz, an output energy of 43 J 47 J, and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV450 kV, and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.

用于微波无线输能的高增益柔性天线研究

为克服传统有线供能方式的接入不便问题,提出了一种用于5.8 GHz微波无线输能(MWPT)高增益柔性天线。天线以聚酰亚胺(PI)为基底,采用广义迭代设计方法得到3层圆环结构,并选用共面波导(CPW)方式馈电。此外,为提高天线增益,在天线背面加载空气层和柔性反射板,并对天线性能进行了测试。测量结果显示:该天线在频率5.8 GHz处的峰值增益为9.51 dBi;当天线弯曲在曲率半径为85,60,45 mm时,增益始终保持在8.89 dBi以上,S_(11)幅值始终小于-10 dB。最后,通过微波无线输能实验测得该天线最大能量捕获效率可达71.3%,在弯曲状态下也能保持59%以上的捕获效率。该天线的高增益、高能量捕获效率以及稳定性证明了其在微波无线输能中具有潜在的应用价值。

基于频率控制的封闭腔体微波无线输能技术

随着航空航天技术的快速发展,封闭腔体内的无线能量传输(Wireless Power Transmission,WPT)技术开始受到广泛关注.基于频率控制的WPT技术,可实现对电大封闭腔体(103×λ3)内的多方位传感器进行可控和高效的无线充电.电大腔体内的电场分布对频率的变化敏感,利用频率变化实现对封闭腔体场分布控制.实验结果表明,在S波段的1 m3腔体最高WPT传输效率为96.6%.设计的宽带整流电路实测整流效率最高为80%,整流效率高于50%的带宽为1.65 GHz.在2.401~2.495 GHz频段实现控制双接收机的不同工作状态,展现其在航空航天器等封闭空间中为传感器无线供电的应用前景.

旋磁非线性传输线原理分析和初步实验

作为一种特殊的宽带高功率微波源,旋磁非线性传输线(gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission lines,GNLTL)由于中心频率高、易于调频以及可以高重频运行等特点,得到了广泛的关注。为明确GNLTL的特殊工作机理,对比分析GNLTL与传统旋磁应用场景的不同之处。从微观磁化动力学入手,针对GNLTL产生微波的原因进行定性解释。搭建一套低功率的验证实验装置,重点针对实验场景构建、GNLTL设计进行介绍。实验得到微波信号的中心频率为750 MHz,3 dB波束带宽达12%,峰值功率为245 kW,初步验证了GNLTL的微波产生效果。

全金属Fabry-Perot谐振腔天线

为实现远距离微波无线能量传输,发射天线应具有耐受大功率、高增益、低损耗和结构简单等优点。针对以上需求,文章设计了一款全金属结构的Fabry-Perot谐振腔天线。整个天线包含全金属腔体,波导馈口和双层金属栅格覆盖层。覆盖层的尺寸为3λ_(0)×3λ_(0),λ_(0)为对应的工作波长。每一层金属栅格都包含9×9个单元。所设计的双层覆盖层可以看作是一种电磁带隙结构,通过优化双层金属栅格单元的厚度和间距,实现了工作频段的宽带化,仿真结果表明其在9.72GHz~10.3GHz之间实现了插入损耗小于3dB的宽频带传输特性。通过电磁带隙结构对馈源辐射出来的微波进行幅度和相位的修正实现增益的提高,仿真结果表明:不加载双层覆盖层时该天线的增益为9.7dBi,加上覆盖层之后增益提高到了17.76dBi。为了验证上述设计和仿真,加工制作了一款全金属结构Fabry-Perot谐振腔天线,实测结果表明:该谐振腔天线在10GHz实现了17.31dBi的高增益,同时在9.51GHz~11.42GHz之间获得了回波损耗大于10dB的阻抗带宽。

用于微波无线能量传输的无衍射电磁超表面设计

微波无线能量传输作为一种远距离能量传输技术受到广泛关注,但是电场随着距离增加会快速衰减。为了减缓电场衰减趋势,提高接收端功率,文章推导出了用于产生无衍射波束的相位计算表达式。另外,设计了一款相位覆盖360°,传输系数优于-3dB的相位控制单元,并利用该单元设计了一个口径为500mm的超表面。仿真和实测数据显示,在加载电磁超表面后,电场明显增强,能量更加集中。微波无线传输实验结果表明,在发射总功率为36dBm时,相较于无电磁超表面情况下,接收端接收的能量最大可以提升9倍之多,证明了设计出的电磁超表面助于提高微波传能系统的传输效率。

输电线路在线监测设备供能技术研究综述

随着数字电网的发展,海量的智能监测设备将安装在输电线路上,稳定、可靠的能源供给是输电线路在线监测设备有效运行的关键。为此,对输电线路在线监测设备不同供能方式的基本结构、工作原理和优缺点进行综述,阐述不同供能方式国内外最新研究进展。分析目前不同供能方式面临的难点和突破口,提出多组供能组合方式,利用不同供能方式的优势互补性,可增强供电的稳定性和可靠性;地线电流感应与蓄电池取能组合安全可靠,易于安装,既可避免能源浪费,又可提高电力系统的效率和可靠性;微波供能与蓄电池的组合采用时分多址系统,不受电网影响,可为在线监测装置实时稳定供电。

无线电广播高功率微波发射技术的应用研究

为实现无线电广播高功率微波发射目标,确保信号的高质量传输和接收,文中提出了一种全新的微波发射技术,并研究了其应用效果。首先,采集音频信号,对其进行数字化处理,并生成无线电广播信号;其次,利用残留边带调幅技术,调制信号;在此基础上,基于叠加原理,实现高功率微波定向发射。应用分析结果表明,应用该技术后,微波发射频谱纯度较高,调制频率均达到了96%以上,提高了信号的强度和稳定性。

微波无线传能发射天线馈电相位鲁棒性优化设计

为保证微波无线传能系统具有可靠且高的传输效率,针对系统中发射天线存在的馈电相位误差,提出了一种基于最差情况分析的多准则优化设计方法。首先,推导了发射天线电性能参数与随机馈电相位误差的数学关系。其次,基于最差情况分析方法,建立了馈电相位随机误差的缩减区间描述模型。然后,提出了一种具有鲁棒性的波束收集效率优化设计方法。最后,通过蒙特卡洛方法验证了所提方法的有效性。

MPT中基于LabWindows/CVI的微波波束自适应调节

为实现微波无线能量传输(MWPT)系统中最高传输效率,需要调节微波发射波束对准接收端。通过对微波发射端天线单元的相位进行闭环调节和控制,实现接收端微波功率最大值的跟踪与锁定。本文构建2个发射天线单元的X波段微波无线能量传输系统,基于LabWindows/CVI软件平台进行发射端功率放大器相位自适应控制,实现系统最高效率传输。发射天线和接收天线的中心距离为152 cm,功率放大器的最小移相步进5.625°。实测结果表明,微波无线能量传输系统输出功率降为最大值一半的范围(3 dB动态范围)扩大了49%,验证了本方法能准确地进行闭环自适应相位控制并锁定最高系统传输功率。

远距离大容量连续无线功率传输的机遇与挑战

远距离大容量连续无线功率传输是支撑空间太阳能开发利用和碳中和目标实现的未来可行路线之一。首先介绍了远距离连续大功率无线功率传输的应用需求和当前面临的发展机遇,针对具体应用提出了对该技术的具体需求;然后论述了国际范围内远距离连续大功率无线功率传输的最新研究进展。结合发展态势和应用需求,阐述了技术发展到目前所面临的挑战,并针对这些挑战提出了发展建议。

微波无线能量传输功率放大器效率提升的设计方法研究

针对用于微波无线能量传输系统中的微波功率放大器高效率需求,文章提出了一种提高功率放大器功率附加效率及输出功率的设计方法。通过功率放大器内部的功率流向统计,分析了反馈电容通道对高频功率放大器效率损失的影响,进而提出在栅极-漏极之间引入反馈谐振网络,提高晶体管内部漏极到栅极反馈支路的阻抗,减少产生的功率流向内部漏极到栅极支路,降低晶体管内部通道的功率损耗,从而保证在产生的总功率保持不变的前提下,增加了流向负载上功率,实现微波功率放大器输出功率的增加和功率附加效率的提高。验证电路仿真结果表明,功率放大器在5.78 GHz~5.82 GHz频率范围内功率附加效率均高于70%,漏极效率优于80.5%,输出功率高于10.5 W。证明了该方法在提升功率放大器效率方面切实可行,研究成果对提高应用于微波能量传输系统的功率放大器效率提供有力支撑。

基于反射阵天线的无线输能系统设计与实验

微波无线输能技术因其传输距离远,易于调控,近年来受到广泛的关注。文中提出一款基于移动馈源的波束扫描平面反射阵天线,该阵列由19×19个移相单元构成,整体尺寸为490.2 mm×490.2 mm。通过仿真验证了提出的移相单元可以覆盖360°全相位,且反射系数大于-0.1 dB(97.7%)。基于CST全波仿真表明,设计的反射阵扫描角度为-28°~+25°。同时,搭建了一个微型的传能系统用于验证反射阵天线的性能。通过实验验证发现在有平面反射阵天线的情况下,在其辐射近场范围内,无线传能系统接收终端获得的功率提高约为无反射阵情况下的700%~1500%,非常有利于传能系统的能量传输。仿真和实验结果均证明该反射阵天线在微波无线传能领域具有一定的应用前景。