Geological Fluid Mapping in the Tongling Area:Implications for the Paleozoic Submarine Hydrothermal System in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt,East China

The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt, East China, and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting, through the Middle Triassic continent-continent collision to the Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental tectono-magmatic activation. The Carboniferous sedimentary-exhalative processes in the area produced widespread massive sulfides with ages of 303-321 Ma, which partly formed massive pyrite-Cu deposits, but mostly provided significant sulfur and metals to the skarn Cu mineralization associated with the Yanshanian felsic intrusions.To understand the Carboniferous submarine hydrothermal system, an area of about 1046 km^2 was chosen to carry out the geological fluid mapping. Associated with massive sulfide formation, footwall sequences 948 m to 1146 m thick, composed of the Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian sandstone, siltstone and thin-layered shale, were widely altered. This hydrothermal alteration is interpreted to reflect largescale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the late Paleozoic crustal rifting and subsidence. Three hydrothermal alteration types, i.e., deep-level semiconformable siliclfication （S1）, fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration （S2-3）, and upper-level sub-discordant quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration （D3）, were developed to form distinct zones in the mapped area. About 50-m thick semiconformable silicification zones are located at -1-km depth below massive sulfides and developed between an impermeable shale caprock （S1） and the underlying Ordovician unaltered limestone. Comparisons with modern geothermal systems suggest that the alteration zones record a sub-seafioor aquifer with the most productive hydrothermal fluid flow. Fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration formed transgressive zones, which downward crosscut the semiconformable alteration zones, and upwards grade into sub-discordant alteration zones that enveloped no economic stringer- stockwork zones beneath massive sulfides. This transgressive zone likely marks an upfiow path of high- flux fluids from the hydrothermal aquifer. Lateral zonation of the sub-discordant alteration zones and their relationship to overlying massive sulfide lenses suggest lateral flows and diffusive discharging of the hydrothermal fluids in a permeable sandstone sequence. Three large-sized, 14 middle-small massive sulfide deposits, and 40 massive sulfide sites have been mapped in detail. They show regional strata- bound characters and two major styles, i.e., the layered sheet plus strata-bound stringer-style and the mound-style. Associated exhalite and chemical sedimentary rock suites include （1） anhydrite-barite, （2） jasper-chert, （3） Mg-rich mudstone-pyrite shale, （4） barite lens, （5） siderite-Fe-bearing dolomite, and （6） Mn-rich shale-mudstone, which usually comprise three sulfide-exhalite cyclic units in the area.The spatial distribution of these alteration zones （minerals） and associated massive sulfdes and exhalites, and regional variation in δ^34S of hydrothermal pyrite and in δ^18O-δ^34C of hanging wall carbonates, suggest three WNW-extending domains of fluid flow, controlled by the basement faults and syn-depositional faults. Each fluid domain appears to have at least two upflow zones, with estimated even spacing of about 5-8 km in the mapped area. The repeated appearance of sulfide-sulfate or sulfide-carbonate rhythmic units in the area suggests episodically venting of fluids through the upfiow conduits by breaking the overlying seals of the hydrothermal aquifer.

Research and Application of Micromotional Exploration in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt of China

Micromotion is the daily tiny vibration of the earth’s surface. Micromotional exploration can use the surface wave information of micro motion to study the shallow structure of underground media. In this study, we collected microtremor data at 68 stations in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt (MLYMB) and determined the resonant frequency and obtained the distribution of sedimentary thickness in this area by using H/V spectral ratio. According to the results of H/V, the sedimentary layer in the basin is thick, and the predominant frequency of the basin is 0.05 - 0.1 Hz. There are no obvious lateral changes in the impedance interface between bedrock and sedimentary layer in this area. The basement of Tongling, Anqing and Luzhou mining areas and their adjacent areas is Kongling-Dongling type basement, which is composed of a set of metamorphic core complex. The predominant frequency is 0.05 - 0.1 Hz. The sedimentary thickness gradually thinned from 3800 m in the west to 2100 m in the East. Moreover, this article used SPAC (spatial autocorrelation) method to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the mining area near Luzong. The SPAC method reveals that the depth of the interface between the loose sediments and the volcanic rocks is about 600 m in the study area near the Luzhou mining area in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, and the average depth of the interface between the volcanic rock section and the intrusive complex section is about 1000 m. The thickness of the intrusive rock is more than 2500 m. Tourmaline is developed in the interior of the intrusive rock, which may have better exploration value.

In Situ Analyses of Trace Elements, U–Pb and Lu–Hf Isotopes in Zircons from the Tongshankou Granodiorite Porphyry in Southeast Hubei Province, Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, China

The Tongshankou Cu-Mo deposit, located in southeast Hubei province, is a typical skarn–porphyry type ore deposit closely related to the Tongshankou granodiorite porphyry, characterized by a high Sr/Y ratio.Detailed in situ analyses of the trace elements and U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in zircons from the Tongshankou granodiorite porphyry were performed.Scarcely any inherited zircons were observed, and the analyzed zircons yielded highly concordant results with a weighted mean 206Pb/238 U age of 143.5 ± 0.45 Ma（n=20, mean square weighted deviation was 0.75）, which was interpreted to represent the crystallization age of the Tongshankou granodiorite porphyry.The chondrite-normalized rare-earth element pattern was characterized by a slope that steeply rises from the light-group rare-earth elements（LREE） to the heavy-group rare-earth elements（HREE） with a positive Ce-anomaly and inconspicuous Eu-anomaly, which was coincident with the pattern of the zircons from the Chuquicamata West porphyry, Chile.The analyzed zircons also had relatively low 176Hf/177 Hf ratios of 0.282526–0.282604.Assuming t=143 Ma, the corresponding calculated initial Hf isotope compositions（εHf（t）） ranged from-5.6 to-2.9.The results of the in situ analysis of trace elements and U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotopes in zircons from the Tongshankou granodiorite porphyry suggest that a deep-seated process involving a thickened-crust/enriched-mantle interaction may play an important role in the generation of high Sr/Y-ratio magma and potentially in the generation of porphyry Cu-Mo systems.

Molybdenite Re-Os,titanite and garnet U-Pb dating of the Magushan skarn Cu-Mo deposit,Xuancheng district,Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt

The Magushan skarn Cu-Mo deposit is a representative example of the skarn mineralization occurring within the Xuancheng ore district of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt of eastern China.The precise age of an ore deposit is important for understanding the timing of mineralization relative to other geological events in a region and to fully place the formation of a mineral deposit within the geological context of other processes that occur within the study area.Here,we present new molybdenite Re-Os and titanite and andradite garnet U-Pb ages for the Magushan deposit and use these data to outline possible approaches for identifying genetic relationships in geologically complex areas.The spatial and paragenetic relationships between the intrusions,alteration,and mineralization within the study area indicates that the formation of the Magushan deposit is genetically associated with the porphyritic granodiorite.However,this is not always the case,as some areas contain complexly zoned plutons with multiple phases of intrusion or mineralization may be distal from or may not have any clear spatial relationship to a pluton.This means that it may not be possible to determine whether the mineralization formed as a result of single or multiple magmatic/hydrothermal events.As such,the approaches presented in this study provide an approach that allows the identification of any geochronological relationships between mineralization and intrusive events in areas more complex than the study area.Previously published zircon U-Pb data for the mineralization-related porphyritic granodiorite in this area yielded an age of 134.2±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.4)whereas the Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the study area yielded an isochron age of 137.7±2.5 Ma(MSWD=0.43).The timing of the mineralizing event in the study area was further examined by the dating of magmatic accessory titanite and skarn-related andradite garnet,yielding U-Pb ages of 136.3±2.5 Ma(MSWD=3.2)and 135.9±2.7 Ma(MSWD=2.5),respectively.The dating of magmatic and hydrothermal activity within the Magushan area yields ages around 136 Ma,strongly suggesting that the mineralization in this area formed as a result of the emplacement of the intrusion.The dates presented in this study also provide the first indication of the timing of mineralization within the Xuancheng district.providing evidence of a close genetic relationship between the formation of the mineralization within the Xuancheng district and the Early Cretaceous magmatism that occurred in this area.This in turn suggests that other Early Cretaceous intrusive rocks within this region are likely to be associated with mineralization and should be considered highly prospective for future mineral exploration.This study also indicates that the dating of garnet and titanite can also provide reliable geochronological data and evidence of the timing of mineralization and magmatism,respectively,in areas lacking other dateable minerals(e.g.,molybdenite)or where the relationship between mineralization and magmatism is unclear,for example in areas with multiple stages of magmatism,with complexly zoned plutons,and with distal skarn mineralization.

Cathodoluminescence and Trace Element Composition of Scheelite from the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt(MLYB): Implications for Mineralization and Exploration

The Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt(MLYB)is known to contain abundant copper and iron porphyry-skarn deposits,with an increasing number of tungsten deposits and scheelite in Fe-Cu deposits being discovered in the MLYB during recent decades.The ore genesis of the newly-discovered tungsten mineralization in the MLYB is poorly understood.We investigate four sets of scheelite samples from tungsten,iron and copper deposits,using CL imaging and LA-ICP-MS techniques to reveal internal zonation patterns and trace element compositions.The REE distribution patterns of four studied deposits show varying degrees of LREE enrichment with negative Eu anomalies.The oxygen fugacity of ore-forming fluid increased in Donggushan,while the oxygen fugacity of ore-forming fluid decreased in Ruanjiawan,Guilinzheng and Gaojiabang.The scheelites from the Donggushan,Ruanjiawan,Guilinzheng and Gaojiabang deposits show enrichment in LREEs and HFSE,with Nb/La ratios ranging from 1.217 to 52.455,indicating that the four tungsten deposits are enriched in the volatile fluorine.A plot of(La/Lu)N versus Mo/δEu can be used to distinguish quartz vein type,porphyry and skarn tungsten deposits.This study demonstrates that scheelite grains can be used to infer tungsten mineralization and are effective in identifying magmatic types of tungsten deposits in prospective mining sites.

Geological and Geochemical Constraints on the Newly Discovered Yangchongli Gold Deposit in Tongling Region, Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt

The newly discovered Yangchongli gold deposit is a unique independent gold deposit in the Tongling ore-cluster region controlled by the tectonic alteration firstly discovered in the Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt （LYMB）. The host magmatic rocks mainly consist of monzodiorite and K-feldspar granite. The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircons dating yielded weighted mean 206pb/23SU ages of 140.7 ± 1.8 Ma and 126.4 ±1.2 Ma for the monzodiorite and K-feldspar granite, respectively. Monzodiorites are enriched in Sr, Ba, Rb, and depleted in Y, Yb with high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios, similar to the geochemical features of adakite, considered as products of differentiation of mafic magmas originating from lithospheric mantle melt/fluids caused by metasomatism during paleo-Pacific Plate subduction in the Mesozic. In contrast, the compositions of K-feldspar granites are A-type granites, indicating an extensional tectonic background. Gold ores hosted in the fracture zone occurred as quartz vein within cataclastic rock. Sulfur and lead isotopes from pyrites show crust-mantle mixing characteristics. Metal components from strata also took part in the gold mineralization, and resulted from two episodes of magmatism that were probably related to tectonic transition from a compressive to an extensional setting between 140-126 Ma, which led to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in eastern China.

Mineralization,Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Ages of the Paodaoling Porphyry Gold Deposit in the Guichi Region,Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt,Eastern China

The newly discovered Paodaoling porphyry Au deposit from the Guichi region, Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt （LYRB）, contains 〉35 tons of Au at an average grade of -1.7 g/t. It is a porphyry ＇Au-only＇ deposit, as revealed by current exploration in the depths, mostly above -400 m, which is quite uncommon among coeval porphyry mineralization along the LYRB. Additionally, there are also Cu-Au bearing porphyries and barren alkaline granitoids in the Paodaoling district. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of the Cu-Au-bearing porphyries yield an age of 141-140 Ma, falling within the main magmatic stage of the LYRB, whereas the barren granites give an age of 125-120 Ma, coeval with the regional A- type granites. The Cu-Au-bearing porphyries are LILE-, LREE-enriched and HFSE-depleted, typical of arc magmatic affinities. The barren granites are HFSE-enriched, with lower LREE/HREE ratios and pronounced negative Eu anomalies. The Cu-Au-bearing porphyries in the Paodaoling district have high oxygen fugacities and high water content. Pyrite sulfur isotopes of the Paodaoling gold deposit indicate a magmatic-sedimentary mixed source for the ore-forming fluids. Based on the alteration and poly-metal zonation of the deepest exploration drill hole from the Paodaoling Au deposit, we propose that Cu ore bodies could lie at depth beneath the current Au ore bodies. The magmatism and associated Cu-Au mineralization of the Paodaoling district are likely to have formed in a subduction setting, during slab rollback of the paleo-Pacific plate.

Basement Characteristics and Crustal Evolution of the Copper-Gold Metallogenic Belt in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River:Some Isotope Constraints

Studies of the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic composition of Mesozoic intrusive rocks indicate that the basement of the copper-gold metallogenic belt of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has “two-layer structure” and partly has “multi-layered structure”, and is inhomogeneous and shows the distinct feature of E-W provincialism. The calculated model lead ages (t1) are mostly greater than 2600 Ma, and the model neodymium ages (TDM) vary from 953 to 2276 Ma and concentrate in two time intervals: 1800–2000 Ma and 1200–1600 Ma. It is concluded that the basement of the MBYR is composed of the Late Archaeozoic to Middle Proterozoic metamorphic series and that the crust was initiated in the Archaean and continued to grow in the Early and Middle Proterozoic, and the proportion of new crust formed by mantle differentiation during the Late Proterozoic is low.

Three-dimensional P-wave Velocity Structure Modelling of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt: Crustal Architecture and Metallogenic Implications

In this study,we compiled and analyzed 69310 P-wave travel-time data from 6639 earthquake events.These events(M≥2.0)occurred from 1980 s to June 2019 and were recorded at 319 seismic stations(Chinese Earthquake Networks Center)in the study area.We adopted the double-difference seismic tomographic method(tomo DD)to invert the 3-D P-wave velocity structure and constrain the crust-upper mantle architecture of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt(MLYB).A 1-D initial model extracted from wide-angle seismic profiles was used in the seismic tomography,which greatly reduced the inversion residual.Our results indicate that reliable velocity structure of th e uppermost mantle can be obtained when Pn is involved in the tomography.Our results show that:(1)the pattern of the uppermost mantle velocity structure corresponds well with the geological partitioning:a nearly E-W-trending low-velocity zone is present beneath the Dabie Orogen,in contrast to the mainly NE-trending low-velocity anomalies beneath the Jiangnan Orogen.They suggest the presence of thickened lower crust beneath the orogens in the study area.In contrast,the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks are characterized by relatively high-velocity anomalies;(2)both the ultra-high-pressure(UHP)metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Orogen and the low-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Zhangbaling dome are characterized by high-velocity anomalies.The upper crust in the Dabie Orogen is characterized by a low-velocity belt,sandwiched between two high velocity zones in a horizontal direction,with discontinuous low-velocity layers in the middle crust.The keel of the Dabie Orogen is mainly preserved beneath its northern section.We infer that the lower crustal delamination may have mainly occurred in the southern Dabie Orogen,which caused the mantle upwelling responsible for the formation of the granitic magmas emplaced in the middle crust as the low-velocity layers observed there.Continuous deep-level compression likely squeezed the granitic magma upward to intrude the upper crustal UHP metamorphic rocks,forming the'sandwich'velocity structure there;(3)high-velocity updoming is widespread in the crust-mantle transition zone beneath the MLYB.From the Anqing-Guichi ore field northeastward to the Luzong,Tongling,Ningwu and Ningzhen orefields,high-velocity anomalies in the crust-mantle transition zone increase rapidly in size and are widely distributed.The updoming also exists in the crust-mantle transition zone beneath the Jiurui and Edongnan orefields,but the high-velocity anomalies are mainly stellate distributed.The updoming high-velocity zone beneath the MLYB generally extends from the crust-mantle transition zone to the middle crust,different from the velocity structure in the upper crust.The upper crust beneath the Early Cretaceous extension-related Luzong and Ningwu volcanic basins is characterized by high velocity zones,in contrast to the low velocity anomalies beneath the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous compression-related Tongling ore field.The MLYB may have undergone a compressive-to-extensional transition during the Yanshanian(Jurassic-Cretaceous)period,during which extensive magmatism occurred.The near mantle-crustal boundary updoming was likely caused by asthenospheric underplating at the base of the lower crust.The magmas may have ascended through major crustal faults,undergoing AFC(assimilation and fractional crystallization)processes,became emplaced in the fault-bounded basins or Paleozoic sequences,eventually forming the many Cu-Fe polymetallic deposits there.

A 3D Investigation of Geological Structure and Its Relationship to Mineralization in the Nanling-Xuancheng Ore District,Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt,China

The Nanling-Xuancheng ore region of Anhui Province is located in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt.Insufficient exploration and research have been carried out in this newly defined ore district,although the Chating large porphyry Cu-Au deposit and a few middle-sized skarntype Cu polymetallic deposits have been discovered.In this study,we carried out high-resolution seismic reflection,magnetotelluric,gravity,and magnetic investigations,and constructed the 3 D geological structure of the uppermost crust in a depth range of 0-5 km using a comprehensive inversion of the new data constrained by previous deep-drilling data.We hence proposed some new insights to understand the mineralization processes of this district.A system of alternating ridges and valleys is suggested as the major structure pattern,composed of“two-layer structure”of the basins and“three-layer structure”of anticlines.Moreover,a conjugated fault system and its distribution features are revealed in our models,including the Jiangnan fault,Zhouwang fault,and Kunshan thrust nappe.The Jiangnan and Kunshan faults are suggested to have controlled the diagenesis and metallogenesis.Two deep concealed plutons located in Chating and Magushan are found,forming the Mesozoic diorite-felsic intrusions.These intrusions are believed to be the causes of hydrothermal deposits such as the Chating deposit and the Magushan deposit.

High-resolution 3D crustal S-wave velocity structure of the MiddleLower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt and implications for its deep geodynamic setting

The Middle-Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt(MLYMB) is an important mineral resource region in China.High-resolution crustal models can provide crucial constraints to understand the ore-forming processes and geodynamic setting in this region. Using ambient seismic noise from 107 permanent and 82 portable stations in the MLYMB and the adjacent area,we present a new high-resolution 3D S-wave velocity model of this region. We first extract 5–50 s Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion data by calculating ambient noise cross-correlation functions(CFs) and then use the surface wave direct inversion method to invert the mixed path travel times for the 3D S-wave velocity structure. Checkerboard tests show that the horizontal resolution of the 3D S-wave velocity model is approximately 0.5°–1.0° and that the vertical resolution decreases with increasing noise and depth. Our high-resolution 3D S-wave velocity model reveals:(1) AV-shaped high-velocity zone(HVZ) is located in the lower crust and the uppermost mantle in the study region. The western branch of the HVZ passes through the Jianghan Basin,the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt and the Nanxiang Basin. The eastern branch, which almost completely covers the main body of the MLYMB, is located near the Tanlu Fault. The low-velocity anomalies between the western and eastern branches are located in the area of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt.(2) High-velocity uplifts(HVUs) are common in the crust of the MLYMB,especially in the areas near the Tanlu Fault, the Changjiang Fault and the Yangxin-Changzhou Fault. The intensities of the HVUs gradually weaken from west to east. The V-shaped HVZ in the lower crust and uppermost mantle and the HVUs in the middle and lower crust likely represent cooled mantle intrusive rocks. During the Yanshanian period, fault systems formed in the MLYMB due to the convergence between the South China Plate and the North China Plate, the multiple-direction drifting of the PaleoPacific Plate and its subduction beneath the Eurasian Plate. The dehydration of the cold oceanic crust led to partial melting in the upper mantle. Temperature differences caused strong convection of the upper mantle material that underplated the lower crust and rose to near the surface along the deep fault systems. After mixing with the crustal materials, mineralization processes, such as assimilation and fractional crystallization, occurred in the MLYMB.

安徽安庆铜铁矿床钴的赋存状态、分布与富集规律研究

长江中下游成矿带是我国东部最重要的成矿带之一,广泛发育矽卡岩型铜铁矿床且伴生Co资源,而成矿带内的矽卡岩型铜铁矿床中关键金属Co元素的赋存状态、分布以及富集规律研究尚未系统开展。本文以矽卡岩型铜铁矿床——安庆铜矿为研究对象,通过系统采样、显微观察、扫描电子显微镜、全岩化学分析及矿物原位LA-ICP MS微量成分测试手段,初步估算矿床中伴生Co的资源量约为8769t,达到中型规模,查明了伴生Co的平均含量为166×10^(-6),综合利用潜力较大。查明了铜矿石中Co含量(平均含量为166×10^(-6))明显高于铁矿石(平均含量为126×10^(-6)),尤其是含铜磁黄铁矿型矿石中Co元素富集程度最高,且计算得出磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿和黄铜矿分别赋存矿石Co含量的45.1%、52.8%、0.5%和1.6%。此外,矿床内不同类型矿化蚀变岩中Co含量与磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿总量具有较强的正相关性,Co主要以类质同像的形式赋存于黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿内,黄铁矿中Co的含量变化范围较大,早石英硫化物阶段的黄铁矿(Py1)中Co含量为258×10^(-6)~25920×10^(-6),晚石英硫化物阶段的黄铁矿(Py2)中Co含量为0.3×10^(-6)~594×10^(-6),磁黄铁矿中Co含量变化范围较小,主要集中于311×10^(-6)~1181×10^(-6),Co主要富集于早石英硫化物阶段,晚石英硫化物阶段不富集。含铜磁黄铁矿型矿石中Co元素变化范围大(85×10^(-6)~430×10^(-6))是由于矿石中黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿的含量以及黄铁矿Co含量极不均匀造成的。综合前人研究,本次工作认为大气降水混入引起的成矿流体冷却和稀释可能是导致安庆铜矿中Co元素沉淀富集在黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿内的主要因素。

安徽庐枞盆地西湾铅锌矿床闪锌矿中镉的赋存状态和富集机制研究

镉(Cd)是一种重要的关键金属元素,对国家安全和新兴产业发展具有重大意义。闪锌矿是最具经济意义的富镉矿物,查明闪锌矿中镉的赋存状态,对研究镉的富集机制具有重要的意义;但受限于研究手段,闪锌矿纳米尺度上镉的赋存状态研究仍相对薄弱。西湾矿床是长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区内新发现的大型铅锌矿床,矿床中产出富镉闪锌矿。本次研究使用LA-ICP-MS对闪锌矿进行原位微量元素含量和Mapping分析,查明闪锌矿微米尺度镉的分布规律;在此基础上使用扫描透射电镜(STEM)查明纳米级闪锌矿的微观形貌和高分辨原子像,明确纳米尺度镉的赋存状态。研究结果表明,西湾矿床闪锌矿中镉含量的变化范围为2186×10^(-6)~9859×10^(-6),镉在闪锌矿中分布不均匀,闪锌矿孔洞发育的区域相对富镉,而闪锌矿均质区域相对贫镉。通过高分辨原子像的晶面间距和原子线扫描结果,确定西湾矿床闪锌矿中Cd原子以原位替代Zn原子的形式赋存在闪锌矿晶格中,未发现纳米级镉的独立矿物。对比金顶和牛角塘等富镉铅锌矿床,长江中下游成矿带的铅锌矿床中平均镉含量不高,推测成矿带可能缺乏充足的镉物质来源。

长江中下游成矿带朱冲富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床的钴成矿机制:来自原位硫同位素和锆石U-Pb年龄的约束

钴作为关键战略性稀贵金属,主要以共伴生形式产于多类矿床中。其中,富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床是重要的具备开发潜力的矿床类型之一,但其钴的来源和富集机制不清。朱冲富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床位于长江中下游成矿带安庆-贵池矿集区,是成矿带内新近发现的首个大型矽卡岩型富铁矿床,其伴生的钴资源量达到了中等规模。同时,朱冲富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴品位在长江中下游同类矿床中最高,达190g/t。本研究对朱冲富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床开展了成矿岩体锆石的U-Pb定年和矿床垂向(钻孔剖面)上黄铁矿原位硫同位素的空间变化分析。结果表明,两个深部隐伏的岩浆岩样品的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为139.6±1.0Ma和138.9±0.6Ma,为早白垩世。垂向上,黄铁矿硫同位素总体范围为+5.3‰~+13.9‰,δ^(34)S自上而下变化极大,且呈现较强的不均一性,明显不同于安庆铁铜矿的硫同位素组成。朱冲富钴矽卡岩铁矿自下而上矿化-蚀变分带中富钴磁铁矿矿体中黄铁矿δ^(34)S范围为5.3‰~10.0‰;近矿透辉石矽卡岩带中脉状黄铁矿δ^(34)S范围为12.1‰~13.9‰;蚀变闪长岩中脉状黄铁矿δ^(34) S范围为7.1‰~10.8‰;外带矽卡岩中脉状黄铁矿δ^(34)S范围为6.8‰~7.6‰;月山组含膏盐粉砂岩中黄铁矿δ^(34)S范围为12.0‰~12.7‰;最上部铜头尖组粉砂岩脉状黄铁矿δ^(34)S范围为6.1‰~7.8‰。朱冲富钴磁铁矿矿石中黄铁矿硫同位素介于月山岩体和月山组含膏盐粉砂岩硫同位素之间,矿石中硫同位素记录了两个端元的混合。长江中下游富钴矽卡岩型矿床(铁铜钴)成矿规模及品位的统计表明,钴矿化与铁铜矿床类型没有明显的对应关系,成矿热液中膏盐层硫的加入对钴矿化没有明显的影响,富钴矽卡岩型铁矿床钴主要源于岩浆热液,钴的沉淀主要受控于高温热液的演化。

江西九瑞矿集区武山铜矿床硒碲钴等关键金属的分布规律、赋存状态和富集机制

武山铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带九瑞矿集区内典型的层控-接触带矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,铜资源量达到大型,此外还共生硒、碲、钴、镓、铊等关键金属矿产,具备良好的矿产资源综合利用前景,但矿床中关键金属的分布规律、赋存状态和富集机制等研究尚未开展。本文以武山铜矿床为研究对象,系统采集了矿床南矿带接触带矽卡岩型矿体3条勘探线(W3-2、S4-2、N6-1)、北矿带层控硫化物型矿体3条勘探线(E9-2、E2-1、W4-1)和层控矽卡岩型矿体1条勘探线(E7-3)代表性岩矿石样品。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察,结合全岩地球化学和矿物原位LA-ICP-MS分析,查明了矿床中硒、碲、钴等关键金属的空间分布规律与赋存状态,初步探讨了硒、碲、钴的迁移沉淀机制。研究结果表明矿床中伴生硒、碲、钴的估算资源量分别为5513t、611t和9597t,均达到大-中型规模;武山矿床是成矿带内硒含量最高、潜在资源量最大的矿床。北矿带矿体中Se、Te、Co含量明显高于南矿带,北矿带中部成矿中心向东西远端,矿体中Se、Te、Co含量规律性增高。矿石中Se、Te、Co含量与S含量具有较强的正相关性,矿石中硫化物的含量是关键金属含量主要控制指标;Se和Co富集于含铜黄铁矿矿石、含铜白云岩矿石、含铜矽卡岩矿石(高硫)中;Te富集于含铜黄铁矿矿石和含铜白云岩矿石中。矿床中硒、碲主要以独立矿物和硫化物中类质同象替换两种赋存形式,钴则主要以Co^(2+)类质同象形式进入黄铁矿矿物晶格。矿床中硒、碲随着成矿流体温度降低、硫逸度升高、氧逸度降低、pH值升高逐渐沉淀富集;钴主要随着硫化物的沉淀富集在黄铁矿中。

长江下游地区深部电性结构及岩石圈拆沉机制

长江下游地区处于中国东部的中间地带(图1),该区是中国重要的Cu、Fe、Au等多金属成矿带。长江下游地区呈狭窄带状分布了鄂东南、九江—瑞昌、安庆—贵池、庐江—枞阳、铜陵、宁芜和宁镇7个大型矿集区。该区晚中生代岩浆活动认为是主要成矿物质来源,但该区成矿的深部构造背景等方面仍然存在些争议(吕庆田等,2014)。长江下游地区处于中下扬子地区中生代构造体制转换的关键部位,特殊的构造位置与成矿作用之间的关系还不清楚.

长江中下游成矿带伴生钴资源现状及综合利用潜力评价

钴是中国极度短缺的关键矿产资源,我国矿床中报道的钴资源量大部分以伴生形式产出,因此估算伴生钴资源量及评价其综合利用前景十分必要。长江中下游成矿带铁矿床、铜矿床及硫铁矿床中普遍伴生钴,但不同类型矿床中钴资源特征及差异、钴资源量及可利用性评价等研究尚未开展。目前大部分矿山伴生钴综合利用水平较低,钴资源浪费严重。本文通过全面收集整理近年来长江中下游成矿带相关研究资料,系统总结了成矿带不同类型矿床中钴的赋存状态,阐明钴在各类矿床中的富集特征,并估算了伴生钴资源量,评价了伴生钴的可利用性。研究结果表明,长江中下游成矿带铁矿床和硫铁矿床中主要载钴矿物为黄铁矿,少量为磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿等;铜矿床中载钴矿物以黄铁矿、黄铜矿为主,少量为磁黄铁矿、斑铜矿等;独立钴矿物在各类矿床中均有报道,主要有辉砷钴矿、硫铜钴矿、铁硫砷钴矿、硫镍钴矿、辉钴矿、斜方砷钴矿等。钴在铁、铜和硫铁矿床中发生了不同程度富集,其中矽卡岩型铁矿床中钴较为富集,总体达到了伴生钴边界品位;矽卡岩型铜矿床中的钴多数接近或达到伴生钴边界品位,少数未达到伴生钴边界品位;玢岩型铁矿床、斑岩型铜矿床、矽卡岩型和玢岩型硫铁矿床中钴的富集程度低,普遍未达到伴生钴边界品位。成矿带伴生钴资源丰富,具备形成中-大型富钴矿床的资源条件,初步估算规模达到大型的矿床有3个(程潮、铁山、罗河),规模达到中型的矿床有22个(龙桥、朱冲、白象山、金山店、安庆、武山、城门山、丰山洞、铜绿山、铜山口、大包庄、新桥、泥河、高村、梅山、和尚桥、姑山、沙溪、茶亭、姚家岭、冬瓜山、黄屯);具有良好综合利用前景的伴生钴资源量约10.8万t,具有一定综合利用前景的伴生钴资源量约4.6万t,可作为未来潜在接替伴生钴资源量约12.5万t。成矿带主要矿床通过磁选、浮选可获得含钴>0.20%的硫精矿,冶炼过程中可得到含钴达0.22%的转炉渣。对于含钴硫精矿或含钴转炉渣,可通过浮选法、火法冶炼法、湿法分离法、萃取法和微生物浸出法等工艺实现钴的高效回收利用,且回收率可达80%以上,预期可以产生较好的经济效益。本文的研究方法对热液矿床中伴生钴资源量的评价具有重要的借鉴意义。

基于Sentinel-2卫星数据的南陵—宣城矿集区矿化蚀变信息提取

文章以长江中下游成矿带的南陵—宣城矿集区为研究区,分析Sentinel-2卫星数据波段和研究区主要蚀变矿物光谱特征对应关系,在对植被、水体、建筑物等干扰信息去除的基础上,使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)法和波段比值法进行铁染异常、Al—OH异常、Mg—OH异常及碳酸盐异常信息提取,并通过与研究区已知矿点的叠加分析,与Landsat 8卫星遥感数据提取结果对比。结果表明:在植被覆盖度较高区域,Sentinel-2卫星数据具有更高的空间分辨率,受混合像元影响更小,对于高密度植被信息提取具有较大优势,在干扰信息去除的过程中保留的有效信息更多;从Sentinel-2、Landsat 8卫星数据提取的蚀变异常信息与已知矿点的相关比率分别为69.14%、47.43%,Sentinel-2卫星数据蚀变提取精度优于Landsat 8卫星数据。研究结果可为植被覆盖度较高区域矿产资源遥感调查提供参考,为南陵—宣城矿集区找矿预测提供依据。

江西武山铜矿区新发现钨矿(化)体特征和其成因--来自矿相学、白钨矿原位U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学的约束

钨和铜有明显不同的地球化学性质,但钨、铜在矿床中可以共伴生,原因还不清楚。长江中下游成矿带发育典型的斑岩-矽卡岩-层状铜(钨)多金属成矿系统,其中层状铜(钨)矿体成矿时代数据相对较少。作者以该带九瑞矿集区武山铜矿区新发现的钨矿(化)体为研究对象,开展了矿相学、白钨矿原位U-Pb年代学和元素地球化学的研究。研究发现,武山矿床具有层状、矽卡岩型、斑岩型3类铜矿体均有白钨矿矿化,矿床整体由浅至深存在Cu→Cu-W的分带规律。3类矿石中的白钨矿产状类似,充填在粗粒黄铁矿晶体间隙,或呈浸染状分布,被黄铜矿、闪锌矿等交代,产于退化蚀变阶段;其中斑岩中还存在少量晚世代白钨矿,与石英、黄铁矿共生,形成细脉并穿切花岗闪长斑岩,为石英-硫化物阶段产物。通过对退化蚀变阶段白钨矿进行测年和地球化学研究,作者获得了层状矿体含钨黄铜矿矿石中的白钨矿原位LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年龄为(140.6±1.5)Ma,代表层状铜钨矿体成矿时代,在误差范围内与前人获得的斑岩、矽卡岩型矿体的成矿时代基本一致。层状矿体中白钨矿的稀土元素特征和Sr/Mo值符合岩浆热液矿床特征,相比矽卡岩型、花岗岩型白钨矿,层状矿体中白钨矿具有明显较低Mo含量,反映了形成于相对低氧逸度条件;另外,层状矿体中白钨矿具有正Eu异常和与围岩相近的高Y/Ho值的特征,推测其是流体充分交代了含碳围岩地层导致流体性质的明显改变,并且有利于白钨矿和黄铁矿的沉淀,可从深部黄龙组层间部位形成钨品位更富的黄铁矿矿石得到佐证。文章从白钨矿角度证实层状矿体是斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的重要组成部分,提出在九瑞矿集区已知铜矿床的深部,尤其是燕山期中酸性侵入岩与含碳质碳酸盐岩的接触带及黄龙组层位,是寻找富钨矿体的新找矿方向。白钨矿的U-Pb同位素定年为长江中下游成矿带层状矿体的成矿时代提供了新的可靠依据。

长江中下游转换构造结与区域成矿背景分析

中国东部中生代以来的地壳运动频繁,构造演化复杂,岩浆活动剧烈,成矿作用多样,是不同体制构造转换的重要地区。长江中下游地区是中生代特提斯构造体制与太平洋构造体制转换的经典地区,是两大构造体制交汇和转换的焦点部位,具有岩石圈物质重组、结构重建的时-空演化关系。长江中下游转换构造结由是中国东部中生代特提斯构造体制与太平洋构造体制转换的产物,大别造山带、郯庐断裂带和长江中下游成矿带直接记录了两大构造体制转换的过程、沉积-构造-岩浆-成矿的时空关系和动力学背景。长江中下游转换构造结内构造叠加强烈,规律明显,以长江复合构造带和铜陵-杭州构造带为代表的NE-SW向构造带和NW-SE向构造带,严格控制着区内燕山期岩浆活动和长江中下游成矿带的展布;长江中下游转换构造结内具有结点成矿的规律,不同规模的NE-SW向构造带与NW-SE向构造带的交切处正是区内矿集区和重要矿床的分布位置。