A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conducti...A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.展开更多
The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residu...The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues along with chemical composition in buffalo milk samples collected from different localities of Delhi. Milk monitoring can yield information about the kinds and quantities of pesticides in the environment as well as in our daily diet. In this study, the residue of three different organochlorine pesticides, namely Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Endosulfan have been reported. Residues of Lindane exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit values in 50% of the samples is a cause of serious concern. The p,p’-DDT was detected in 70% of the samples with p,p’-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in 80% of the milk samples of different parts of Delhi state. DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) another metabolite of p,p’-DDT was detected in 65% of the milk samples. The analysis indicates that DDT is the major contaminants in different parts of Delhi state. α and β endosulfan were detected in 35% and 40% of the samples analyzed. The statistical correlation shows no significant correlation between chemical compositions of the samples. The presence of multiple chemicals in virtually all samples of buffalo milk raises new questions about the possible toxicological impacts of chemical mixtures on an infant’s developing nervous and immune systems and reproductive organs.展开更多
This study aimed to prepare yogurt from Murrah buffalo milk with high GABA content and low fat content while keeping the physicochemical characteristics,antimicrobial effects,and antioxidant capacity within acceptable...This study aimed to prepare yogurt from Murrah buffalo milk with high GABA content and low fat content while keeping the physicochemical characteristics,antimicrobial effects,and antioxidant capacity within acceptable levels.Yogurt samples were prepared using buffalo milk by adjusting the fat content to 0.2%,3.5%,and 6.5%.The results showed that the fat content had no significant effects on the pH,titratable acidity,water activity,and cell viability.However,the fat content significantly affected the viscosity,particle size,and texture profile analysis of the yogurt.The GABA content was significantly higher in the 0.2%fat yogurt(61.57±3.22 mmol L^(-1))compared to the 3.5%fat yogurt(43.64±1.99 mmol L^(-1))and 6.5%fat yogurt(27.84±2.64 mmol L^(-1)).Glutamic acid and proline were the most abundant amino acids in the yogurt.In contrast,saturated fatty acids(butyric,lauric,myristic,palmitic,stearic,and oleic)and linoleic acid were abundant.Yogurt with 3.5%fat showed significantly high antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial effects on E.coli O157 and Salmonella sp.Based on the results,fat content significantly affects the rheological properties,GABA content,and antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of yogurt.In the future,3.5%fat should be chosen as the optimized formula for large-scale yogurt production from Murrah buffalo milk.展开更多
The aim of this study is to compare ACE inhibitory,anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activity of buffalo and camel milk using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei(M11)in combination with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(WBS2A...The aim of this study is to compare ACE inhibitory,anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activity of buffalo and camel milk using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei(M11)in combination with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(WBS2A)and to release peptides with antihypertensive and anti-diabetic properties.Fermented buffalo and camel milk were considered for the evaluation of Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory and anti-diabetic activities at specific time intervals(12,24,36 and 48 h)at 37℃.For the growth condition optimization,proteolytic activity was evaluated with specific inoculation rates(1.5%,2.0%,and 2.5%)and at specific incubation periods(12,24,36,and 48 h).The highest peptides were produced at 2.5%inoculation rate and at 48 h of incubation in both buffalo and camel milk at 37℃.Further,camel and buffalo milk fermented with M11+WBS2A significantly lower the overproduction of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1βand Nitric oxide(NO),that was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)stimulation in RAW 267.4 cells.For protein purification,2D gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE were used.Camel and buffalo milk that had not been fermented displayed protein bands between 10 and 100 kDa and 10 and 75 kDa respectively,whereas all the fermented samples showed bands between 10 and 75 kDa.On SDS-PAGE,in permeates,there were no apparent protein bands.When fermented buffalo and camel milk were electrophoresed in 2D gel,a total of 26 and 25 protein spots were found.In 2D gel electrophoresis,protein spots had sizes between 10 and 37 kDa.In RP-HPLC,water-soluble extracts(WSEs)of ultra-filtered fractions were used to distinguish different fractions of a peptide.Peakview software was used to characterize the LC/MS results.Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)was used to evaluate various functional groups of fermented milks.In molecular docking study,the peptide sequences identified from the fermented buffalo milk(FBM)and camel milk(FCM)were examined for their binding affinity against the binding sites of hPAM and hMGA.展开更多
Present investigation was undertaken to explore buffalo milk paneer whey for the preparation of zinc complex using different glucans(β-glucan and dextran).Addition of zinc and glucan,both individually and in combinat...Present investigation was undertaken to explore buffalo milk paneer whey for the preparation of zinc complex using different glucans(β-glucan and dextran).Addition of zinc and glucan,both individually and in combination,increased the apparent viscosity and endothermic heat flow characteristics of whey.Particle size distribution of whey remained multi-modal but the lower sized particles aggregated to form larger particles with the addition of zinc and glucan.Zeta potential of whey increased with glucan addition and decreased with zinc addition.Complexed zinc concentration increased from 18.96%(in whey)to 51.02%and 67.06%with dextran andβ-glucan addition,respectively.FTIR absorbance spectra revealed that carboxylic and hydroxyl groups were involved in complex formation with zinc.Complex formation resulted into decrease in the zeta potential and fluorescence intensity of whey.Micro-structural imaging revealed that the particle surface became smooth with glucan addition and complex formation.展开更多
Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. A...Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. After two months of ensiling, the silage was evaluated and used in the ration of lactating buffaloes. A Latin square experiment in a changeover design, with three periods of time, each with 20 days for adaptation and 10 days for recording data, was conducted in which 15 multiparous lactating buffloes were used in three similar groups, each with five animals. The prepared silage was included in the diet of lactating buffaloes where a control diet （A） was compared with treatment diets contained 25% （B） and 50% （C） silage （DM basis） respectively. Milk yield was recorded, sampled and analysed for fat, protein, solid not-fat and total solids-content. The maximum daily rough milk yield per animal was obtained on diet C while minimum on diet A （P 〈 0.05）. Similar trends were observed for 4% fat corrected milk, and 3.5% fat corrected milk that were significantly different between the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of crude fat and daily fat yield per animal were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in treatment C comparing to A and B. An increasingly trend of milk and fat yield was observed when the animals received silage contained diets but statistically it was significant only for the diets contained 50% silage. In addition, the fat percentage was significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased when the buffaloes received diet containing 50% silage. The highest （P 〈 0.05） amount of protein and total solid yield obtained, when the animals received high （50%） silage diet.展开更多
A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis b...A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis because was not normally distributed. The mixed model methodology was used according to a repeated-measures scheme, as the restricted maximum likelihood method to estimate lactation curves at different season of calving and at different calving order. Calving order affected milk yield only in the first three calving order with the lowest production levels in the first six months of the year for both farm;no effect could be observed on fat and protein contents. The organic farm shows the minor milk production (7.77 vs8.10 kg/day/head organic and traditional respectively), but good qualitative characteristics of milk, and minor content of Somatic Cell Count. The milk production is major, in traditional farm, in summer respect the winter (10.4 vs6.34 kgof milk/day/ head). In biological farm no difference between seasons were observed. Peak milk yield occurs, for both farms, at around the 6th - 7th wk of lactation.展开更多
The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Che...The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Chelidonium and Lycopodium were administered at 7 days intervals. The second group (B) was only subjected to the post-calving treatment, while the third group (C) represented the control group. Immediately after calving two groups of calves were formed. The first group received 5 granules of Pyrogenium in the first days of life and then for 10 days the 0.5 ml of E. purpurea. The second group did not receive any remedy. Before the calving, in conventional farm twenty buffalo cows (D group) were vaccinated. Remedies administration did not affect milk protein content, milk lipid contents and the achievement of the lactation peak. Blood samples showed that total protein, albumin and globulin levels were lower in group A, compared to groups B and C. Cholesterol and urea were lower in the treated groups than in the control. We therefore conclude that the use of homeopathic remedies are a chance to improve animal welfare and their productive characteristics.展开更多
文摘A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.
文摘The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues along with chemical composition in buffalo milk samples collected from different localities of Delhi. Milk monitoring can yield information about the kinds and quantities of pesticides in the environment as well as in our daily diet. In this study, the residue of three different organochlorine pesticides, namely Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Endosulfan have been reported. Residues of Lindane exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit values in 50% of the samples is a cause of serious concern. The p,p’-DDT was detected in 70% of the samples with p,p’-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in 80% of the milk samples of different parts of Delhi state. DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) another metabolite of p,p’-DDT was detected in 65% of the milk samples. The analysis indicates that DDT is the major contaminants in different parts of Delhi state. α and β endosulfan were detected in 35% and 40% of the samples analyzed. The statistical correlation shows no significant correlation between chemical compositions of the samples. The presence of multiple chemicals in virtually all samples of buffalo milk raises new questions about the possible toxicological impacts of chemical mixtures on an infant’s developing nervous and immune systems and reproductive organs.
基金The Ministry of Education Malaysia funded this study under the Trans-disciplinary Research Grant Scheme(TRGS/1/2020/UPM/01/4/3).
文摘This study aimed to prepare yogurt from Murrah buffalo milk with high GABA content and low fat content while keeping the physicochemical characteristics,antimicrobial effects,and antioxidant capacity within acceptable levels.Yogurt samples were prepared using buffalo milk by adjusting the fat content to 0.2%,3.5%,and 6.5%.The results showed that the fat content had no significant effects on the pH,titratable acidity,water activity,and cell viability.However,the fat content significantly affected the viscosity,particle size,and texture profile analysis of the yogurt.The GABA content was significantly higher in the 0.2%fat yogurt(61.57±3.22 mmol L^(-1))compared to the 3.5%fat yogurt(43.64±1.99 mmol L^(-1))and 6.5%fat yogurt(27.84±2.64 mmol L^(-1)).Glutamic acid and proline were the most abundant amino acids in the yogurt.In contrast,saturated fatty acids(butyric,lauric,myristic,palmitic,stearic,and oleic)and linoleic acid were abundant.Yogurt with 3.5%fat showed significantly high antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial effects on E.coli O157 and Salmonella sp.Based on the results,fat content significantly affects the rheological properties,GABA content,and antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities of yogurt.In the future,3.5%fat should be chosen as the optimized formula for large-scale yogurt production from Murrah buffalo milk.
文摘The aim of this study is to compare ACE inhibitory,anti-diabetic and Anti-inflammatory activity of buffalo and camel milk using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei(M11)in combination with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(WBS2A)and to release peptides with antihypertensive and anti-diabetic properties.Fermented buffalo and camel milk were considered for the evaluation of Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitory and anti-diabetic activities at specific time intervals(12,24,36 and 48 h)at 37℃.For the growth condition optimization,proteolytic activity was evaluated with specific inoculation rates(1.5%,2.0%,and 2.5%)and at specific incubation periods(12,24,36,and 48 h).The highest peptides were produced at 2.5%inoculation rate and at 48 h of incubation in both buffalo and camel milk at 37℃.Further,camel and buffalo milk fermented with M11+WBS2A significantly lower the overproduction of TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1βand Nitric oxide(NO),that was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)stimulation in RAW 267.4 cells.For protein purification,2D gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE were used.Camel and buffalo milk that had not been fermented displayed protein bands between 10 and 100 kDa and 10 and 75 kDa respectively,whereas all the fermented samples showed bands between 10 and 75 kDa.On SDS-PAGE,in permeates,there were no apparent protein bands.When fermented buffalo and camel milk were electrophoresed in 2D gel,a total of 26 and 25 protein spots were found.In 2D gel electrophoresis,protein spots had sizes between 10 and 37 kDa.In RP-HPLC,water-soluble extracts(WSEs)of ultra-filtered fractions were used to distinguish different fractions of a peptide.Peakview software was used to characterize the LC/MS results.Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)was used to evaluate various functional groups of fermented milks.In molecular docking study,the peptide sequences identified from the fermented buffalo milk(FBM)and camel milk(FCM)were examined for their binding affinity against the binding sites of hPAM and hMGA.
基金Director and Dr.R.R.B.Singh,Joint Director(Academics)ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,Karnal,Haryana for providing all the research facilities to undertake this workAlso,we are thankful to the respected reviewers for providing their valuable inputs for improving the quality of the MS.
文摘Present investigation was undertaken to explore buffalo milk paneer whey for the preparation of zinc complex using different glucans(β-glucan and dextran).Addition of zinc and glucan,both individually and in combination,increased the apparent viscosity and endothermic heat flow characteristics of whey.Particle size distribution of whey remained multi-modal but the lower sized particles aggregated to form larger particles with the addition of zinc and glucan.Zeta potential of whey increased with glucan addition and decreased with zinc addition.Complexed zinc concentration increased from 18.96%(in whey)to 51.02%and 67.06%with dextran andβ-glucan addition,respectively.FTIR absorbance spectra revealed that carboxylic and hydroxyl groups were involved in complex formation with zinc.Complex formation resulted into decrease in the zeta potential and fluorescence intensity of whey.Micro-structural imaging revealed that the particle surface became smooth with glucan addition and complex formation.
文摘Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. After two months of ensiling, the silage was evaluated and used in the ration of lactating buffaloes. A Latin square experiment in a changeover design, with three periods of time, each with 20 days for adaptation and 10 days for recording data, was conducted in which 15 multiparous lactating buffloes were used in three similar groups, each with five animals. The prepared silage was included in the diet of lactating buffaloes where a control diet （A） was compared with treatment diets contained 25% （B） and 50% （C） silage （DM basis） respectively. Milk yield was recorded, sampled and analysed for fat, protein, solid not-fat and total solids-content. The maximum daily rough milk yield per animal was obtained on diet C while minimum on diet A （P 〈 0.05）. Similar trends were observed for 4% fat corrected milk, and 3.5% fat corrected milk that were significantly different between the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of crude fat and daily fat yield per animal were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in treatment C comparing to A and B. An increasingly trend of milk and fat yield was observed when the animals received silage contained diets but statistically it was significant only for the diets contained 50% silage. In addition, the fat percentage was significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased when the buffaloes received diet containing 50% silage. The highest （P 〈 0.05） amount of protein and total solid yield obtained, when the animals received high （50%） silage diet.
文摘A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis because was not normally distributed. The mixed model methodology was used according to a repeated-measures scheme, as the restricted maximum likelihood method to estimate lactation curves at different season of calving and at different calving order. Calving order affected milk yield only in the first three calving order with the lowest production levels in the first six months of the year for both farm;no effect could be observed on fat and protein contents. The organic farm shows the minor milk production (7.77 vs8.10 kg/day/head organic and traditional respectively), but good qualitative characteristics of milk, and minor content of Somatic Cell Count. The milk production is major, in traditional farm, in summer respect the winter (10.4 vs6.34 kgof milk/day/ head). In biological farm no difference between seasons were observed. Peak milk yield occurs, for both farms, at around the 6th - 7th wk of lactation.
文摘The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Chelidonium and Lycopodium were administered at 7 days intervals. The second group (B) was only subjected to the post-calving treatment, while the third group (C) represented the control group. Immediately after calving two groups of calves were formed. The first group received 5 granules of Pyrogenium in the first days of life and then for 10 days the 0.5 ml of E. purpurea. The second group did not receive any remedy. Before the calving, in conventional farm twenty buffalo cows (D group) were vaccinated. Remedies administration did not affect milk protein content, milk lipid contents and the achievement of the lactation peak. Blood samples showed that total protein, albumin and globulin levels were lower in group A, compared to groups B and C. Cholesterol and urea were lower in the treated groups than in the control. We therefore conclude that the use of homeopathic remedies are a chance to improve animal welfare and their productive characteristics.
