Subjective Well-being and Family Functioning among Adolescents Left Behind by Migrating Parents in Jiangxi Province, China

We sought to identify the differences between adolescents left behind in their home villages/towns （LBA） and non-left behind adolescents （NLB） on subjective well-being and family functioning due to parental migration in south China. We used a stratified cluster sampling method to recruit middle school students in a city experiencing population-emigration in Jiangxi Province in 2010. Participants included adolescents from families with： （1） one migrant parent, （2） both parents who migrated, or （3） non-left behind adolescents （i.e., no migrant parent）. To determine predictors of subjective well-being, we used structural equation models. Adolescents left behind by both parents （LBB） were less likely to express life satisfaction （P = 0.038） in terms of their environments （P = 0.011） compared with NLB. A parent or parents who migrated predicts lower subjective well-being of adolescents （P = 0.051） and also lower academic performance. Being apart from their parents may affect family functioning negatively from an adolescent＇s viewpoint. Given the hundreds of millions of persons in China, many who are parents, migrating for work, there may be mental health challenges in some of the adolescents left behind.

Economic Growth, Demographic Change and Rural-Urban Migration in China

Is China able to maintain fast growth after three decades？ This paper tries to answer this question by： 1） arguing that factors contributed to sustained long-run growth at supply side;2） focusing on contributions of demographic dividend especially that of rural-urban migration;and 3） analyzing rural demographic change with information collected through village-wide household survey.Policy alternatives to realize remaining potential demographic dividend are proposed based on the analysis of changing rural demographic structure.

Influential Factors in Employment Location Selection Based on “Push-Pull” Migration Theory—A Case Study in Three Gorges Reservoir Area in China

In China, farmers employed in non-farm work have become important socio-economic actors, but few studies have examined the farmers' perspective in making their work location choices. Based on "push-pull" migration theory, this paper utilizes sectional data from a 2013 survey of farmers in China's Three Gorges Reservoir area to empirically analyze the factors influencing migrant workers' choice of employment location. The results indicate that 60.46% of laborers have migrated from their home province, whereas 39.54% have remained in their home province. Focusing on personal, household, and community characteristics—in addition to the economic characteristics of the sample counties—multinomial logistic regression models reveal that farmer-laborers' employment location decisions are influenced by their personal capital endowment(age, years of education and social networks), family structure(the number of laborers, elders, children and students), home village characteristics(location, economic development level and the degree of relief of the land) and home county economic development level. Notably, male and female laborers' location decisions reveal a converging trend, and their differences are not pronounced. Per capita arable land area has little influence on location decisions, whereas the educational level of laborers has a significant impact. The results differ significantly from those found in previous studies.

Relationship between Migration and HIV Risky Behavior: a Comparative Study of Returning Migrants and Non Migrants Based on Rural Out-of-school Youth in Jilin, China

Objective To estimate the relationship between migration and HIV risky behavior when controlling for gender, age, and educational levels and to evaluate the gender differences in migration, HIV knowledge, and HIV risky behaviors among rural youth in China. Methods A cross-sectional, anonymous, investigative questionnaire for 1710 unmarried, out-of-school rural youth, aged between 15 and 24 years, was handed out in Gongzhuling county of Jilin province, China. Results 58.5% of participants had a history of migration, irrespective of gender. There were gender differences observed in other factors such as drug abuse（4.3% for males and 5.5% for females, P〈0.01）, multiple sexual partners（24.1% for males and 44.1% for females, P〈0.01）, and HIV knowledge rate（35.2% for males and 25.5% for females, P〈0.001）. While controlling for gender, age, and educational levels, the relationships between migration and drug abuse, selling sex, and non usage of condoms during last instance of sexual activity were found to be significant. The cases of premarital sex and multiple sexual partners were both not found to be related to migration. Conclusion Among rural youth, the HIV risky behavior such as drug abuse, selling sex, and lack of condom use, is significantly related to migration, while premarital sex and multiple sexual partners seem unrelated to migration.

International Seminar on Labour Migration in Rural China

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Improving the Accuracy of Estimated Returns to Education in China--Based on Employment Rate, Career Length, and Income Growth

Most empirical studies on the returns to education use current income to proxy for lifetime income due to the lack of longitudinal data. This simplification is found to cause biased estimates and the result is conditional on being employed. This paper quantifies the returns to education with heterogeneity in employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates. Using data from China, this paper attempts to account for these differences across the life-cycle and estimates the returns to education in terms of lifetime income when actual lifetime earnings data are not available. The model clarifies the mathematical relationship between conditional current returns to education, unconditional current returns to education, and unconditional lifetime returns to education. This new approach explains how employment rates, career lengths, and income growth rates affect the direction and magnitude of the bias in estimating the returns to education.

China ASON Network Migration Scenarios and Their Quantitative Analysis

This paper proposes two migration scenarios from China ring networks to ASON mesh networks. In our quantitative analysis with ASON/GMPLS simulator, a subnetwork protection scheme achieved best balanced performance in resource utilization and restoration time.

Deepwater Canyons Reworked by Bottom Currents:Sedimentary Evolution and Genetic Model

Based on multi-beam bathymetric data and 2D high-resolution, multi-channel seismic prof＇des, combing ODPl148 drilling data, the morphology, internal sedimentary architecture, and evo-lution pattern of 17 deepwater canyons from the Middle Miocene to present are documented in the northern Baiyun （白云） sag （BS）, Pearl River Mouth basin （PRMB）, and northern South China Sea （SCS）. There exist six seismic architectural elements in these canyons, including basal erosive surfaces （BES）, thalweg deposits （TD）, lateral migration packages （LMP）, mass transport deposits （MTD）, can- yon margin deposits （CMD）, and drape deposits （DD）. According to the stratigraphical ages and geo-metrical features of these canyons, their formation and evolution processes are divided into three stages： （1） Middle Miocene scouring-filling, （2） Late Miocene lateral migration, and （3） Pliocene-Quaternary vertical overlay. An auto-cyclic progressive process of eroding and filling by turbidity currents results in the scouring-filling and vertical overlay; bottom currents are responsible for the remarkable asym-metry between the two flanks of canyons; and faults are inherent dynamic forces triggering these can yons. It is inferred that these canyons are caused by the double effects of turbidity and bottom currents under the control of faults as inherent dynamic forces.