Clinical Application of Preliminary Breast Cancer Screening for Dense Breasts Using Real-Time AI-Powered Ultrasound with Deep-Learning Computer Vision

Objective:We propose a solution that is backed by cloud computing,combines a series of AI neural networks of computer vision;is capable of detecting,highlighting,and locating breast lesions from a live ultrasound video feed,provides BI-RADS categorizations;and has reliable sensitivity and specificity.Multiple deep-learning models were trained on more than 300,000 breast ultrasound images to achieve object detection and regions of interest classification.The main objective of this study was to determine whether the performance of our Al-powered solution was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Methods:The noninferiority evaluation was conducted by comparing the examination results of the same screening women between our AI-powered solution and ultrasound radiologists with over 10 years of experience.The study lasted for one and a half years and was carried out in the Duanzhou District Women and Children's Hospital,Zhaoqing,China.1,133 females between 20 and 70 years old were selected through convenience sampling.Results:The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value were 93.03%,94.90%,90.71%,92.68%,and 93.48%,respectively.The area under the curve(AUC)for all positives was 0.91569 and the AUC for all negatives was 0.90461.The comparison indicated that the overall performance of the AI system was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Conclusion:This innovative AI-powered ultrasound solution is cost-effective and user-friendly,and could be applied to massive breast cancer screening.

Screening and early diagnosis of osteoporosis through X-ray and ultrasound based techniques

Effective prevention and management of osteoporosis would require suitable methods for population screenings and early diagnosis. Current clinicallyavailable diagnostic methods are mainly based on the use of either X-rays or ultrasound(US). All X-ray based methods provide a measure of bone mineral density(BMD), but it has been demonstrated that other structural aspects of the bone are important in determining fracture risk, such as mechanical features and elastic properties, which cannot be assessed using densitometric techniques. Among the most commonly used techniques, dual X-ray absorptiometry(DXA) is considered the current 'gold standard' for osteoporosis diagnosis and fracture risk prediction. Unfortunately, as other X-ray based techniques, DXA has specific limitations(e.g., use of ionizing radiation, large size of the equipment, high costs, limited availability) that hinder its application for population screenings and primary care diagnosis. This has resulted in an increasing interest in developing reliable pre-screening tools for osteoporosis such as quantitative ultrasound(QUS) scanners, which do not involve ionizing radiation exposure and represent a cheaper solution exploiting portable and widely available devices. Furthermore, the usefulness of QUS techniques in fracture risk prediction has been proven and, with the last developments, they are also becoming a more and more reliable approach for assessing bone quality. However, the US assessment of osteoporosis is currently used only as a pre-screening tool, requiring a subsequent diagnosis confirmation by means of a DXA evaluation. Here we illustrate the state of art in the early diagnosis of this 'silent disease' and show up recent advances for its prevention and improved management through early diagnosis.

Role of endoscopic ultrasound in the screening and follow-up of high-risk individuals for familial pancreatic cancer

Managing familial pancreatic cancer(FPC)is challenging for gastroenterologists,surgeons and oncologists.High-risk individuals(HRI)for pancreatic cancer(PC)(FPC or with germline mutations)are a heterogeneous group of subjects with a theoretical lifetime cumulative risk of PC over 5%.Screening is mainly based on annual magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).The goal of screening is to identify early-stage operable cancers or high-risk precancerous lesions(pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with high-grade dysplasia).In the literature,target lesions are identified in 2%-5%of HRI who undergo screening.EUS appears to provide better identification of small solid lesions(0%-46%of HRI)and chronicpancreatitis-like parenchymal changes(14%-77%of HRI),while MRI is probably the best modality to identify small cystic lesions(13%-49%of HRI).There are no specific studies in HRI on the use of contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS.EUS can also be used to obtain tissue samples.Nevertheless,there is still limited evidence on the accuracy of imaging procedures used for screening or agreement on which patients to treat.The cost-effectiveness of screening is also unclear.Certain new EUS-related techniques,such as searching for DNA abnormalities or protein markers in pancreatic fluid,appear to be promising.

Clinical application of oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluating the preoperative T staging of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Oral contrast-enhanced ultrasound(OCEUS)is widely used in the noninvasive diagnosis and screening of gastric cancer(GC)in China.AIM To investigate the clinical application of OCEUS in evaluating the preoperative T staging of gastric cancer.METHODS OCEUS was performed before the operation,and standard ultrasound images were retained.The depth of infiltration of GC(T-stage)was evaluated according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition of the tumor-nodemetastasis staging criteria.Finally,with postoperative pathological staging as the gold standard reference,the sensitivity,specificity,negative predictive value,positive predictive value,and diagnostic value of OCEUS T staging were evaluated.RESULTS OCEUS achieved diagnostic accuracy rates of 76.6%(T1a),69.6%(T1b),62.7%(T2),60.8%(T3),88.0%(T4a),and 88.7%(T4b),with an average of 75.5%.Ultrasonic T staging sensitivity exceeded 62%,aside from T1b at 40.3%,while specificity was over 91%,except for T3 with 83.5%.The Youden index was above 60%,with T1b and T2 being exceptions.OCEUS T staging corresponded closely with pathology in T4b(kappa>0.75)and moderately in T1a,T1b,T2,T3,and T4a(kappa 0.40-0.75),registering a concordance rate exceeding 84%.CONCLUSION OCEUS was effective,reliable,and accurate in diagnosing the preoperative T staging of GC.As a noninvasive diagnostic technique,OCEUS merits clinical popularization.

Application Value of Transvaginal Ultrasound on Early Screening for Ectopic Pregnancy

Objective:To explore the effect and value of transvaginal ultrasound in screening early ectopic pregnancy.Methods:A total of 146 patients with ectopic pregnancy in our hospital were selected.The patients1 entry time was from May 2018 to December 2020.146 patients were divided into two groups.The control group was screened by abdominal ultrasound with 73 cases,and the experimental group was screened by vaginal ultrasound with 73 cases.The uterine adnexal mass,pelvic effusion,peritoneal effusion and diagnostic accuracy were detected.Results:The positive number of abdominal ultrasound was significantly higher than that of vaginal ultrasound;In the detection process of abdominal ultrasound,54 cases of ectopic pregnancy,19 cases of non-ectopic pregnancy,the detection rate was 73.97%,26 cases of ectopic pregnancy,47 cases of non-ectopic pregnancy,the detection rate was 32.62%.Conclusion:The accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound is relatively high,and the accuracy of ectopic pregnancy examined by transvaginal ultrasound is higher,which is more friendly to patients,less traumatic and high operability.It can provide more accurate reports for patients and relieve the psychological pressure of patients,which is worthy of application in actual screening.

Ultrasound screening of the kidneys and urinary tract in 11.887 newborn infants: A 10-year experience

Objective: To determine the usefulness of sonographic screening of the newborn kidneys and urinary tract over a 10-year time period. Methods: Ultrasound screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract was performed between the third and tenth day after birth on 11.887 newborn infants. The classification of renal pyelectasis (RPE) according to the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) was used. We evaluated infant renal pathologies and correlated them with the gestational age and weight at birth. Results: Renal pyelectasis (grades 1-4) was detected in 179 cases (1.5%);it was significantly more common in male (vs female) infants (p 4.000 g were the most significant risk factors (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Renal pyelectasis grades 1-4 was detected in only 1.5% of 11.887 consecutive infants subjected to sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract within the first 10 days after birth. Sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract is a non-invasive and effective screening method after birth. It allows planning for appropriate diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures in a timely fashion.

Interpretation of breast cancer screening guideline for Chinese women

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in Chinese women.Early screening is the best way to improve the rates of early diagnosis and survival of breast cancer patients.The peak onset age for breast cancer in Chinese women is considerably younger than those in European and American women.It is imperative to develop breast cancer screening guideline that is suitable for Chinese women.By summarizing the current evidence on breast cancer screening in Chinese women,and referring to the latest guidelines and consensus on breast cancer screening in Europe,the United States,and East Asia,the China Anti-Cancer Association and National Clinical Research Center for Cancer(Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital)have formulated population-based guideline for breast cancer screening in Chinese women.The guideline provides recommendations on breast cancer screening for Chinese women at average or high risk of breast cancer according to the following three aspects:age of screening,screening methods,and screening interval.This article provides more detailed information to support the recommendations in this guideline and to provide more direction for current breast cancer screening practices in China.

Methods and outcomes of screening for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in high-risk individuals

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) is a lethal neoplasia, for which secondary prevention(i.e., screening) is advisable for high-risk individuals with "familiar pancreatic cancer" and with other specific genetic syndromes(Peutz-Jeghers, p16, BRCA2, PALB and mismatch repair gene mutation carriers). There is limited evidence regarding the accuracy of screening tests, their acceptability, costs and availability, and agreement on whom to treat. Successful target of screening are small resectable PDAC, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with high-grade dysplasia and advanced pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Both magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) are employed for screening, and the overall yield for pre-malignant or malignant pancreatic lesions is of about 20% with EUS and 14% with MRI/magnetic resonance colangiopancreatography. EUS performs better for solid and MRI for cystic lesions. However, only 2% of these detected lesions can be considered a successful target, and there are insufficient data demonstrating that resection of benign or low grade lesions improves survival. Many patients in the published studies therefore seemed to have received an overtreatment by undergoing surgery. It is crucial to better stratify the risk of malignancy individually, and to better define optimal screening intervals and methods either with computerized tools or molecular biomarkers, possibly in large multicentre studies. At the moment, screening should be carefully performed within research protocols at experienced centres, offering involved individuals medical and psychological advice.

Review of screening for pancreatic cancer in high risk individuals

Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose at an early stage and is associated with a very poor survival.Ten percent of pancreatic cancers result from genetic susceptibility and/or familial aggregation.Individuals from families with multiple affected first-degree relatives and those with a known cancer-causing genetic mutation have been shown to be at much higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer.Recent efforts have focused on detecting disease at an earlier stage to improve survival in these high-risk groups.This article reviews high-risk groups,screening methods,and current screening programs and their results.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based screening of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparing ultrasonography with two-stage screening

AIM: To assess the cost-effectiveness of two populationbased hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) screening programs, two-stage biomarker-ultrasound method and mass screening using abdominal ultrasonography(AUS).METHODS: In this study, we applied a Markov decision model with a societal perspective and a lifetime horizon for the general population-based cohorts in an area with high HCC incidence, such as Taiwan. The accuracy of biomarkers and ultrasonography was estimated from published meta-analyses. The costs of surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment were based on a combination of published literature, Medicare payments, and medical expenditure at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The main outcome measure was cost per lifeyear gained with a 3% annual discount rate. RESULTS: The results show that the mass screening using AUS was associated with an incremental costeffectiveness ratio of USD39825 per life-year gained, whereas two-stage screening was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD49733 per life-year gained, as compared with no screening. Screening programs with an initial screening age of 50 years old and biennial screening interval were the most cost-effective. These findings were sensitive to the costs of screening tools and the specificity of biomarker screening.CONCLUSION: Mass screening using AUS is more cost effective than two-stage biomarker-ultrasound screening. The most optimal strategy is an initial screening age at 50 years old with a 2-year inter-screening interval.

Knowledge and Skills Gap of Midwives to Conduct Obstetric Ultrasonography Screening in Primary Health Care Facilities in Kajiado and Kisii Counties, Kenya

Background: Ultrasound remains a tool of much importance in maternity care with midwives regarded as key health professionals when it comes to care of pregnant mothers. There is however limited study on the knowledge and skills gaps of midwives in conducting obstetric ultrasonography screening. The purpose of this study was to assess the specific obstetric ultrasonography knowledge and skills gaps among midwives based in primary health care facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study employing both qualitative and quantitative method was conducted between July and August 2019 with 274 midwives. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data while Focus group discussion and Key Informants Interview were used to collect qualitative data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data test associations between variables while the qualitative data were used to compliment the questionnaire data in eliciting more information on the gaps. Findings: Almost all (94.5%) the midwives had never been trained on any basic obstetric ultrasound while six of those that had been trained in early stages by the project lacked equipment to practice the acquired skills. More than three quarters of the respondents opined that they wished to provide personalized care services to mothers/clients seeking Antenatal Care Services (ANC) in their community at a fee while only 13.9% had knowledge that obstetric screening should be done before 24 weeks gestation. Four out of ten of the respondents scored themselves a one (1) on the level of confidence they have using an ultrasound machines or technology. Conclusion: There still remains a huge gap as far as training of midwives on basic ultrasound screening is concerned. The lack of basic obstetric ultrasound screening skills is a barrier to rolling out Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) screening services. However, midwives are motivated and willing to learn basic ultrasonography skills to further the objectives of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Concerted efforts should be made to train midwives on basic obstetric ultrasonography skills in addition to availing mobile/hand held ultrasound technology in Primary Health facilities for them to apply the transferred skills. A sustainable business model to enable mothers continuously afford the services is critical as well.

Newborn Hip Screenings at 4 to 8 Weeks Are Optimal in Predicting Referral and Treatment Outcomes: A Retrospective Review

Optimal DDH screening timing and whether adding risk profiles could aid in detecting treatment outcome were investigated. Risk factors were employed to supplement ultrasound findings in flagging cases for follow-up. Initial screening results and harness treatment outcomes concordance were compared at different screening ages and screening protocols. Using clinical decision to supplement ultrasound screening allowed to accurately flag all 12 DDH treated cases upon initial visit. Clinical decision correctly identified cases that would have otherwise been missed (n = 2). However, doing so increased the rate of false positive cases at all time points of initial screening. Initial screens were more accurate for predicting treatment outcomes when using ultrasound only if done after 28 days [≤28 days (88.1%) vs. 29 - 56 days (98.5%), OR = 7.16, p < 0.001] or ultrasound with clinical decision [≤28 days (86.4%) vs. 29 - 56 days (95.7%), OR = 3.00, p < 0.001]. In contrast, screening after 56 days failed to marginally improve accuracy compared to screens done between 29 - 56 days, regardless of the screening protocol employed. Two important trade-offs emerged. First, when choosing timing of initial screening, optimal accuracy and harness treatment schedule should both be considered. Second, when considering whether to use a more conservative risk profile to supplement ultrasound findings, treatment accuracy and the ability to efficiently detect cases requiring harness treatment should both be considered. We provide evidence for performing an initial DDH ultrasound screen between 4 and 8 weeks (29 - 56 days), while employing clinical decision to aid in determining cases that require further follow-up evaluation.

男性腹主动脉瘤患者瘤体增长情况分析

目的探讨男性腹主动脉瘤(AAA)患者瘤体增长情况。方法选取2014—2023年双流县敬老院3092名居民和四川大学华西医院进行体检的2518名居民,采用便携式超声进行腹主动脉检查,记录动脉瘤不同直径例数、复查例数,观察动脉瘤直径变化情况,分析同一瘤体直径下的动脉瘤增长曲线。结果共筛查出285例AAA患者,其中,体检中心187例,102例最大直径﹤30 mm,50例最大直径30~39 mm,28例最大直径40~49 mm,7例最大直径≥50 mm;敬老院98例,84例最大直径﹤30 mm,14例最大直径30~39 mm;最大直径﹤40 mm的患者比例为87.7%(250/285)。随访1年,无死亡患者,5例最大直径﹥50 mm患者接受腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术(EAVAR)治疗,另外2例直径﹥50 mm的患者拒绝手术,术后均恢复良好。285例AAA患者复查率为90.2%(257/285),其中,体检中心162例AAA患者接受复查,91例最大直径﹤30 mm,39例最大直径30~39 mm,27例最大直径40~49 mm,5例最大直径≥50 mm;敬老院95例AAA患者接受复查,82例最大直径﹤30 mm,13例最大直径30~39 mm。动脉瘤直径﹤40 mm的AAA患者每年增长1~2 mm,动脉瘤直径﹥40 mm的AAA患者每年增长4~5 mm,随着时间推移,动脉瘤直径呈现增长趋势,动脉瘤直径越大增长越快。结论四川大学华西医院体检居民和双流县敬老院居民以动脉瘤直径﹤40 mm的小动脉瘤为主,小动脉瘤增长缓慢,可以适当延长复查时间,建议动脉瘤直径﹤30 mm每2~3年复查1次,动脉瘤直径30~40 mm每1年复查1次,动脉瘤直径40~50mm每6个月复查1次,根据上述研究结果可达到监测动脉瘤的目的,避免医疗资源浪费。

超声辅助乳腺X线摄影在致密型乳腺肿块中的筛查价值

目的:分析超声辅助乳腺X线摄影在致密型乳腺肿块中的筛查价值。方法:回顾并分析2013年1月—2019年8月于上海交通大学医学院附属第一人民医院同时接受常规超声和乳腺X线摄影检查的1096例致密型乳腺肿块患者,按照其年龄、肿块大小及有无钙化进行分组。以病理学检查结果作为金标准,探讨联合检查对乳腺X线摄影乳腺影像报告和数据系统(Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, BI-RADS)分类的影响。同时绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,获得并比较乳腺X线摄影及其联合常规超声诊断致密型乳腺肿块的曲线下面积(areaunder curve,AUC)、灵敏度、特异度和恶性检出率。结果:联合检查对于乳腺X线摄影BI-RADS 0类及1~3类致密型乳腺升级后的恶性检出率分别提高了14.8%和15.1%。乳腺X线摄影及其联合常规超声诊断致密型乳腺肿块的AUC分别为0.774和0.937(Z=13.757,P<0.001)。在不同年龄、不同肿块大小及有无钙化组的致密型乳腺肿块中,乳腺X线摄影联合常规超声的AUC均显著高于乳腺X线摄影,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乳腺X线摄影及其联合常规超声诊断致密型乳腺肿块的灵敏度分别为65.6%和93.3%(χ^(2)=54.955,P<0.001);特异度分别为89.3%和94.1%(χ^(2)=102.805,P<0.001);恶性检出率分别为24.3%(266/1 096)和34.6%(379/1 096,χ^(2)=293.450,P<0.001)。在不同年龄组、不同肿块大小组及有无钙化组中,乳腺X线摄影联合常规超声诊断致密型乳腺肿块的灵敏度、特异度及恶性检出率均显著高于乳腺X线摄影,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:与单独行乳腺X线摄影相比,超声辅助乳腺X线摄影显著提高了致密型乳腺患者的恶性肿瘤检出率。尤其对于≥55岁及肿块最大径<2 cm的人群,超声联合乳腺X线摄影筛查乳腺癌的意义重大。

超声科医师对胎儿闭合性脊柱裂诊断标准的掌握现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨从事产前超声检查的超声科医师对胎儿闭合性脊柱裂诊断标准的掌握情况。方法2021年3月至2022年3月,在从事中孕期系统超声筛查工作的超声科医师中,发放关于胎儿闭合性脊柱裂产前筛查的调查问卷260份。初次问卷结束后,每周发放闭合性脊柱裂产前诊断及预后的相关资料,3个月后再次评估调查对象的掌握情况。统计学分析采用χ^(2)检验和二元Logistic回归分析。结果回收有效问卷237份,回收率91.2%(237/260)。单因素分析结果显示,年龄较大、从业年限较长、学历较高、有培训经历、检出过胎儿脊柱裂的超声科医师,对胎儿闭合性脊柱裂的掌握率较高(P值均<0.05)。二元Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,年龄、从业年限、学历、参与培训经历、检出过胎儿脊柱裂均为超声科医师掌握胎儿闭合性脊柱裂的影响因素(P值均<0.05)。相对于年龄<30岁者,30~<45岁(OR=4.351,95%CI:0.167~0.729)、≥45岁(OR=10.510,95%CI:0.225~0.823)的医师掌握程度更好;相对于从业年限<5年者,5~<10年(OR=4.624,95%CI:0.146~0.687)以及≥10年(OR=5.256,95%CI:0.224~0.895)的医师掌握程度更好;相对于本科以下学历者,本科(OR=2.424,95%CI:0.269~0.758)和本科以上(OR=5.819,95%CI:0.174~0.853)的医师掌握程度更好;相对于无培训经历者,有参与培训经历(OR=4.349,95%CI:0.294~0.801)的医师掌握程度更好;相对于未检出过胎儿脊柱裂者,检出过胎儿脊柱裂(OR=3.404,95%CI:0.182~0.836)的医师掌握程度更好。初次问卷调查中,超声科医师对闭合性脊柱裂的超声诊断标准掌握率为32.1%(76/237);培训3个月后,掌握率提高至88.6%(210/237)(χ^(2)=158.294,P<0.001)。结论从事产前超声检查工作的部分超声科医师未掌握胎儿闭合性脊柱裂的诊断标准,应加强专业培训和宣传推广。

超声检查联合NIPT在高龄孕妇产前筛查中的应用价值

目的探讨超声检查联合无创产前DNA检测(NIPT)在高龄孕妇中对胎儿染色体异常筛查的临床应用价值。方法选取2020-2023年在宝鸡市妇幼保健院接受产前检查的3820例高龄孕妇作为研究对象,所有孕妇均接受超声检查及NIPT,以羊膜腔穿刺结果或妊娠结局作为胎儿染色体异常的诊断标准,比较超声检查、NIPT及二者联合应用对胎儿染色体异常的诊断情况。结果3820例高龄孕妇中NIPT筛查出高风险57例;超声检查软指标异常95例,结构异常63例;超声检查联合NIPT诊断胎儿染色体异常的灵敏度、特异度和阳性预测值分别为93.18%、99.89%、91.11%。结论高龄孕妇胎儿染色体产前筛查中,超声检查联合NIPT可以相互补充参考,可有效提高染色体异常检出的灵敏度、特异度,降低假阳性率和假阴性率,实现对出生缺陷的早发现、早诊断及早干预。

宫颈刮片BHLHE22/CDO1和COL2A1基因甲基化检测在早期子宫内膜癌筛查中的作用

目的探讨宫颈刮片BHLHE22/CDO1和COL2A1基因甲基化检测在早期子宫内膜癌筛查中的作用。方法选取徐州市妇幼保健院2022年2月—2024年5月行宫腔镜下诊断性刮宫排除子宫内膜病变的患者78例,妇科检查时进行宫颈刮片细胞采集,并进行BHLHE22/CDO1和COL2A1基因甲基化检测。同时收集患者的基本临床资料及三维能量多普勒超声下子宫内膜血流指数(FI)、血管化指数(VI)、血管化-血流指数(VFI)等资料。以宫腔镜手术获得的组织病理学结果为金标准,利用单因素logistic回归模型分析子宫内膜癌的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)分析相关基因甲基化检测联合或不联合子宫内膜血流指标对早期子宫内膜癌的筛查价值。结果患者年龄、体重指数、VI、FI、VFI、BHLHE22/CDO1基因甲基化高风险是子宫内膜癌的影响因素(P<0.05)。宫颈刮片相关基因甲基化检测筛查子宫内膜癌的AUC为0.926(0.846~1.000),其敏感度和特异度分别为90.48%、94.74%。子宫内膜血流指标VFI联合宫颈刮片相关基因甲基化检测可提高敏感度至100%,但特异度降至68.42%。结论宫颈刮片BHLHE22/CDO1和COL2A1基因甲基化检测筛查子宫内膜癌的准确性较高,联合子宫内膜血流指标可以增加筛查的敏感度,但也降低了筛查的特异度,增加了有创操作的风险。

胎儿颈项透明层产前超声诊断及质量控制

目的:在临床超声检查中很难对每例胎儿颈项透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)和头臀径(crown-rump length,CRL)的图像进行质量控制(以下简称“质控”),但测量的微小差异可能增加假阳性或假阴性诊断的概率,因此,有必要建立胎儿NT检查的质控体系。本研究旨在通过对胎儿NT与CRL测量进行质控,评估超声医师在妊娠早期NT测量中的准确性,并分析增加胎儿结构平面筛查对于染色体异常检出率的影响。方法:收集胎儿NT检查质控前和质控后各12个月的病例数据,质控前和质控后病例分别为2 214例及2 538例,分析病例NT中位数的倍数(NT multiple of median,NT-MoM)、log10MoM的标准差[standard deviation (SD) of log10MoM,(SD) log10MoM]、NT基于CRL的回归斜率(the slope of NT on CRL,SNC)3种质控数据。通过个体CRL的NT-MoM在正常中位数曲线0.9~1.1MoM范围内的程度来监测NT测量的性能,同时对log10MoM的SD和SNC进行评价。根据超声医师不同工作年限进行分组(<3年组,3~6年组,>6年组),比较各组间的NT-MoM值,并对质控期内病例NT增厚、结构畸形、染色体异常的数据进行回顾性分析。结果:根据美国NTQR项目组的曲线方程,质控前NT-MoM值为0.921 7 MoM,(SD)log10MoM值为0.091 92,SNC值为12.20%;质控后NT-MoM值为0.948 3 MoM,(SD) log10MoM值为0.094 81,SNC值为11.43%;质控前后NT-MoM值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.000 1)。质控前及质控后不同工作年限超声医师测量的NT-MoM值比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.000 1);工作年限3~6年组以及>6年组质控后的NT-MoM值均高于质控前(均P<0.05),<3年组质控前和质控后比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在质控后,胎儿NT增厚不伴明显结构异常占19.05%;NT增厚伴结构异常占47.62%;NT正常但结构异常占33.33%。胎儿合并心脏畸形36例,占总异常率的20.34%,染色体检测阳性率为36%。结论:质控后,超声医师对NT的测量会更精确,但测量者之间仍然存在差异;经验丰富的超声医师的测量值更接近预期值,通常小于预期值。对胎儿NT和CRL测量值进行监测,有助于提高测量准确度;增加NT检查的结构筛查,特别是对于胎儿心脏的筛查,有利于提高染色体的异常检出率。

彩色多普勒超声仪对在校大学生外周动脉粥样硬化筛查中的价值研究

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声仪对在校大学生外周动脉粥样硬化(AS)筛查中的价值。方法:选取2020年6月至2022年6月在四川文理学院、达州职业技术学院300名在校大学生志愿者,按照有无发生外周AS分为AS组(59名)和健康对照组(241名),比较两组一般资料、血流参数,并分析在校大学生外周AS的危险因素。结果:AS组性别、高血糖率、高血压率、吸烟史率、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)以及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)与健康对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),AS组年龄、肥胖率、高脂血症率以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)与健康对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=6.666,χ^(2)=4.256、5.292,t=4.515,P<0.05)。AS组最大血流速度(V_(max))、最小血流速度(Vmin)低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.753、-3.905,P<0.05),AS组阻力指数(RI)高于健康对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.126,P<0.05)。因变量以AS组赋值1,健康对照组赋值0,以单因素分析中P<0.05的因素作为自变量,经多因素二元logistic分析,年龄、高LDL-C是外周AS的危险因素(OR=1.664、1.192,P<0.05),高V_(max)、高Vmin是外周AS的保护因素(OR=-0.102、-0.170,P<0.05)。结论:LDL-C水平越高,V_(max)、Vmin越低,在校大学生发生外周AS风险越高,可通过LDL-C以及超声血流参数V_(max)、Vmin辅助诊断其是否发生外周AS。

婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良超声筛查情况及影响因素分析

目的通过探究发育性髋关节发育不良的相关因素,为其早期预测及三级预防提供依据,降低其发病率。方法选取2021年3月—2023年3月在兰州市妇幼保健院儿童保健科体检的1107例3月龄婴儿为研究对象,记录髋关节外部形态、发育情况及运动状态,超声检查并采用Graf法标准分型评估髋关节发育情况。同时通过问卷调查可能影响髋关节发育的因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析发育性髋关节发育不良发病的影响因素。结果1107个左髋中,异常的有75个(6.8%);1107个右髋中,异常的有53个(4.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。母亲文化程度高、胎次增加、孕期补钙、孕期补充维生素D、做运动操是发育性髋关节发育不良发病的保护因素,臀位、冬季出生、女性、双下肢包裹为发育性髋关节发育不良发病的危险因素。结论发育性髋关节发育不良发病有型别、侧别特征,髋关节不稳定(Ⅱb型)为常见类型,左侧多于右侧。母亲孕期补充钙和维生素D,婴儿增加髋关节外展操锻炼,可以减少发育性髋关节发育不良的发生。