Genetic Analysis and Preliminary Mapping of a Highly Male-Sterile Gene in Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica L.Beauv.) Using SSR Markers

Breeding of male-sterile lines has become the mainstream for the heterosis utilization in foxtail millet,but the genetic basis of most male-sterile lines used for the hybrid is still an area to be elucidated.In this study,a highly male-sterile line Gao146A was investigated.Genetic analysis indicated that the highly male-sterile phenotype was controlled by a single recessive gene a single recessive gene.Using F 2 population derived from cross Gao146A/K103,one gene controlling the highly male- sterility,tentatively named as ms1,which linked to SSR marker b234 with genetic distance of 16.7 cM,was mapped on the chromosome VI.These results not only laid the foundation for fine mapping of this highly male-sterile gene,but also helped to accelerate the improvement of highly male-sterile lines by using molecular marker assisted breeding method.

Genetic Diversity and Classification of Chinese Elite Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] Revealed by Acid-PAGE Prolamin

Arid and semi-arid regions of China account for more than half of the country. Because of drought resistance and high nutritive value, elite foxtail millet (Setaria Italica (L.) P. Beauv.) is one of the most important cereal crops in China. Evaluation of germplasm and genetic diversity of foxtail millet is still in its infancy, but prolamin could play an important role as a protein marker. To investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of foxtail millet from different ecological zones of China, 90 accessions of foxtail millet were collected from three major ecological areas: North, Northwest, and Northeast China. The prolamin contents were examined by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (acid-PAGE). Five to twenty-two prolamin bands appeared in tested varieties, of which were polymorphic, so prolamin patterns of foxtail millet varieties can be used in variety identification and evaluation. Structure analysis identified six groups, which matches their pedigree information but not their geographic origins. This indicated a high degree (87.78%) of consistency with a phylogenetic classification based on SSR. The results showed prolamin banding patterns were an effective method for analyzing foxtail millet genetic variability.

增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子(Setaria italica(L．)Beauv．)叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol.L-1和15 mmol.L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ.m-.2d-1增强UV-B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异。主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显。而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响。进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著。

古粟(Setaria italica Beauv.)研究综述

粟于中国北方俗称"谷子",脱壳后称"小米",南方则通称"小米",在古代粮食作物中的地位举足轻重。近世学者对粟的史前考古发现、起源与传播、稷的粟黍之争、生产与文化等方面行了研究,并且已经取得了很多成果,但在某些方面的探索还非常不够,如史前人类生活中粟作的地位与演变;古粟的栽培、储藏、加工与利用技术;历史上粟的生产布局、价格与产量的变动;粟与古代经济、政治、文化的关系等。今后应加强在这些方面的投入,不断拓展粟研究的深度和广度。

The NAC-like transcription factor Si NAC110 in foxtail millet(Setaria italica L.) confers tolerance to drought and high salt stress through an ABA independent signaling pathway

Foxtail millet（Setaria italica（L.）P.Beauv）is a naturally stress tolerant crop.Compared to other gramineous crops,it has relatively stronger drought and lower nutrition stress tolerance traits.To date,the scope of functional genomics research in foxtail millet（S.italic L.）has been quite limited.NAC（NAM,ATAF1/2 and CUC2）-like transcription factors are known to be involved in various biological processes,including abiotic stress responses.In our previous foxtail millet（S.italic L.）RNA seq analysis,we found that the expression of a NAC-like transcription factor,SiNAC110,could be induced by drought stress;additionally,other references have reported that SiNAC110 expression could be induced by abiotic stress.So,we here selected SiNAC110 for further characterization and functional analysis.First,the predicted SiNAC110 protein encoded indicated SiNAC110 has a conserved NAM（no apical meristem）domain between the 11–139 amino acid positions.Phylogenetic analysis then indicated that SiNAC110 belongs to subfamily III of the NAC gene family.Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the SiNAC110-GFP fusion protein was localized to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplasts.Gene expression profiling analysis indicated that expression of SiNAC110 was induced by dehydration,high salinity and other abiotic stresses.Gene functional analysis using SiNAC110 overexpressed Arabidopsis plants indicated that,under drought and high salt stress conditions,the seed germination rate,root length,root surface area,fresh weight,and dry weight of the SiNAC110 overexpressed lines were significantly higher than the wild type（WT）,suggesting that the SiNAC110 overexpressed lines had enhanced tolerance to drought and high salt stresses.However,overexpression of SiN AC110 did not affect the sensitivity of SiNAC110 overexpressed lines to abscisic acid（ABA）treatment.Expression analysis of genes involved in proline synthesis,Na＋/K＋transport,drought responses,and aqueous transport proteins were higher in the SiNAC110overexpressed lines than in the WT,whereas expression of ABA-dependent pathway genes did not change.These results indicated that overexpression of SiNAC110 conferred tolerance to drought and high salt stresses,likely through influencing the regulation of proline biosynthesis,ion homeostasis and osmotic balance.Therefore,SiNAC110 appears to function in the ABA-independent abiotic stress response pathway in plants.

Identification of no pollen 1 provides a candidate gene for heterosis utilization in foxtail millet(Setaria italica L.)

Male sterility is a common biological phenomenon in plant kingdom and has been used to generate male-sterile lines, which are important genetic resources for commercial hybrid seed production. Although increasing numbers of male-sterility genes have been identified in rice(Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana), few male-sterility-related genes have been characterized in foxtail millet(Setaria italica). In this study, we isolated a male-sterile ethyl methanesulfonate-generated mutant in foxtail millet, no pollen 1(sinp1), which displayed abnormal Ubisch bodies, defective pollen exine and complete male sterility. Using bulk segregation analysis, we cloned SiNP1 and confirmed its function with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. SiNP1 encoded a putative glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase.Subcellular localization showed that the SiNP1 protein was preferentially localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and was predominantly expressed in panicle. Transcriptome analysis revealed that many genes were differentially expressed in the sinp1 mutant, some of which encoded proteins putatively involved in carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid transport and metabolism, which were closely associated with pollen wall development. Metabolome analysis revealed the disturbance of flavonoids metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis in the mutant. In conclusion, identification of SiNP1 provides a candidate male-sterility gene for heterosis utilization in foxtail millet and gives further insight into the mechanism of pollen reproduction in plants.

Effects of Fertility and Density on Biomass Production,Translocation and Lodging Resistance of Millet(Setaria italica L.)in North China

In this study, the plant biomass production, biomass translocation rates across tissues and the lodging resistant-associated traits of millet （ Setaria italica L.） in North China were investigated. Among the four summer millet cultivars, Baogu 19 exhibited improved plant biomass （PB） production at flowering and maturity stages, biomass translocation amount （BTA） from vegetative tissues to seeds during filling period, and lodging resistant-associated （LRA） traits compared with other cultivars, including enhanced stem lignin contents, increased anti-broken resistance （ABR）, anti-puncturing resistance （APR）, and stem diameter （SD） of plants. Compared with treatment regular cultivation （RC）, high fertility treatment （HF） increased the plant BP, BTA from vegetative tissue to seed at filling stage, and the plant LRA traits; whereas high density treatment （HD） decreased the plant BP at plant level, plant BTA from vegetative tissues to seeds at filling stage, and the plant LRA traits. Correlation analysis revealed that stem ABR is significantly correlated with the plant lodging resistant-associated traits including APR and SD in the summer millet cultivars examined under various cultivation treatments. Our investigation indicates that cultivar Baogu 19 together with suitable fertilization and density can promote the plant biomass production, enhance vegetative tissue biomass translocation to seeds, and improve the lodging resistance of summer millet plants in North China.

Retrotransposon-mediated DELLA transcriptional reprograming underlies semi-dominant dwarfism in foxtail millet

Retrotransposons account for a large proportion of the genome and genomic variation, and play key roles in creating novel genes and diversifying the genome in many eukaryotic species. Although retrotransposons are abundant in plants, their roles had been underestimated because of a lack of research. Here, we characterized a gibberellin Acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant, 84133, in foxtail millet. Map-based cloning revealed a 5.5-kb Copia-like retrotransposon insertion in DWARF1 (D1), which encodes a DELLA protein. Transcriptional analysis showed that the Copia retrotransposon mediated the transcriptional reprogramming of D1 leading to a novel N-terminal-deleted truncated DELLA transcript that was putatively driven by Copia's LTR, namely D1-TT, and another chimeric transcript. The presence of D1-TT was confirmed by protein immunodetection analysis. Furthermore, D1-TT protein was resistant to GA3 treatment compared with the intact DELLA protein due to its inability to interact with the GA receptor, SiGID1. Overexpression of D1-TT in foxtail millet resulted in dwarf plants, confirming that it determines the dwarfism of 84133. Thus, our study documents a rare instance of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon-mediated transcriptional reprograming in the plant kingdom. These results shed light on the function of LTR retrotransposons in generating new gene functions and genetic diversity.

Innovation of Super Early-Mature Millet Germplasm with Sweet-Stem and Multi-Spikes

A new millet (Setaria italica Beauv) variety, super early-mature millet No.1, was bred by means of gene bank breedingmethod of target characters. This variety has the following outstanding characters. (1) Super early-mature. This varietyonly needs 1550C effective accumulated temperature and can normally maturate in the Bashang Region in Hebei Provinceof Chi na, which can break through the limit zone of millet cultivation and move the cultivation zone northward greatly. (2)Multi-spikes, in addition to the effect tilling at the top, the nodes in the low-middle part also can produce spikes. (3) Sweetstem have high sugar content. The contents of whole-sugar, soluable sugar and deoxidized sugar are 74.8, 200.5, 237.2%higher than the regular varieties respectively. (4) High gross protein content. The content of gross protein is higher thanthe regular varieties by 3.9-30.4%. (5)Changeable grain color. The grain color of super early-mature millet No.1 is red inShijiazhuang, but yellow in the Bashang region. In addition, this variety is characterized by good quality, high yield, andgood synthetic traits

A nucleotide substitution at the 5′ splice site of intron 1 of rice HEADING DATE 1(HD1) gene homolog in foxtail millet, broadly found in landraces from Europe and Asia

We investigated genetic variation of a rice HEADING DATE 1(HD1) homolog in foxtail millet.First, we searched for a rice HD1 homolog in a foxtail millet genome sequence and designed primers to amplify the entire coding sequence of the gene. We compared full HD1 gene sequences of 11 accessions(including Yugu 1, a Chinese cultivar used for genome sequencing) from various regions in Europe and Asia, found a nucleotide substitution at a putative splice site of intron 1, and designated the accessions with the nucleotide substitution as carrying a splicing variant. We verified by RT-PCR that this single nucleotide substitution causes aberrant splicing of intron 1. We investigated the geographical distribution of the splicing variant in 480 accessions of foxtail millet from various regions of Europe and Asia and part of Africa by d CAPS and found that the splicing variant is broadly distributed in Europe and Asia. Differences of heading times between accessions with wild type allele of the HD1 gene and those with the splicing variant allele were unclear. We also investigated variation in 13 accessions of ssp. viridis, the wild ancestor, and the results suggested that the wild type is predominant in the wild ancestor.

Plants regeneration from protoplast and their genetic variation in foxtail millet

Compact calli derived from immature spikelet of a foxtail millet variety—Jigu 11cann’t be directly used for protoplast isolation because of its firm physical structure,and must beloosened with subculturing in M1,M2 and M3 media successively and altering these media compo-sitions.The loosened calli can be selected from the regulation and used for protoplast isolationsuccessfully.Rate of protoplast division in KM8P medium was 12.3—33.5%.Calli derivedthrough protoplast division are loose and cann’t be used directly for plan regeneration because ofits soft physical structure.When they were subcultured in N6—1,N6—2,N6—3 and N6—4 media,in which the media compositions were changed,the compact calli were obtained and 129 plantletswere regenerated from them.101 plants,which grew to maturity after transplanting the plantletsinto field,exhibited sterility in some degree.Most of the subsequent lines derived from the regen-erated plants were sterile and only two lines could get normal reproduction.

The boron transporter SiBOR1 functions in cell wall integrity, cellular homeostasis, and panicle development in foxtail millet

Boron(B) is an essential micronutrient for vascular plant growth. Both B deficiency and toxicity can impair tissue development in diverse plant species, but little is known about the effect of B on reproductive panicle development and grain yield. In this study, a mutant of Setaria italica exhibiting necrotic panicle apices was identified and designated as sibor1. Sequencing revealed a candidate gene, Si BOR1, with a G-to-A alteration at the seventh exon. Knockout transgenic lines generated by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated protein-9 also had necrotic panicles, verifying the function of Si BOR1. Si BOR1 encoded a membrane-localized B efflux transporter, co-orthologous to the rice BOR1 protein. Si BOR1 was dominantly expressed in panicles and displayed a distinct expression pattern from those of its orthologs in other species. The induced mutation in Si BOR1 caused a reduction in the B content of panicle primary branches, and B deficiency-associated phenotypes such as thicker cell walls and higher cell porosity compared with Yugu 1. Transcriptome analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, jasmonic acid synthesis, and programmed cell death response pathways were enriched in sibor1. q PCR analysis identified several key genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(Si PAL) and jasmonate-ZIM-domain(Si JAZ) genes, responsive to B-deficient conditions. These results indicate that Si BOR1 helps to regulate panicle primary branch development to maintain grain yield in S. italica. Our findings shed light on molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between B transport and plant development in S. italica.

Effects of Nitrogen Amount on the Photosynthesis Parameters of Summer Millet in North China

In this study,effects of nitrogen（ N） amount applied on photosynthesis behaviors of the summer millet in North China was investigated. Photosynthetic rates（ Pn）,chlorophyll contents（ Chl）,photosynthetic active duration（ PAD）,and chlorophyll relative steady phase（ RSP） in flag and the upper third leaves were assessed in cultivars of Baogu 19,Jigu 19,9050,and 60 D under three N treatments [i. e.,0（ control）,75,and 150 kg/hm2]. Results indicated that the photosynthesis parameters were drastically regulated by external N levels,all of them showing elevation along with the increased N input in both assayed leaves.Among the cultivars examined,behaviors of the photosynthetic parameters were much better in Baogu 19 and worse in 60 D. The plant yields in the cultivars under various N treatments were shown to be in consistent with the behavior of the photosynthesis parameters. Correlation analysis revealed that plant yield is positively correlated with Pn and Chl and significantly positively correlated with PAD and RSP,suggesting that longer effective photosynthetic duration of leaves impacts largely on plant biomass production and the yield formation potential. Our investigation indicates that suitable external N applied can increase the yield of summer millet associating with the improvement of photosynthesis behaviors in upper leaves that contribute to plant biomass at the late growth stage. Baogu 19 exhibited higher plant yield together with improved photosynthetic parameters in upper leaves,suggesting its potential as an elite cultivar in planting in the summer season of North China.

施氮量对谷子产量、氮素利用及小米品质的影响

【目的】明确不同施氮量下谷子产量、干物质分配和氮素累积转运特征,分析氮用量对小米糊化特性和有益微量元素含量的影响及其与植株氮素累积的关系,探究植株氮素营养对小米品质的影响。【方法】于2020—2021年在山西省沁县研究4个施氮水平(0、75、120和150 kg·hm^(-2))对春播谷子产量、氮素吸收与利用特征及小米品质的影响。【结果】施氮提高谷子收获穗数、穗粒数和植株的干物质生产能力,增加了氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运率,促进了干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,从而提高产量。施氮也提高了小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒的含量,其中,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时上述元素含量的增幅最大,氮利用率最高。与不施氮相比,施氮75 kg·hm^(-2)时谷子收获穗数、穗粒数、产量、地上部生物量、收获指数、氮素累积总量和氮素转运率增幅最高,增幅分别可达7.5%、23.3%、31.0%、21.2%、8.6%、40.3%和9.2%,小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量的增幅分别为37.2%、43.6%、56.0%、30.5%和16.9%。过量施氮(150 kg·hm^(-2))不利于谷子穗粒数和收获指数的提高及氮素由营养器官向籽粒的转运,与施氮量75 kg·hm^(-2)比较,两年氮素转运率分别降低了23.1%和28.2%;氮素施用过量也降低了小米支链淀粉含量,淀粉形成受限,抑制了小米粉最终黏度、回升值和峰谷黏度,影响糊化品质,同时氮肥利用率低至25%左右。谷子地上部氮吸收量与小米中铁、锌、钙、镁和硒含量呈极显著的正相关,但与小米中支链淀粉含量、小米粉的最终黏度和峰谷黏度呈显著的负相关。【结论】施氮量在75—120kg·hm^(-2),能促进谷子干物质及氮素向籽粒的分配,实现籽粒产量、小米糊化品质和有益微量元素含量的同步提升。

谷子苗期对不同干旱胁迫的生理响应

采用聚乙二醇(Polyethylene glycol,PEG)溶液模拟干旱环境,对谷子种质资源进行室内萌发期抗旱性鉴定评价,旨在筛选出具有抗旱特性的优质品种。以冀谷37和冀谷38抗逆谷子品种为试验材料,并以华北夏谷区域广适性品种豫谷18作为对照,采用不同浓度PEG对其进行干旱胁迫处理,并对处理7 d后幼叶的丙二醛、甜菜碱、游离脯氨酸、叶绿素含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性进行检测。结果表明,与对照品种豫谷18相比,冀谷37和冀谷38在中度和重度干旱胁迫(12%PEG、18%PEG)下丙二醛含量显著降低;冀谷38在中度和重度干旱胁迫下渗透调节物质游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,冀谷37和冀谷38甜菜碱含量均显著增加;冀谷38 SOD活性显著增强,但冀谷37仅在轻度和重度干旱胁迫(6%PEG、18%PEG)SOD活性高于豫谷18;冀谷37和冀谷38的POD活性在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低;冀谷38叶绿素含量均显著增加,但冀谷37仅在轻度和中度胁迫(6%PEG、12%PEG)下叶绿素含量显著增加。综上,冀谷37和冀谷38在幼苗期具有较强的耐旱能力,耐旱性优于对照品种豫谷18,且冀谷38抗旱能力强于冀谷37。

微藻生物肥提高谷子对氮磷胁迫的耐受性

【目的】氮磷营养缺乏是作物生长发育的重要限制因素。微藻生物肥是由单细胞光合藻类生物质构成的一种新型肥料,其促进作物生长和改良土壤肥力的功效备受关注。本研究旨在解析微藻生物肥对谷子(Setaria italica L.)生长的促进作用,特别是提高谷子对氮磷缺乏的耐受性的生物学功能,为微藻生物肥在谷子等作物的化肥减量和绿色可持续生产的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】供试谷子品种为‘晋谷21’。采用水培试验,设置正常氮磷(霍格兰标准营养液中氮和磷含量分别为210和71 mg/L)、无氮磷(营养液中氮和磷含量均为0 mg/L)和1/2氮磷(营养液中氮和磷含量分别为105和35.5 mg/L)3个氮磷水平。制备小球藻(Chlorella sp.DT01)(DT)、埃氏小球藻(Chlorella emersonii)(AS)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)(DB)3种微藻生物肥,分别与3个氮磷处理液等比混合,共构成9个处理,每个氮磷水平下设置1个不添加微藻微生物溶液处理为对照。在谷子幼苗生长至两叶一心时,将其移入处理液中,在温室条件下连续培养9天,期间每3天补充1次处理液。处理结束时,测定各处理谷子幼苗的生长指标、生物量、色素含量、光合活性和氮磷含量等生理生化参数,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析氮磷转运蛋白相关基因(SiNRT1.11、SiNRT2.1、SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1)的表达谱。【结果】与正常氮磷处理相比,无氮磷和1/2氮磷处理均显著降低了谷子幼苗生物量、光合色素(叶绿素a,b和类葫萝卜素)含量和光合作用。在3种剂量氮磷处理下,施用3种微藻生物肥处理均显著提高谷子幼苗鲜重和干重、光合色素含量(特别是类胡萝卜素)和光合作用参数[实际光化学效率Y(II),光化学淬灭系数qP和非光化学淬灭系数NPQ]。此外,微藻生物肥还显著增加了谷子幼苗全氮和全磷含量。微藻生物肥DT处理的促生效应最显著。qRT-PCR检测谷子幼苗氮磷转运相关基因表达显示,微藻生物肥DT处理显著上调谷子幼苗地上部硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT1.11和根系硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT2.1的表达,以及根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1的表达。【结论】施用微藻生物肥能显著提高谷子幼苗地上部硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT1.11和根系硝酸盐转运蛋白基因SiNRT2.1,以及根系中磷酸盐转运蛋白基因SiPHT1.2和SiPHT1.1的表达,进而改善谷子幼苗生长和光合生理特性,提高谷子对氮磷胁迫的抗性。

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。

夏谷群体光合作用特性及其影响因素

在试验大田，利用Ｌｉ－Ｃｏｒ６２００光合测定系统，以中秆大穗型品种鲁谷１０号和矮秆紧凑型品 种矮８８为材料，初步研究了夏谷群体光合作用特性及其影响因素。结果表明，夏谷光合日变化呈单峰 曲线，上午１１时前后群体光合达最大值，其趋势与光照强度的变化基本吻合。两品种的群体光补偿点 为 １８０～１９０ μＥ· ｍ－２· ｓ－１，鲁谷 １０号对高光强的利用率高于矮 ８８。矮 ８８的 ＣＯ２补偿点为 ４５μＬ· Ｌ－１，低于鲁谷 １０号（６５ μＬ· Ｌ－１）。土壤呼吸释放的ＣＯ２对群体光合有较大的贡献，平均所占 比重达２５．９６％。

外源铅、铜胁迫对不同基因型谷子幼苗生理生态特性的影响

采用盆栽土培法,研究了4种基因型谷子幼苗对Pb2+、Cu2+胁迫的生长响应、DNA损伤及吸收积累、迁移特性。结果表明,D2-8、安06、黄米和朝谷幼苗对Pb2+、Cu2+的平均耐性指数分别为0.87、0.81、0.78、0.71和0.96、0.97、0.79、0.74。在400 mg/kg Pb2+、Cu2+浓度下,4种谷子幼苗叶绿素a、b总量分别为对照的33.3%、52.6%、37.5%、49.4%和113.5%、72.3%、51.9%、75.6%,而叶绿素a/b值均高于对照。Pb2+胁迫下4种谷子幼苗中可溶性蛋白质和DNA含量随浓度升高逐渐下降,Cu2+处理组则表现为低浓度(≤100 mg/kg)的促进和高浓度(≥200 mg/kg)的抑制效应。4种谷子幼苗的DNA增色效应值在Pb2+、Cu2+胁迫下均表现为先上升后下降的趋势,其中Pb2+对朝谷和D2-8的增色效应影响较大,而Cu2+对朝谷和安06的影响最为明显。D2-8和朝谷对Pb2+、Cu2+的吸收富集能力高于安06和黄米,D2-8和安06对Pb2+、Cu2+的转运能力大于朝谷和黄米。总体来看,Pb2+对谷子幼苗的生理生态影响和遗传毒害效应大于Cu2+,4种基因型谷子对Pb2+胁迫的耐性顺序为安06>D2-8>黄米>朝谷,对Cu2+的耐性顺序为D2-8>安06>朝谷>黄米。

富铁营养保健型超早熟谷子新种质的创新

目的解决中国广大高寒地区种植作物单一、效益低下的难题。方法采用目标性状基因库育种法创新超早熟谷子新种质-超早熟2号。结果超早熟2号具有以下几个方面的突出特点:(1)生育期间需有效积温1650℃,在海拔1400m左右的河北省坝上正常成熟;(2)超早熟2号小米含铁量为54.10mg·kg-1,比中国小米平均含量高出62.0%;(3)粗脂肪含量为6.24%,比中国小米平均含量高出54.1%;(4)中国小米粗蛋白平均含量为12.71%,超过14%的品种仅5%,超早熟2号粗蛋白含量为14.36%,其粗蛋白含量是中国谷子推广品种中少见的;(5)综合性状优良。结论超早熟2号的育成并在高寒地区推广对促进中国超早熟谷子育种的开展和高寒地区种植业结构调整具有重要意义,实践表明目标性状基因库育种法在超早熟等特异种质创新方面效果明显。