Effect of dietary supplementation with discardednutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris on layingperformance and diversity of intestinal flora in laying hens

The aim of the experiment was to explore the feasibility of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris as feed in the production of laying hens. 100 g/kg, 200 g/kg, 300 g/kg of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris were added to the basal diet of laying hens. The results showed that the optimal addition of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris in the diet of laying hens was 10%. According to the results of measuring the conventional indicators of eggs, the weight of eggs produced by laying hens fed with discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris was higher than that of laying hens fed with ordinary laying hens. The content of interleukin-1(IL-1) in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the concentration of IL-1 increased by 141.5 pg/mL, which indicated that the application of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris effectively improved the immunity of laying hens. The high-throughput analysis of the intestinal contents of the two groups of laying hens showed that the microbial population abundance of the intestinal tract of the experimental group was greater than that of control group, and the application of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris increased the diversity of bacteria in the intestinal tract of laying hens. In addition, the sensitivity of some pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract of chickens to drugs was also increased, thereby reducing the use of antibiotics. The secondary utilization of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris has great development and utilization prospects, which provided a scientific reference and basic theoretical basis for the development of discarded nutrient medium of Cordyceps militaris as feed in the production of laying hens.

Optimization of Rice Medium for Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris in the Alpine Region

In this study,six Cordyceps militaris strains introduced to Tibet were used as experimental materials to screen the dominant C.militaris strain by comparing mycelial growth rate,fruiting body yield and growth status.The composition of rice medium for C.militaris cultivation was optimized by orthogonal experiment.According to the results,although C.militaris strain ＂TAAAS1＂ did not exhibit the highest mycelial growth rate,it had uniform fruiting body formation and higher fruiting body yield than other strains,which suggested that C.militaris strain ＂TAAAS1＂ was most suitable for cultivation and production of C.militaris in the alpine region.The optimal rice medium for C.militaris cultivation consisted of 4 g/L pupa powder,20 g/L glucose,1.5 g/L KH_2PO_4 and 2 g/L MgSO_4.This study provided the theoretical basis for cultivation and production of C.militaris in the alpine region.

Extraction, Purification and Anti-tumor Activity of Polysaccharide from Mycelium of Mutant Cordyceps Militaris

A water-soluble polysaccharide（named MCMP） was isolated from the mycelium with high yield mutation Cordyceps militaris by hot-water extraction, deproteinization by sevage, alcohol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography CL-6B. The polysaccharide contained mannose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose in a molar ratio of 59.36：1：8.31：39.50, of which the average molecular weight is 8100. In our research, Hep-G2 cells, Hela cells and mesangial cells were chosen to determine the anti-tumor activity of the polysaccharide. The results of MTT assay show that polysaccharides of the mutant strain presented inhibitory activity on the cells proliferation after 48 h incubation.

The protoplast two-way fusions and fusant characteristics of Antrodia cinnamomea and Cordyceps militaris

This study generated two fused protoplasts of Antrodia cinnamomea and Cordyceps militaris in two ways.The protoplasts of A.cinnamomea were inactivated by heat to inactivate biochemical processes and enzymatic activities in the cytoplasm,and the protoplasts of C.militaris were inactivated by UV radiation to invalidate their genome function,then they were fused under optimal conditions to get a fusion rate as(7.42±0.8)×10^(-6) fusants/mL;the new fusants were abbreviated as Ac-Cm.On the other hand,when A.cinnamomea and C.militaris were treated with heat and UV oppositely using similar experiments,the fusion rate was(9.70±0.68)×10^(-5) fusants/mL,and the new fusants were abbreviated as Cm-Ac.We selected each of two best-growing fused colonies Ac-Cm-1,Ac-Cm-2,Cm-Ac-1,and Cm-Ac-2,together with parental A.cinnamomea and C.militaris,and studied their morphology,growth antagonism tests,and genetic relationships by 18 S rRNA sequencing.In comparison with the initial cultures of 4 fusants,the yields of adenosine,biomass,cordycepic acid,cordycepin,total polysaccharide,and total triterpenoids were increased up 1.305-50.1563 times in the optimal medium conditions.For gene stability tests,those of the four fusants and their outputs were stabilized within 10 generations.

Procoagulant constituents from Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris,belongs to Clavicipitaceae family,was investigated for its chemical compounds,and six compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography,Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallization,and their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques and physicochemical properties as ergosterol(1),adenosine(2),cordycepin(3),ergosterol peroxide(4),tetracosanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropylester(5),mannitol(6).Procoagulant activity was screened by assaying the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),prothrombin time(PT),thrombin time(TT)and fibrinogen(FIB)in vitro.The results indicated that ergosterol,adenosine,cordycepin,ergosterol peroxide and mannitol showed strong procoagulant activity.

The Effect of the Hot Water Extracts of the <i>Paecilomyces hepiali </i>and <i>Cordyceps militaris</i>Mycelia on the Growth of Gastrointestinal Bacteria

The gastrointestinal health is very important aspect concerning human health. It refers to nutrient and vitamin absorption, food digestion and various infectious diseases. The Paecilomyces hepiali and Cordyceps militaris are highly enriched with cordycepin and ergosterol which are considered as anti bacterial substances. Present study finds out comparative effect of hot water extract of particular fungal material on growth of six species of gastrointestinal bacteria that belong to both aerobic and anaerobic and, consist with harmful and commensal categories. The appropriate concentration level of hot water extract of both strains was identified. The individual specific bacterial growing media were prepared and calculated;amounts of bacteria cultures were inoculated by using micro pipettes. The optical density and number of bacterial colonies were measured after 24 hours. The pure mycelial extract of P. hepiali with 2 × 10-3 g/ml of concentration has significant effect on depleting the growth of E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus, L. gasseri and B. ovatus bacteria. B. longum has no significant effect by particular extract. Same type of extract of C. militaris has significantly reduced the growth of every bacteria used in this study. Hot water extract of C. militaris cultivated on soy bean has significant growth retardation toward E. coli, E. faecalis, S. aureus and L. gasseri. It has stimulated the growth of B. ovatus and B. longum which are considered as beneficial bacteria for human gut. This study shows that extracts of both mycelia include antimicrobial substances like cordycepin and ergosterol which can be used as food supplements to enhance human gut health.

Effects of Different Cultivation Media and Periods on the Content of Main Active Components of Cordyceps militaris Strain QC04

In this study,Cordyceps militaris strain QC04 was cultivated in oat,rice,and wheat media for different time periods.We studied the effects of different cultivation media and periods on the fruiting body biomass and active components of C.militaris,aiming to provide reference for the production and utilization of C.militaris QC04.The results showed that the dry weight of the fruiting body of C.militaris was the highest in the wheat medium,moderate in the oat medium,and the lowest in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in the fruiting body and residual medium was higher in the oat and rice media than in the rice medium.The content of cordycepin and adenosine in fruiting body and residual medium peaked on day 55.Furthermore,the content of cordycepin in the fruiting body was lower than that in the residual medium,while the content of adenosine showed an opposite trend.The content of cordycepic acid in the rice medium was generally higher than that in the oat and wheat media.As the cultivation period extended,the fruiting body biomass declined and the content of cordycepic acid in the fruiting body increased slightly.

Development of Functional Foods with Cordyceps militaris as a Raw Material

Cordyceps militaris,as a rare edible fungus,has high medicinal and nutritional value,and has attracted much attention.This paper summarized a series of functional foods developed with C.militaris as a raw material from the perspective of Cordyceps drinks,dry C.militaris products,Cordyceps seasonings,and other Cordyceps foods in four broad categories and ten sub-categories,providing reference for continuous development and utilization.

Effects of Light Time, Light Intensity and Light Color on the Growth and Quality of Cordyceps militaris

Cordyceps militaris,which is a precious edible fungus,contains effective ingredients such as cordycepin and adenosine,and can treat a variety of diseases.However,light has the greatest effect on the growth of C.militaris in the process of artificial cultivation.In this study,the effects of light time,light intensity and light color on the growth,physiology,yield and quality of C.militaris were discussed to provide reference for the efficient artificial cultivation of C.militaris.

Inhibitory Effects of Cordyceps militaris( Bombyx mori )Extract against Respiratory Syncytial Virus

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of 95%, 70% ethanol extracts and water extract of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori）, on cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus （RSV）. [Method] Human embryonic kidney cells （HEK293, RSV virus-sensitive cells） were infected with respiratory syncytial virus and incubated with tissue cell culture method, to analyze the inhibitory effects of different extracts of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori） on proliferation of RSV-infected cells by cytopathic effect （CPE） observation and tetrazolium salt reduction assay （ MTF method）. [ Result] Different extracts of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori） were non-toxic to HEK293 cells. CPE occurred successively in various sample groups after 48 h, and the degree of CPE was reduced gradually with the increasing concentration. To be specific, 95 % ethanol extract （100 μg/ml）, 70% ethanol extract （100, 25 μg/ml） and water extract （100, 25 μg/ml） of Cordyceps militaris （BombTx mori） exhibited inhibitory effects against RSV subtype A; 70% ethanol extract （100, 25 μg/ml） and water extract （100, 25 μg/ml） of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori） exhibited inhibitory effects against RSV subtype B; the effects of water extract （100 μg/ml） of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori） on RSV subtypes A and B were similar to positive control group. However, different extracts of Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mot/） with low concentrations （6.25, 1.56 μg/ml） exhibited no inhibitory effects against respiratory syncytial virus. [ Conclusion ] Cordyceps militaris （Bombyx mori） exhibited significant inhibitory effects against syncytial virus, and the inhibitory effects were related to the water soluble components.

Optimization of Extraction Process and Anti-ultraviolet Activity of Polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris

Extraction process of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide(PS)was optimized with single factor experiment and orthogonal test.Then,the anti-UVB ability of the polysaccharide was investigated to develop anti-UV sun-screening agent through determining the cell viability after UVB irradiation.The results showed that the optimum were solid-liquid ratio at 1∶40(g/ml)at 80℃ for 4 h,and the extract ratio was 27.4%according to the verification test.The PS showed no cytotoxicity to HaCaT cells and pretreatment with the PS significantly decreased UVB-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent relationship.It suggests that the PS has strong anti-UVB irradiation ability and has a good application prospect in developing sunscreen agent.

Optimization of the Cultivation Device for Cordyceps militaris and Development of Its Characteristic Product

In order to better promote the development of the Cordyceps militaris industry,the C.militaris cultivation device was optimized.Multiple layers of bearing plates are arranged on a support frame,and six cultivation boxes are placed on each layer of bearing plate.The optimized device improves the cultivation method of C.militaris,improves the space utilization rate,and can greatly increase the output of C.militaris.Meanwhile,combining with local special R.roxburghii in Guizhou,a C.militaris and R.roxburghii compound drink were developed,which extends the industrial chain of C.militaris,which meets the current social needs and has good market prospects.The research results can promote rural industrial revolution and further help the revitalization of rural industries.

一株蛹拟青霉(Paecilomyces militaris)深层发酵产物中抗肿瘤活性物质分析

【目的】分析蛹拟青霉(Paecilomyces militaris)菌株RCEF0927发酵液中的抗中国仓鼠卵巢瘤(CHO)细胞活性及活性成分的具体组成。【方法】用刃天青(Resazurin)法测定样品对CHO细胞的抑制率;用高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱和活性测定联用的方法进行活性成分分析和鉴定。【结果】活性测定结果表明菌株RCEF0927的发酵液具有较强的抗CHO细胞活性;提取实验结果表明抗肿瘤活性物质能较好地被乙酸乙酯提取出来;液相色谱-质谱-活性测定分析表明提取物中活性组分的可能分子式分别为C10H13N5O3、C22H22O9、C23H24O10、C22H22O10、C15H10O4、C15H10O5、C36H70O11、C36H68O12、C38H74O11、C40H76O13和C44H82O14。【结论】根据细胞毒性、色谱特性、紫外光谱特征和质谱碎片,可初步推断发酵物中抗肿瘤活性成分分别为虫草素、4′-羟基异黄酮-7-O-(4″-O-甲基)-β-D-葡萄糖甙、6-甲氧基-4′-羟基异黄酮-7-O-(4″-O-甲基)-β-D-葡萄糖甙、5,4′,-二羟基异黄酮-7-O-(4″-O-甲基)β--D-葡萄糖甙、7,4′,-二羟基异黄酮、5,7,4′,-三羟基异黄酮、油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯脱水化合物、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单油酸酯,以及含聚氧丙烯或聚氧丁烯结构单元的聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐脂肪酸酯衍生物等化合物。上述化合物对CHO细胞的毒性为首次发现。

Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extract from Cultivated Fruit-bodies of Cordyceps militaris （L.） Link In Vitro

Biological antloxldants extracted from plants and fungi have potential abilities to scavenge free radicals and Inhibit lipid peroxldatlon, playing Important roles in preventing diseases, for example, cancer, and aging Induced by reactive oxygen species, which may cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and other macromolecules. The antloxldant potency of cultivated fruit-bodies of Cordyceps militarls （L.） Link was investigated In this study. Five established In vitro systems were employed, including the 1,1-dlphenyl-2- plcryldrazyl （DPPH） free radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical eliminating, iron chelating, Inhibition of Ilnolelc acid lipid peroxldatlon and reducing power. The aqueous extract from cultivated fruit-bodies was subjected to the test of amino acid, polysaccharlde and mannitol. Ascorblc acid （Vc）, butylated hydroxytoluene （BHT） and ethylenedlamlnetetraacetlc acid （EDTA） were used as positive controls for comparisons. Among the assays, the aqueous extract of C. mllltarls frult-bodles shows a significant scavenging effect on DPPH, eliminating the capability on hydroxyl radicals and the chelating effect on ferrous Iron. The extract also shows positive results of Inhibiting Ilnoleic acid lipid peroxldatlon and reducing power.

Research progress on Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides

Cordyceps militaris is a famous medicinal and edible fungus,whose polysaccharides are important biologically active substances.In recent years,the molecular structure and pharmacological functions of C.militaris polysaccharides were fully studied.However,the potential mechanism of their pharmacological functions and their chemical modification have not been systematically elucidated.Moreover,the obtention and usage of C.militaris polysaccharides present several issues,including low polysaccharide yields and poor pharmacological functions in industrial production.This review presents the latest results on the pharmacological mechanism of C.militaris,including information on how to improve C.militaris industrial production through stabilization of the strain to prevent degeneration and chemical modifications of its polysaccharides.In addition,this article examines C.militaris fermentation conditions,the polysaccharides extraction methods developed for industrial production,and the strategies to increase the yield of polysaccharides and improve their pharmacological functions.This review could provide a theoretical basis for future research on C.militaris polysaccharides,and also serve as an important reference value in the field of functional foods and medicine.

A review of extreme condition effects on solder joint reliability:Understanding failure mechanisms

Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties will be affected by extreme conditions.Understanding the behaviour of solder joints under extreme conditions is vital to determine the durability and reliability of solder joint.This review paper aims to comprehensively explore the underlying failure mechanism affecting solder joint reliability under extreme conditions.This study covers an in-depth analysis of effect extreme temperature,mechanical stress,and radiation conditions towards solder joint.Impact of each condition to the microstructure including solder matrix and intermetallic compound layer,and mechanical properties such as fatigue,shear strength,creep,and hardness was thoroughly discussed.The failure mechanisms were illustrated in graphical diagrams to ensure clarity and understanding.Furthermore,the paper highlighted mitigation strategies that enhancing solder joint reliability under challenging operating conditions.The findings offer valuable guidance for researchers,engineers,and practitioners involved in electronics,engineering,and related fields,fostering advancements in solder joint reliability and performance.

MTTSNet:Military time-sensitive targets stealth network via real-time mask generation

The automatic stealth task of military time-sensitive targets plays a crucial role in maintaining national military security and mastering battlefield dynamics in military applications.We propose a novel Military Time-sensitive Targets Stealth Network via Real-time Mask Generation(MTTSNet).According to our knowledge,this is the first technology to automatically remove military targets in real-time from videos.The critical steps of MTTSNet are as follows:First,we designed a real-time mask generation network based on the encoder-decoder framework,combined with the domain expansion structure,to effectively extract mask images.Specifically,the ASPP structure in the encoder could achieve advanced semantic feature fusion.The decoder stacked high-dimensional information with low-dimensional information to obtain an effective mask layer.Subsequently,the domain expansion module guided the adaptive expansion of mask images.Second,a context adversarial generation network based on gated convolution was constructed to achieve background restoration of mask positions in the original image.In addition,our method worked in an end-to-end manner.A particular semantic segmentation dataset for military time-sensitive targets has been constructed,called the Military Time-sensitive Target Masking Dataset(MTMD).The MTMD dataset experiment successfully demonstrated that this method could create a mask that completely occludes the target and that the target could be hidden in real time using this mask.We demonstrated the concealment performance of our proposed method by comparing it to a number of well-known and highly optimized baselines.

Ultra reliability and massive connectivity provision in integrated internet of military things(IoMT)based on tactical datalink

One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things(IoMT)is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service(QoS)in terms of ultra-high reliability.In this regard,this paper presents a class of code-domain nonorthogonal multiple accesses(NOMAs)for uplink ultra reliable networking of massive IoMT based on tactical datalink such as Link-16 and joint tactical information distribution system(JTIDS).In the considered scenario,a satellite equipped with Nr antennas servers K devices including vehicles,drones,ships,sensors,handset radios,etc.Nonorthogonal coded modulation,a special form of multiple input multiple output(MIMO)-NOMA is proposed.The discussion starts with evaluating the output signal to interference-plus-noise(SINR)of receiver filter,leading to the unveiling of a closed-form expression for overloading systems as the number of users is significantly larger than the number of devices admitted such that massive connectivity is rendered.The expression allows for the development of simple yet successful interference suppression based on power allocation and phase shaping techniques that maximizes the sum rate since it is equivalent to fixed-point programming as can be proved.The proposed design is exemplified by nonlinear modulation schemes such as minimum shift keying(MSK)and Gaussian MSK(GMSK),two pivotal modulation formats in IoMT standards such as Link-16 and JITDS.Numerical results show that near capacity performance is offered.Fortunately,the performance is obtained using simple forward error corrections(FECs)of higher coding rate than existing schemes do,while the transmit power is reduced by 6 dB.The proposed design finds wide applications not only in IoMT but also in deep space communications,where ultra reliability and massive connectivity is a keen concern.

Medical appraisal of Chinese military aircrew with abnormal results of coronary computed tomographic angiography

BACKGROUND Coronary artery diseases can cause myocardial ischemia and hypoxia,angina pectoris,myocardial infarction,arrhythmia,and even sudden death led to inflight incapacitation of aircrew.As the main cause of grounding due to illness,they severe threats to the health and fighting strength of military aircrew.Early warning in an early and accurate manner and early intervention of diseases possibly resulting in inflight incapacitation are key emphases of aeromedical support in clinic.AIM To figure out the flight factors and clinical characteristics of military aircrew with abnormal results of coronary artery computed tomographic angiography(CTA),thereby rendering theoretical references for clinical aeromedical support of military flying personnel.METHODS The clinical data of 15 flying personnel who received physical examinations in a military medical center from December 2020 to June 2023 and were diagnosed with coronary artery diseases by coronary artery CTA were collected and retrospectively analyzed,and a descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on their onset age,aircraft type and clinical data.RESULTS The 15 military flying personnel diagnosed with coronary artery diseases by coronary artery CTA were composed of 9 pilots,1 navigator and 5 air combat service workers.Multi-vessel disease was detected in 9 flying personnel,among which 8(88.9%)were pilots.Flying personnel with multi-vessel disease had higher content of cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B than those with single-vessel disease.CONCLUSION Coronary artery diseases are the major heart disease for the grounding of flying personnel due to illness,which can lead to inflight incapacitation.Coronary artery CTA is conducive to early detection and early intervention treatment of such diseases in clinic.