Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolu...Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.展开更多
目的探讨以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练对2型糖尿病患者自我管理能力及血糖控制的影响。方法选择2021年1月至2022年1月收治的80例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各40例。对照组采...目的探讨以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练对2型糖尿病患者自我管理能力及血糖控制的影响。方法选择2021年1月至2022年1月收治的80例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各40例。对照组采取常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上加以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练。比较两组的干预效果。结果干预后,观察组的自我管理行为量表各维度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的自我效能感及健康知识掌握程度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)水平及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练能够提高2型糖尿病患者的自我管理能力,也能提高自我效能感及健康知识掌握程度,有助于血糖控制,值得推广。展开更多
文摘Despite almost half a century of research for theory of mind, its evolutionary origin is largely unknown. This paper proposes that the evolutionary origin of theory of mind starts from the beginning of the human evolution to form hominins through bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The feet of the early hominins were still adapted for grasping trees rather than walking for long distances and running fast on the ground. The early hominins lived in the mixed habitat of grassy woodland with patches of denser forest, and freshwater springs. The difficulty of walking in the mixed habitat leads to division of labor for the home specialist group (small children, old people, and mothers with small children, and pregnant women) in the safe forest area and the exploration specialist group (young people without the care of small children) in the dangerous open area. The different tasks, attitudes, and mentalities in different specialist groups produce theory of mind as the ability to attribute different mental states to different specialist groups. (Uniformity of mind instead of theory of mind is for generalists without division of labor). The early Homo species with the open habitat developed theory of mind for hunter specialist group and gatherer specialist group. The middle Homo species with complex stone tools developed theory of mind for the cooperative specialist groups in the large production of complex stone tools. The late Homo species with complex social interaction developed theory of mind for mind reading to enhance cooperation and to detect cheaters in complex social interaction. For religion, the unusually harsh Upper Paleolithic Period developed theory of mind for imaginary specialists in terms of supernatural power, guidance, and comfort. Therefore, the three general types of theory of mind are for specialists in division of labor, mind reading in complex social interaction, and imaginary specialists in imaginary division of labor under harsh conditions. Self-awareness in the mirror self-recognition test is also explained.
文摘目的探讨以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练对2型糖尿病患者自我管理能力及血糖控制的影响。方法选择2021年1月至2022年1月收治的80例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各40例。对照组采取常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上加以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练。比较两组的干预效果。结果干预后,观察组的自我管理行为量表各维度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的自我效能感及健康知识掌握程度评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)水平及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论以自我管理为导向的护理模式结合正念饮食察觉训练能够提高2型糖尿病患者的自我管理能力,也能提高自我效能感及健康知识掌握程度,有助于血糖控制,值得推广。
