Surface roughness parameter is an important factor and obstacle for retrieving soil moisture in passive microwave remote sensing.Two statistical parameters,root mean square (RMS) height (s) and correlation length (l),...Surface roughness parameter is an important factor and obstacle for retrieving soil moisture in passive microwave remote sensing.Two statistical parameters,root mean square (RMS) height (s) and correlation length (l),are designed for describing the roughness of a randomly rough surface.The roughness parameter measured by traditional way is independence of frequency,soil moisture and soil heterogeneity and just the ″geometric″ roughness of random surface.This ″geometric″ roughness can not fully explain the scattered thermal radiation by the earth's surface.The relationship between ″geometric″ roughness and integrated roughness (contain both ″geometric″ roughness and ″dielectric″ roughness) is linked by empirical coefficient.In view of this problem,this paper presents a method for estimating integrated surface roughness from radiometer sampling data at different frequencies,which mainly based on the flourier relationship between power spectral density distribution and spatial autocorrelation function.We can obtain integrated surface roughness at different frequencies by this method.Besides "geometric" roughness,this integrated surface roughness not only contains "dielectric" roughness but also includes frequency dependence.Combined with Q/H model the polarization coupling coefficient can also be obtained for both H and V polarization.Meanwhile,the simulated numerical results show that radiometer with a sensitivity of 0.1 K can distinguish the different surface roughness and the change of roughness with frequency for the same rough surface.This confirms the feasibility of radiometer sampling method for estimating the surface roughness theoretically.This method overcomes the problem of ″dielectric″ roughness measurement to some extent and can achieve the integrated surface roughness within a microwave pixel which can serve soil moisture inversion better than the ″geometric″ roughness.展开更多
The blackbody calibration targets applied for microwave radiometer＇s prelaunch calibration are optimized with its electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. Based on the method of emissivity optimization with radar...The blackbody calibration targets applied for microwave radiometer＇s prelaunch calibration are optimized with its electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. Based on the method of emissivity optimization with radar cross section （RCS） simulation and the method of subgrid finite difference time domain （FDTD）, the following design rules are summarized： that the round wedge is better than the square one, the best ratio from height to bottom radius is 4：1, for wide band calibration, the multilayer absorbing material coating is efficient to increase the emissivity, and the gradual thickness absorbing material coating is helpful to guarantee the uniform distribution of surface temperature even as it keeps a higher emissivity. Finally following the above conclusions, a new type of blackbody calibration target with the cellular array is preferred to improve the uniformity of polarization, which will increase the performance of the calibration targets further.展开更多
The development processes and the application achievements of space-borne microwave sounder pre-launch calibration technologies in China are introduced briefly. Then, the general project plan for pre-launch calibratio...The development processes and the application achievements of space-borne microwave sounder pre-launch calibration technologies in China are introduced briefly. Then, the general project plan for pre-launch calibration, the latest research achievements on the optimization and development of the microwave wide band calibration targets, emissivity measurement technologies and the system level uncertainty analysis of the laboratory, and the thermal/vacuum microwave sounder calibration system for ＂FY-3＂ meteorological satellite are reported, respectively. Finally, the key technological problems of the calibration technologies under researching are analyzed predictively.展开更多
To retrieve sea-surface salinity (SSS) from radiometer data at 1.4 GHz, auxiliary data of sea-surface temperature (SST), surface roughness and meteorological variables are needed. The authors study oceanic passive pol...To retrieve sea-surface salinity (SSS) from radiometer data at 1.4 GHz, auxiliary data of sea-surface temperature (SST), surface roughness and meteorological variables are needed. The authors study oceanic passive polarimetric microwave remote sensing using 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz bands. A set of algorithms are developed for 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz microwave polarimetric radiometer at 50° incidence angle to retrieve wind vector, as well as other geophysical parameters, such as SSS, SST, atmospheric volumes of water vapor and liquid water. Idealized retrievals are conducted using 2 324 simulated brightness temperatures of full Stokes parameters at 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz. Results indicate that SSS, SST, sea-surface wind speed, direction, atmospheric volumes of water vapor and liquid water can be inversed at the same time. This suggests an alternative way for SSS remote sensing.展开更多
The co-effect of transmitted power fluctuation and system nonlinearity produce deviations in scatterometer measurement results . An internal calibration method to deal with this problem is proposed. The method can res...The co-effect of transmitted power fluctuation and system nonlinearity produce deviations in scatterometer measurement results . An internal calibration method to deal with this problem is proposed. The method can result in more precise scatterometric measurements in a wide range. The basic principle of the method is combining real-transmitted-power detection with the calibration of system nonlinearity. A practical scheme to implement the method is also presented, which is developed based on a special designed mechanism of a microwave radiometer-scatterometer combined system.展开更多
A single-channel (9.5 mm) airborne microwaveradiometer with one antenna is developed. The retrievalmethods and primary observation results of cloud liquidwater and super-cooled cloud liquid water are discussed. Theair...A single-channel (9.5 mm) airborne microwaveradiometer with one antenna is developed. The retrievalmethods and primary observation results of cloud liquidwater and super-cooled cloud liquid water are discussed. Theaircraft experiments show that the cloud liquid water andsuper-cooled liquid water can be sensitively monitored atsome level of accuracy by the radiometer. The results ofcloud liquid water content are reasonable and correspondwell with the surface radar echo intensity. The design of theairborne radiometer and its retrieval methods are feasible,giving it application value.展开更多
雪深(snow depth,SD)和雪水当量(snow water equivalent,SWE)是气候水文研究中的重要参数,在雪灾监测中尤为重要。首先,简要介绍了被动微波遥感SD和SWE反演算法的物理基础——积雪微波辐射传输模型,分析了不同微波频段、不同特点的积雪...雪深(snow depth,SD)和雪水当量(snow water equivalent,SWE)是气候水文研究中的重要参数,在雪灾监测中尤为重要。首先,简要介绍了被动微波遥感SD和SWE反演算法的物理基础——积雪微波辐射传输模型,分析了不同微波频段、不同特点的积雪微波辐射和散射特性。然后,根据前人的研究从数学角度将反演算法分为线性亮温梯度法和基于先验知识法,总结了2类算法的优势和局限性:线性亮温梯度法相对简单、速度快,一般只适用于特定的研究区;先验知识法需要获取研究区的样本数据,并反复训练才能达到较好的精度,但对样本的独立性及其均值差异显著性的要求较高。最后,重点介绍了我国风云三号微波成像仪(FY-3 MWRI)的全球SD和SWE反演算法和针对中国区域的改进算法,并对未来的研究热点进行了展望。展开更多
基金Under the auspices of the Key Direction in Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-340)
文摘Surface roughness parameter is an important factor and obstacle for retrieving soil moisture in passive microwave remote sensing.Two statistical parameters,root mean square (RMS) height (s) and correlation length (l),are designed for describing the roughness of a randomly rough surface.The roughness parameter measured by traditional way is independence of frequency,soil moisture and soil heterogeneity and just the ″geometric″ roughness of random surface.This ″geometric″ roughness can not fully explain the scattered thermal radiation by the earth's surface.The relationship between ″geometric″ roughness and integrated roughness (contain both ″geometric″ roughness and ″dielectric″ roughness) is linked by empirical coefficient.In view of this problem,this paper presents a method for estimating integrated surface roughness from radiometer sampling data at different frequencies,which mainly based on the flourier relationship between power spectral density distribution and spatial autocorrelation function.We can obtain integrated surface roughness at different frequencies by this method.Besides "geometric" roughness,this integrated surface roughness not only contains "dielectric" roughness but also includes frequency dependence.Combined with Q/H model the polarization coupling coefficient can also be obtained for both H and V polarization.Meanwhile,the simulated numerical results show that radiometer with a sensitivity of 0.1 K can distinguish the different surface roughness and the change of roughness with frequency for the same rough surface.This confirms the feasibility of radiometer sampling method for estimating the surface roughness theoretically.This method overcomes the problem of ″dielectric″ roughness measurement to some extent and can achieve the integrated surface roughness within a microwave pixel which can serve soil moisture inversion better than the ″geometric″ roughness.
基金supported by the National Key Laboratory of Metrology and Calibration Technologythe Second Academy Institute of China Aerospace Science & Industry Corp
文摘The blackbody calibration targets applied for microwave radiometer＇s prelaunch calibration are optimized with its electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. Based on the method of emissivity optimization with radar cross section （RCS） simulation and the method of subgrid finite difference time domain （FDTD）, the following design rules are summarized： that the round wedge is better than the square one, the best ratio from height to bottom radius is 4：1, for wide band calibration, the multilayer absorbing material coating is efficient to increase the emissivity, and the gradual thickness absorbing material coating is helpful to guarantee the uniform distribution of surface temperature even as it keeps a higher emissivity. Finally following the above conclusions, a new type of blackbody calibration target with the cellular array is preferred to improve the uniformity of polarization, which will increase the performance of the calibration targets further.
基金the National Key Laboratory of Metrology and Calibration Technology,the Second Academy Institute of China Aerospace Science & Industry Corp.
文摘The development processes and the application achievements of space-borne microwave sounder pre-launch calibration technologies in China are introduced briefly. Then, the general project plan for pre-launch calibration, the latest research achievements on the optimization and development of the microwave wide band calibration targets, emissivity measurement technologies and the system level uncertainty analysis of the laboratory, and the thermal/vacuum microwave sounder calibration system for ＂FY-3＂ meteorological satellite are reported, respectively. Finally, the key technological problems of the calibration technologies under researching are analyzed predictively.
基金supported by Chinese Research Project under Grant No. 973-2007CB411807China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project No. 20070420070the Special Fund of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘To retrieve sea-surface salinity (SSS) from radiometer data at 1.4 GHz, auxiliary data of sea-surface temperature (SST), surface roughness and meteorological variables are needed. The authors study oceanic passive polarimetric microwave remote sensing using 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz bands. A set of algorithms are developed for 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz microwave polarimetric radiometer at 50° incidence angle to retrieve wind vector, as well as other geophysical parameters, such as SSS, SST, atmospheric volumes of water vapor and liquid water. Idealized retrievals are conducted using 2 324 simulated brightness temperatures of full Stokes parameters at 1.4 GHz and 10.7 GHz. Results indicate that SSS, SST, sea-surface wind speed, direction, atmospheric volumes of water vapor and liquid water can be inversed at the same time. This suggests an alternative way for SSS remote sensing.
文摘The co-effect of transmitted power fluctuation and system nonlinearity produce deviations in scatterometer measurement results . An internal calibration method to deal with this problem is proposed. The method can result in more precise scatterometric measurements in a wide range. The basic principle of the method is combining real-transmitted-power detection with the calibration of system nonlinearity. A practical scheme to implement the method is also presented, which is developed based on a special designed mechanism of a microwave radiometer-scatterometer combined system.
文摘A single-channel (9.5 mm) airborne microwaveradiometer with one antenna is developed. The retrievalmethods and primary observation results of cloud liquidwater and super-cooled cloud liquid water are discussed. Theaircraft experiments show that the cloud liquid water andsuper-cooled liquid water can be sensitively monitored atsome level of accuracy by the radiometer. The results ofcloud liquid water content are reasonable and correspondwell with the surface radar echo intensity. The design of theairborne radiometer and its retrieval methods are feasible,giving it application value.
文摘雪深(snow depth,SD)和雪水当量(snow water equivalent,SWE)是气候水文研究中的重要参数,在雪灾监测中尤为重要。首先,简要介绍了被动微波遥感SD和SWE反演算法的物理基础——积雪微波辐射传输模型,分析了不同微波频段、不同特点的积雪微波辐射和散射特性。然后,根据前人的研究从数学角度将反演算法分为线性亮温梯度法和基于先验知识法,总结了2类算法的优势和局限性:线性亮温梯度法相对简单、速度快,一般只适用于特定的研究区;先验知识法需要获取研究区的样本数据,并反复训练才能达到较好的精度,但对样本的独立性及其均值差异显著性的要求较高。最后,重点介绍了我国风云三号微波成像仪(FY-3 MWRI)的全球SD和SWE反演算法和针对中国区域的改进算法,并对未来的研究热点进行了展望。
