Economic Growth:The Fundamental Path to the Realization of Social Security Rights for Migrant Workers

The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.

Theory,Demonstration and Methods: Research on Social Security of Migrant Workers by Domestic Scholar

Social security of migrant workers has been significant in dissolving social contradictions and achieving the economic and social development in China during the transitional period. The researches of domestic scholar on social security of migrant workers can be classified into three categories. Firstly, theoretical analysis on social security of migrant workers, including researches on the appeal of social security and misunderstanding of recognition, theory-construction of rural worker social security, policy defects and equity construction in social security system of migrant workers. Secondly, real studies on social security of migrant workers, including researches on sequence of demand and influencing factors of social security of migrant workers as well as intrinsic motivation forming the perspective on social security. Lastly, road exploration of establishing social security system, including researches on the multi-level development of rural worker social security system, comparison of "Double-low method", "Guangdong Method" and "Shanghai Method" of the social security of migrant workers in Zhejiang Province and establishing multi-level social security system according to the hierarchy after the internal differentiation.

Construction Strategies of Social Security System for Wan-jiang Urban Belt's Migrant Workers

Theoretical debate and practice exploration on social security of migrant workers were introduced.The political direction and security layer on social security for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt were analyzed:the first layer is to implement wage payment guarantee and employment injury insurance;the second layer is to emphasize serious disease insurance and endowment insurance;the third layer is unemployed insurance and social assistance.The primary strategy of building a social security system for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt was put up:wage payment guarantee system that is united in certain regions should be promoted;employment injury insurance system that is undertaken by enterprises should be built;a social health care system for serious diseases should be set up;multi-layers endowment insurance system for migrant workers should be created;vocational training and training in how to start a business should be built as well as the unemployment insurance system;social assistant system based on the basic cost of living allowances should be set up.

Research on Issues concerning Social Security for Migrant Workers in Harmonious Society

This article analyzes the status quo of social security for migrant workers in China,and points out that there are deep system and concept reasons for the lack of labor rights and interests security,social security,equality and the right to development,political participation channels for the current migrant workers. This article then expounds the adverse effects of lack of social security for migrant workers on building a harmonious society: the lack of social security for migrant workers poses an enormous hidden trouble to the social stability,restricting the urbanization process in China,and hampering China's agricultural development. To improve social security for migrant workers and promote the harmonious development of society,it is necessary to adhere to " people-oriented" outlook of development,give full play to migrant workers' social creativity; implement the development strategy of comparative advantage,enhance material basis of social security for migrant workers; break the trade barriers between urban and rural areas,build unified urban-rural labor market; based on the actual situation of various regions, use hierarchical classification method to progressively improve the social security mechanism for migrant workers.

China's Migrant Workers' Social Security

Based on the definition of migrant workers and migrant workers'social security,systems,policies and regulations and status quo of specific safeguard project of social security have been analyzed.Authors draw following conclusions:China's social security systems of migrant workers show diversification and differentiation trend;national-level policies take on diversification and local-level regulations take on differentiation;social welfare and social assistance have deficiency;coverage rate of social insurance items is extremely low.

超国家福利边界的演化:欧盟流动劳动力社会保障协调制度的“效”与“限”

欧盟流动劳动力社会保障协调制度运行60余年,学界对其先进性已有共识。但本文在梳理欧盟社会保障协调制度在养老金、医疗保险和家庭福利项目上的具体制度安排后发现,三个项目在可获得性、可携带性、可输出性指标上差异较大,且流动劳动力群体内部存在福利分层,欧盟层面宣扬的“非歧视”“平等待遇”等目标未能有效实现。进而,本文运用福利边界理论解释造成欧盟协调制度有限性的根本原因,认为多层权力结构和嵌套式公民身份形成欧盟超国家福利边界的“叠层式”样态,“叠层式”特质表现为超国家权力的有限性、对福利国家福利边界渗透的有限性以及复杂制度网络的多重削弱性等,最终导致欧盟对流动劳动力的社会保障只能达成有限协调,无法完全实现其超国家性目标。

社会建构形象何以影响随迁子女入学——基于广州市政策设计过程的分析

随迁子女入学政策是确保随迁子女在流入地平等接受义务教育、促进教育公平的制度保障。目标群体的社会建构形象是影响政策利益差异化分配的重要因素。基于广州市义务教育阶段随迁子女入学政策文本,尝试分析随迁子女的社会建构形象,并从政策利益分配、政策论证策略和政策路径选择三个维度探究社会建构形象如何影响随迁子女入学。研究发现,社会建构形象赋予了相关群体不同水平的利益分配标准,政策设计者综合运用工具理性和价值理性策略,分别为不同群体贴上了“可得”和“不可得”的政策身份标签,并最终通过差异化的政策路径实现了随迁子女内部差异化利益分配结果的固定。

结构化社会时间的节日再生产——昆明各民族务工群体的左脚舞实践

社会时间结构是由人的社会实践活动所形成的影响人在过去、现在和未来的社会行为规范和秩序。人类社会的发展总是在不断地规定着秩序也在调整着秩序而使社会时间得以结构化,节日便是结构时间的重要节点。近年来,昆明市出现了务工群体从偶然组织过节迅速转变为频繁组织过节的节日涌生现象。无论是传统节日还是现代节日,跳左脚舞都是节日的主要内容。在从偶发性的、事件性的过节发展为新规范指导的理性的集体行为过程中,具有组织性、程式性和时代性的城市节日涌生现象建构了新的社会时间结构。昆明市各民族“三交”实践中的节日再生产具有坚实的社会、文化和技术基础。

农民工市民化进程中社会保障制度困境及优化研究--基于整体性治理视域

农民工市民化是社会经济发展的必然趋势,是解决农民工问题的根本途径。农民工享有社会保障是其市民化的关键,然而,农民工社会保障存在着法规不完善、制度碎片化、项目不健全和供给模式单一等制度困境,以整体性治理理论为指导,系统地分析农民工社会保障的制度困境,完善农民工社会保障的政府治理体系和支撑制度,优化农民工社会保障的制度环境,创新农民工社会保障制度,维护农民工社会保障权益,促进农民工市民化。

农民工收入现状、关键问题与优化路径

本文利用国家层面宏观和微观数据,分析了党的十八大以来我国农民工收入变动情况,探讨了促进农民工收入稳定增长的关键问题,并提出了主要思路及优化路径。研究表明,2012—2022年我国农民工收入保持稳定增长趋势,从收入来源看,工资性收入占比最高,其次是经营性收入,而财产性收入和转移性收入占比较低;分特征组来看,外出务工、东部地区、从事交通运输仓储和邮政业的农民工收入水平普遍更高。但农民工仍然存在收入增速放缓、动力不足,与城镇职工收入差距大等问题;分项收入中,存在工资性收入不稳定,经营性收入占比下降,财产性收入来源单一,转移性收入城乡差距大等关键问题。本文提出促进农民工增收的主要思路是理清本地农民工与外出农民工、进城农民工与返乡农民工、老年农民工与新生代农民工、农民工与城镇职工四组关系,分类施策。今后应聚焦高质量充分就业增加工资性收入,支持就业创业增加非农经营性收入,深化农村改革扩大财产性收入,完善社会保障体系增加转移性收入等优化路径,并注重调节农民工与城镇职工的收入差距,促进农民工持续稳定增收。

社会保障何以影响农民工城市定居意愿?——基于土地流转视角

我国城镇化进入提质减速阶段,农民工在城市定居关系着城镇化的速度和质量,而夯实定居基础、分摊定居成本对其城市定居意愿的影响日益凸显。基于土地流转视角,文章运用2019年安徽省7个市农民工调查数据,利用Logit模型对城镇社会保障对农民工城市定居意愿的影响开展实证分析。研究结果表明:城镇居民医疗保险和养老保险均能显著提高农民工城市定居意愿;土地流转对城镇居民养老保险与农民工城市定居意愿关系的调节效应正向显著,土地流转和城镇居民养老保险具有显著的互补性,即土地所承担的养老保障和流转使用权所获的财产收益,弥补了社会保障制度供给不足带来的权益缺位,进而出现定居意愿的差异。研究结果可为完善城镇社会保障制度、促进新型城镇化发展等相关政策制定提供依据。

社会保障对农民工回流意愿有影响吗?——基于上海调查数据的实证分析

文章以城乡二元户籍制度为背景,基于上海农民工问卷调查数据,实证分析社会保障因素对农民工回流意愿的影响,并得出以下结论:社会保障因素对农民工回流意愿有重要影响,参加城镇养老保险、城镇医疗保险、城镇失业保险的农民工回流意愿较弱;控制经济因素和个人因素后,参加农村养老保险、农村医疗保险的农民工回流意愿明显增强,参加城镇工伤保险的农民工回流意愿明显减弱,而参加城镇养老保险、城镇医疗保险对农民工回流意愿的影响程度下降。个人及家庭因素中,新生代农民工、教育程度较高者、子女在本地上学者的回流意愿较弱;经济因素中,收入水平较高者回流意愿较弱。

劳动保护、工作福利、社会保障与农民工城镇就业

基于上海1446份农民工调查样本所建立的有序Probit模型及实证分析显示,工资收入、工作福利、社会保障、个性特征对农民工城镇就业有显著影响,而劳动保护、权益侵犯的影响并不显著。工资收入等经济因素是影响农民工城镇就业的核心因素,农民工劳动保护和权益保护意识还不强。因此,要应对"民工荒",关键是要满足农民工的物质需求,给予农民工实实在在的经济利益,特别是企业要提供较高的工资水平和良好的工作福利,城镇相关部门要提供较完善的社会保障并关注农民工在城镇的生活支出和成本等。该研究对于揭示"民工荒"的成因,保持农村劳动力有序、平稳、持续地向城镇转移,具有重要意义。

城乡分割、区域分割与流动人口社会保障缺失

基于大规模的流动人口调查数据,本文研究了城乡分割和区域分割对城市外来流动人口社会保障的影响。利用变量法的IVProbit模型进行回归估计,尝试解决劳动者的工资与参加社会保险之间的内生性问题。研究结果发现:第一,外来流动人口参加社会保险存在严重的城乡分割和区域分割效应;第二,区域分割效应大于城乡分割效应;第三,若不解决工资与社会保险参保之间的内生性问题,则将低估外来流动人口参加社会保险的城乡分割效应和区域分割效应。

农民工小团体现象的探测与分析 基于社会支持网络的研究

本文利用2005年对深圳市农民工的调查数据,应用N-G算法,探测到农民工社会支持网络中的小团体现象,并通过对其数目、规模及内聚程度的分析,探讨了亲缘、地缘关系在小团体现象中的角色问题。本研究发现,农民工社会支持网络具有明显的小团体现象,不同性别和不同职业构成的农民工社会支持网的团体化程度存在差异,实际支持网、情感支持网和社交支持网等三类网络的团体化程度也存在差异。混合性别网络的小团体的内聚程度低于单一性别网络的小团体的内聚程度,加工业农民工小团体的内聚力差异程度较大,而建筑业农民工小团体的内聚程度则普遍较高。加工业农民工的业缘关系是小团体形成的重要纽带,建筑业农民工的小团体以地缘关系为主,但业缘关系的作用开始凸显。

教育人力资本、企业所有制与农民工社会保障获得

对国家卫计委2010年12月进行的流动人口监测调查数据的研究发现,教育人力资本和企业所有制性质对农民工获得各类社会保障项目具有重要影响。具体表现为:第一,较高的教育水平能够显著提高农民工的各类社会保障项目获取能力。第二,接受过职业培训能够显著提高农民工各类社会保障项目的参保率。第三,就业单位的所有制性质显著影响农民工的各类社会保障项目覆盖率。这些结果说明农民工不再仅仅是各类社会保障项目的被动接受者,在获得社会保障项目时已经具有一定的主动权。因此,在加大推进不同所有制企业为农民工购买各类社会保障项目的同时,也应该提高农民工的教育水平,加强农民工的职业培训,以增强农民工对于各类社会保障项目的获取能力。

相对收入与主观幸福感:检验农民工的多重参照群体

尽管社会经济地位低于城市居民,农民工的主观幸福感却更高。这种客观经济地位与主观福利评判的不一致有两种解释:同质性参照群体假设和向上流动期望假设,暗示农民工在进行社会比较时会选择不同的参照群体。基于一项大规模全国代表性的调查数据,本文通过建构农民工的多个参照群体检验了上述假设,结果验证了同质性参照群体假设:控制个人收入后,同省其他农民的平均收入越高,农民工的生活满意度越低;加入农民的平均收入后,农民工相对于城市就业居民的生活满意度优势消失,甚至转为劣势。向上流动期望假设未获支持:城市就业居民的平均收入对农民工的生活满意度没有显著影响,而且这样的"零效应"可能并非由于向上流动期望的压抑影响造成的。