Froude similitude and friction similitude are the two crucial similarity conditions that are often used in physical-scale modeling of rivers.However,models often deviate from Froude similitude when dealing with real-w...Froude similitude and friction similitude are the two crucial similarity conditions that are often used in physical-scale modeling of rivers.However,models often deviate from Froude similitude when dealing with real-world situations.This study developed several fixed-bed river models with various curvatures to determine the effect of Froude similitude deviation on curved channel modeling.Models were constructed according to the characteristics of the Middle Yangtze River.Differences in longitudinal slope,transverse slope,and main stream line location were measured by varying Froude similitude deviation.The deviations of longitudinal slope and velocity were negligible because friction similitude was accounted for.The transverse slope varied significantly with the Froude similitude deviation,and the main stream line varied with the curvature and Froude similitude deviation.Formulae were derived to estimate the slope deviation.These analyses helped to clarify the feasibility of the method of Froude similitude deviation for curved channels.展开更多
In this paper,the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory.The following results were achieved.1...In this paper,the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory.The following results were achieved.1)According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension,meso-pores can be classified into Mep-1,Mep-2,and Mep-3,respectively.Micro-pore can be classified into Mip-1,Mip-2,and Mip-3,respectively.2)Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso-pores.The volume heterogeneity(VHY)of Mep-1 is simpler than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 in type A samples.However,the VHY of Mep-1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 from type A to type B and C.The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi-open or closed pore.Meanwhile,the surface heterogeneity(SHY)of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C,the SHY of semi-open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores.3)Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro-pores.The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C.The VHY of Mip-1 is more complicated than that of Mip-2 and Mip-3 in the same samples,and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip-3.Meanwhile,the SHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 is simpler than that of Mip-3 in the same sample,the SHY of micro-pores remains stable as the pore size decreases,and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter.Full-scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.展开更多
全球变暖加剧了气候系统的不稳定性和极端天气的频发,“热岛效应”和高温热浪的叠加,给人们的生命安全和经济生产造成巨大损失,本文利用1971—2022年长江中游234个站点日降水量和最高气温数据、美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(N...全球变暖加剧了气候系统的不稳定性和极端天气的频发,“热岛效应”和高温热浪的叠加,给人们的生命安全和经济生产造成巨大损失,本文利用1971—2022年长江中游234个站点日降水量和最高气温数据、美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Predic⁃tion/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)海表温度(简称“海温”)资料,分析夏季高温异常年的大气环流特征及其与海温的关系。结果表明:近52 a来尤其是进入21世纪,长江中游夏季高温日呈显著增加趋势,年均高温日为19 d。其中,2022年高温日数最多达74 d,与近30 a气候态平均相比,距平百分率高出163%,1987年高温日最少仅5 d。夏季高温日偏多年,在副极地波导的遥相关波列影响下,东亚大陆高压增强,反气旋性环流控制长江中游地区,同时东亚夏季西风急流位置偏北,促使西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬,强烈的下沉运动抑制低层对流发展,辐射增温作用明显。高温日数与赤道北印度洋、北大西洋和中低纬西太平洋海温,尤其是夏季海温呈正相关关系,与赤道中东太平洋海温呈负相关。从前冬开始赤道北印度洋和北大西洋海温持续偏高,中低纬西太平洋海温逐渐开始升高,同时夏季赤道中东太平洋呈异常La Niña状态,有利于长江中游夏季高温日异常偏多。展开更多
The Middle Pliocene (ca 3.12–2.97 Ma) is a recent warm period in the Earth’s history. In many respects, the warmth of the Middle Pliocene is similar to the probable warm situation of the late 21st century predicted ...The Middle Pliocene (ca 3.12–2.97 Ma) is a recent warm period in the Earth’s history. In many respects, the warmth of the Middle Pliocene is similar to the probable warm situation of the late 21st century predicted by climate models. Understanding the Middle Pliocene climate is important in predicting the future climate with global warming. Here, we used the latest reconstructions for the Middle Pliocene—Pliocene Research Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) version 3—to simulate the Middle Pliocene climate with a fully coupled model Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model. From comparison of the results of simulations with reconstructions, we considered two important scientific topics of Middle Pliocene climate modeling: extreme warming in the subpolar North Atlantic and a permanent El Ni?o in the tropical Pacific. Our simulations illustrate that the global annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the Middle Pliocene was about 2.3°C higher than that in the pre-industrial era. The warming was stronger at midand high latitudes than at low latitudes. The simulated SST changes agree with SST reconstructions in PRISM3 data, especially for the North Atlantic, North Pacific and west coast of South America. However, there were still discrepancies between the simulation of the SST and reconstructions for the subpolar North Atlantic and tropical Pacific. In the case of the Atlantic, the weakened meridional overturning circulation in the simulation did not support the reconstruction of the extremely warm condition in the subpolar North Atlantic. In the case of the tropical Pacific, the whole ocean warmed, especially the eastern tropical Pacific, which did not support the permanent El Ni?o suggested by the reconstruction. From evaluation of the modeling and reconstruction, we suggest that the above discrepancies were due to uncertainties in reconstructions, difficulties in paleoclimate modeling and deficiencies of climate models. The discrepancies should be reduced through consideration of both the modeling and data.展开更多
基金supported by the Project of Subsequent Work of the Three Gorges Project(Grant No.SXHXGZ-2020-3).
文摘Froude similitude and friction similitude are the two crucial similarity conditions that are often used in physical-scale modeling of rivers.However,models often deviate from Froude similitude when dealing with real-world situations.This study developed several fixed-bed river models with various curvatures to determine the effect of Froude similitude deviation on curved channel modeling.Models were constructed according to the characteristics of the Middle Yangtze River.Differences in longitudinal slope,transverse slope,and main stream line location were measured by varying Froude similitude deviation.The deviations of longitudinal slope and velocity were negligible because friction similitude was accounted for.The transverse slope varied significantly with the Froude similitude deviation,and the main stream line varied with the curvature and Froude similitude deviation.Formulae were derived to estimate the slope deviation.These analyses helped to clarify the feasibility of the method of Froude similitude deviation for curved channels.
基金sponsored by the Major National Science and Technology Projects(No.2016ZX05044002003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2017CXNL03)the Surface well placement optimization via the topology analysis of well spatial form(41402291)。
文摘In this paper,the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory.The following results were achieved.1)According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension,meso-pores can be classified into Mep-1,Mep-2,and Mep-3,respectively.Micro-pore can be classified into Mip-1,Mip-2,and Mip-3,respectively.2)Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso-pores.The volume heterogeneity(VHY)of Mep-1 is simpler than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 in type A samples.However,the VHY of Mep-1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 from type A to type B and C.The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi-open or closed pore.Meanwhile,the surface heterogeneity(SHY)of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C,the SHY of semi-open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores.3)Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro-pores.The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C.The VHY of Mip-1 is more complicated than that of Mip-2 and Mip-3 in the same samples,and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip-3.Meanwhile,the SHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 is simpler than that of Mip-3 in the same sample,the SHY of micro-pores remains stable as the pore size decreases,and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter.Full-scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.
文摘全球变暖加剧了气候系统的不稳定性和极端天气的频发,“热岛效应”和高温热浪的叠加,给人们的生命安全和经济生产造成巨大损失,本文利用1971—2022年长江中游234个站点日降水量和最高气温数据、美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(National Centers for Environmental Predic⁃tion/National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)海表温度(简称“海温”)资料,分析夏季高温异常年的大气环流特征及其与海温的关系。结果表明:近52 a来尤其是进入21世纪,长江中游夏季高温日呈显著增加趋势,年均高温日为19 d。其中,2022年高温日数最多达74 d,与近30 a气候态平均相比,距平百分率高出163%,1987年高温日最少仅5 d。夏季高温日偏多年,在副极地波导的遥相关波列影响下,东亚大陆高压增强,反气旋性环流控制长江中游地区,同时东亚夏季西风急流位置偏北,促使西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬,强烈的下沉运动抑制低层对流发展,辐射增温作用明显。高温日数与赤道北印度洋、北大西洋和中低纬西太平洋海温,尤其是夏季海温呈正相关关系,与赤道中东太平洋海温呈负相关。从前冬开始赤道北印度洋和北大西洋海温持续偏高,中低纬西太平洋海温逐渐开始升高,同时夏季赤道中东太平洋呈异常La Niña状态,有利于长江中游夏季高温日异常偏多。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB421406)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW-Q1-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4090205 and 40975050)
文摘The Middle Pliocene (ca 3.12–2.97 Ma) is a recent warm period in the Earth’s history. In many respects, the warmth of the Middle Pliocene is similar to the probable warm situation of the late 21st century predicted by climate models. Understanding the Middle Pliocene climate is important in predicting the future climate with global warming. Here, we used the latest reconstructions for the Middle Pliocene—Pliocene Research Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) version 3—to simulate the Middle Pliocene climate with a fully coupled model Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model. From comparison of the results of simulations with reconstructions, we considered two important scientific topics of Middle Pliocene climate modeling: extreme warming in the subpolar North Atlantic and a permanent El Ni?o in the tropical Pacific. Our simulations illustrate that the global annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the Middle Pliocene was about 2.3°C higher than that in the pre-industrial era. The warming was stronger at midand high latitudes than at low latitudes. The simulated SST changes agree with SST reconstructions in PRISM3 data, especially for the North Atlantic, North Pacific and west coast of South America. However, there were still discrepancies between the simulation of the SST and reconstructions for the subpolar North Atlantic and tropical Pacific. In the case of the Atlantic, the weakened meridional overturning circulation in the simulation did not support the reconstruction of the extremely warm condition in the subpolar North Atlantic. In the case of the tropical Pacific, the whole ocean warmed, especially the eastern tropical Pacific, which did not support the permanent El Ni?o suggested by the reconstruction. From evaluation of the modeling and reconstruction, we suggest that the above discrepancies were due to uncertainties in reconstructions, difficulties in paleoclimate modeling and deficiencies of climate models. The discrepancies should be reduced through consideration of both the modeling and data.
