Short-term warning and integrity monitoring algorithm for coal mine shaft safety

A new short-term warning and integrity monitoring algorithm was proposed for coal mine shaft safety. The Kalman filter (KF) model was used to extract real global positioning system (GPS) kinematic deformation information. The short-term warning model was built by using the two-side cumulative sum (CUSUM) test, which further improves the warning system reliability. Availability (the minimum warning deformation, MWD), false alarm rate (the average run length, ARL), missed rate (the warning delay, WD) and the relationships among them were analyzed and the method choosing warning parameters is given. A test of a deformation simulation platform shows that the warning algorithm can be effectively used for steep deformation warning. A field experiment of the Malan mine shaft in Shanxi coal area illustrates that the proposed algorithm can detect small dynamic changes and the corresponding occurring time. At given warning thresholds (MWD is 15 mm and ARL is 1000),the detected deformations of two consecutive days’ deformation sequences with the algorithm occur at the 705th epoch (705 s) and the 517th epoch (517 s), respectively.

Study on the instability of airflow in mine hoisting-shaf

In order to discover the airflow pattern in mine shaft which outfitted with hoist equipment （HE）, this paper set up the physical model and anatomized the piston-wind caused by hoist equipment, and researched the flow field and velocity field around the hoist equipment during its moving process, and analyzed the airflow around single and couple hoist equipment as well as decisive range of piston effect and additional effect of hoist equipment to ventilation system. Research conclusion indicate that during hoist equipment movement, airflow pattern changes repeatedly because of the influence of pis-ton effect from hoist equipment, and the study of airflow stability in shaft is the foundation for the stability of ventilation in mine.

Emergency evacuation system for mines

There are many potential hazards in the underground mining these include fire, explosion, inundation, roof collapse, toxic gases, chemical pollution, etc. Over past centuries, in US alone, more than 100 000 miners lost their life in different accidents. The primary safety methods used in underground mines concentrate on the monitoring of the hazardous gases, fire detection and ventilation. Using advanced instruments and monitoring techniques have significantly reduced the accidents in the modem mines. However despite the advancement of these monitoring facilities, accidents still occur in underground mining annually in the world, and many miners were killed because they were trapped and unable to escape due to blocked of exit access. Described a new development for the emergency evacuation system in underground mines and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the system. It is expected that the new system will greatly improve the emergency exit methods and save more lives in the future.

Importance of Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Shafts over 1000 m Deep

In most cases, copper ore deposits occur at great depths, so the optimization of excavation costs is of utmost importance to identify the most cost effective and productive mining methods, such as block caving or similar methods specifically developed for these deposits. To be able to apply such methods, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the rock mass in terms of its geomechanical, engineering geological and hydrogeological characteristics. This research aims to reduce geological and geotechnical unknowns, analyze in detail the geological environment, and predict geotechnical conditions for the construction of the shaft. This paper uses the example of Borska Reka Copper Deposit, located in Serbia to illustrate the importance of geotechnical investigation to enable best practice in design and construction of shafts that are over 1000 m deep.

基于数值模拟和变形监测的副井稳定性评价

急倾斜矿体开采时一般将副井布置在矿体下盘不远处,以致副井附近矿体开采可能诱发副井井壁应力集中或损坏。为此,以湖北三鑫为例,利用FLAC3D仿真软件,探究沿走向或垂直走向布置采场引起的副井围岩应力、位移变化,并采用应变计、位移计监测井壁应力与位移变化,评价副井稳定性。结果表明:沿矿体走向布置采场对采场围岩、悬空底柱及开采段副井井壁的稳定都极为不利,沿走向或大宽度垂直走向布置采场都不会引起地表及开采标高段附近的副井发生明显位移,但都会引起井口以下约250 m内的井壁因变形而发生应力集中;必须垂直走向布置采场并缩小采场宽度;采取4 m×4 m进路上向胶结充填二步骤采矿后,除岩土分界面附近井壁偶尔因开快车而造成连续2次垂直位移、应力差分别超1.2 mm、1.4 MPa外,其他监测值变化基本可忽略;地表基岩沉降观测表明各点沉降值变化一般不超过3 mm。

金属矿山井巷建设工程碳排放智能测算方法

深入研究金属矿山井巷建设工程的预算定额编制特点,提出基于矿山建设直接系统和辅助系统的双路径碳排放测算架构和计量模型,以实现井巷工程建设期全流程智能碳排测算统计、碳排路径分析及碳排放大户筛分等功能.结合现场工段施工台班表,深度分析多级剖分下各层级最小单元过程的物质名录清单,总结归纳金属矿山井巷建设工程特有的碳排放因子数据库.利用MySQL关系型数据库形式搭建金属矿山井巷工程十大碳排放基础数据表,同时各数据库由唯一标识码进行标记.最后,利用MATLAB app designer为十大基础数据表建立高效的索引调度机制,并利用整合的双路径碳排放计量模型对金属矿山井巷建设工程开展精细化碳排放测算分析.案例结果显示,本方法能够为金属矿山井巷建设工程在施工前期提供细粒度碳测算分析数据,为后续施工组织设计、低碳技术部署提供具体的数据依托.

基于CESE方法的煤矿风井泄爆全过程模拟与消波增效研究

为揭示煤矿风井泄爆过程、探寻增强泄爆效果方法,针对现行泄爆方法和多种改进泄爆方法,建立了系列全尺寸三维仿真模型,利用LS−DYNA软件的CESE求解器,进行了全过程流固耦合模拟分析。结果表明:现行防爆门在泄爆过程中会引发较强烈的反射冲击波且不能快速有效地予以消弱,致使风硐中先后出现可对风机造成二次冲击的2道冲击波;去除防爆门立壁结构对提升泄爆效果作用不明显,但可使防爆门受到的冲击明显减弱;在一定范围内,减轻防爆门质量对提高泄爆效果的作用较为有限,且会使防爆门吸收的爆炸能量明显增加;在增量不大的情况下,增大防爆门到风井和风硐交岔点的距离即能有效改善泄爆效果;侧向和正向先行泄爆方法均能明显增强泄爆效果,并对防爆门有显著的减冲和保护作用,在算例条件下,最优可使反射波超压峰值下降49.4%和28.3%;防爆门开启时间、泄爆面积和防爆门到风井/风硐交岔点的距离是影响泄爆效果的重要因素;风井达到良好泄爆效果所需要的开启时间比现行防爆门要短得多;仅在井口设置防爆门存在不能消减风硐中第1道冲击波超压峰值的局限性。基于对风井泄爆过程、机理和方法的新认识,提出了以“两区域多通道”泄爆为特征的主辅防爆门协同泄爆方法,以系统提升风井泄爆效果和防爆水平。

Impact of Underground Mining on Shaft Lining and Aquifer in Eastern China

Serious shaft lining ruptures have often occurred in the eastern part of China since 1987 due to the complicated geological conditions. This paper tries to find out the relationship between mechanisms of shaft lining rupture and the underground mining process. The analysis is based on the existence typical engineering and geological conditions in eastern China;the impact of underground mining on the shaft lining and aquifer layer is analyzed by using numerical method. The impact factors such as different depths, thicknesses, mining widths of coal seam and different distances to the shaft are used in the analysis. The mining area under the aquifer which near the shaft lining has a significant impact on the shaft lining due to mining process, and increases the risk of occurrence of shaft lining rupture.

非煤地下基建矿山井巷致灾因素辨识及分级

国家矿山安全监察局于2022年发布了要将非煤地下矿山隐蔽致灾因素普查治理工作纳入非煤矿山安全生产大检查内容的相关通知,其中检查内容重点之一为采空区及周边老窑普查治理。昆阳磷矿二矿目前属于非煤地下基建矿山,无地下采空区存在,因此,针对基建矿山的属性特点,将井巷致灾因素作为普查治理的重点。通过查阅大量文献及相关规程,根据现场地质条件、水文条件及开采技术条件,对可能导致井巷发生隐蔽灾害的因素进行梳理辨识。研究结果认为矿山基建阶段可能存在井巷失稳破坏、突水、基建通风系统不完善导致通风不畅三种灾害,并对可能发生的灾害归纳了13种致灾因素对其辨识及风险等级的定性描述进行划分。按照井巷致灾因素辨识及分级的成果,矿山开展了普查治理工作,对所辨识的致灾因素风险等级进行定性表征,评估矿山事故风险,更有针对性地推动矿山治理措施的实施和改进,该成果能够有效防范和化解非煤地下基建矿山重大安全风险,遏制重特大事故发生。

鹤壁九矿工作面开采对副井井筒采动影响分析

煤矿副井是地下开采活动的重要通道,肩负着矿井的人员提升、物料运输和通风等重要功能,在井筒保护煤柱开采中对井筒稳定性的研究至关重要。以鹤壁九矿新副井保护煤柱内工作面开采为研究对象,利用概率积分法计算井筒移动变形规律,并以此为基础,通过Drucker-Prager准则对井筒全段岩层的破坏情况进行判定,以此来评价开采方案对新副井的采动影响,可为煤矿的生产规划提供依据,为类似条件矿井井筒保护煤柱开采提供理论指导。

生态保护型煤炭开采技术与实践

针对生态脆弱区煤炭规模化高效开采造成生态影响范围大、周期长和强度高,缺乏统筹开采全周期源头减损与生态全要素系统技术,导致矿区生态修复成本高、效率低和效果差的问题,提出了生态保护型煤炭开采理念,露天开采损伤传导途径和井工开采损伤传导模型、生态损伤定量分析方法和矿区生态修复决策方法,研发了露天矿节地减损开采、生态型地层重构、分布式水资源集−储−用、基于“生态修复窗口期”协同修复技术;研发了井工开采损伤传导控制、含水层生态功能恢复、装配式楔形地下水库坝体构筑、沉陷区分时分区生态修复技术。建成蒙东矿区生态保护型露天开采示范工程,宝日希勒露天矿示范区植被盖度由开发前30%提高到59%,胜利露天矿示范区植被盖度由开发前5%提高到39%;建成神东井工生态保护型煤炭开采示范工程,植被盖度由开发前不足10%提高到70%。研究成果为生态保护型煤炭开采提供了科技支撑,具有广泛的应用和推广价值。

Numerical Analysis of the Structure of High-Strength Double-Layer Steel Plate Concrete Shaft by Drilling Method of Water-Bearing Weak Rock Formation

In order to ensure the safety of coal mine shaft construction, a double-layer steel plate concrete composite shaft wall structure was proposed. However, fewer studies were conducted on this structure, which made engineers too confused to fully recognize its feasibility of this structure. Hence, based on the previous experimental research on the Taohutu mine construction project in Ordos in Inner Mongolia, this research paper aims to provide a widely deep numerical analysis by the usage of the finite element software, in fact, to establish the corresponding numerical analysis model and make a comparison with the experimental data to get the rationality of the verified model. The influence of the composite characteristics of the steel plate and concrete on the ultimate bearing capacity and stress field of the shaft wall structure is studied here through the method of multi-factor analysis. Also, the optimal design scheme of the double-layer steel plate and concrete composite shaft wall structure is proposed in this research paper.

钢纤维混凝土动态力学特性及损伤规律研究

以云南某矿山超深井衬砌支护为工程背景,对不同掺配方案、不同标号的钢纤维混凝土试样进行动态冲击试验,并采用数字图像相关技术分析了冲击荷载下试样表面的应变场演化.试验结果表明:三掺钢纤维混凝土动态抗压强度和耗散能占比大于单掺和双掺钢纤维混凝土;素混凝土的动态强度越小,掺配钢纤维后混凝土试样的动态强度提升越显著.采用高速摄像机记录了钢纤维混凝土试样的破坏全过程,试样破坏模式受混凝土标号和钢纤维掺配方案控制,可分为剪切、劈裂和剪切–劈裂复合型破坏.与素混凝土试样相比,钢纤维混凝土试样在冲击荷载下的裂纹数量减少,反射能占比更低,透射能和耗散能占比更高,表明钢纤维能有效抑制裂纹萌生扩展,增强井壁混凝土的稳定性.钢纤维混凝土试样的非破坏性冲击试验结果显示三掺钢纤维方案能够最大程度抑制混凝土在冲击荷载下的损伤.最终建议该矿山深部竖井衬砌支护采用混凝土标号为C50,钢纤维的掺配方案为每立方素混凝土掺配端钩型长纤维40 kg、镀铜平直型中长纤维5 kg以及短镀铜平直型短纤维10 kg.

钻井法凿井壁后充填大比重水泥浆研制及其耐久性能

为提升西部地区深大钻井井筒第一段高壁后充填置换效果,提出采用大比重水泥浆作为新型壁后充填材料。首先,通过对比试验,优选重晶石粉作为加重剂、硅酸镁铝为悬浮剂。然后,采用正交试验和极差分析法,分析了水灰比、重晶石粉、硅酸镁铝和膨胀剂掺量对大比重水泥浆的密度、初凝时间、流动度、3 d及28 d抗压强度的影响,采用综合平衡法确定了大比重壁后充填材料的最优配合比为水泥∶水∶重晶石粉∶硅酸镁铝∶膨胀剂∶减水剂=1∶0.55∶0.5∶0.03∶0.025∶0.015。硫酸盐溶液侵蚀对比试验表明,与常用的水泥浆充填材料相比,大比重水泥浆充填材料具有可靠的耐久性能。最后,通过XRD和SEM分析了优选组加重水泥浆在3 d和28 d的水化产物和微观结构,揭示其优异抗渗性和耐久性能的机理。研究结果可为西部地区深大钻井井筒壁后充填提供大比重、高强度、低渗透以及耐久性好的新型壁后充填材料。

黄金矿山深井开采研究进展与发展趋势

详细阐述了黄金矿山深井开采国内外研究现状及所面临的技术难题,围绕采动岩石力学理论、岩体结构识别与岩体质量分级、矿山三维工程灾害建模、深部采矿设计方法研究、深部采场爆破落矿技术、采动地压调控、采动地压监测、自承载主动释压支护技术、深部采动对地表岩移影响、通风降温技术、智能开采技术、超深竖井建设等展开了详细的讨论与分析;对于黄金矿山非爆采矿机器人研制、采动岩石力学、深部采动地压灾害防控、深井降温技术、超深竖井建设、基于采动地压均衡的深部连续智能化开采技术等方面的未来发展趋势提出了展望,为黄金矿山深井开采的系统研究提供参考依据。

煤矿矿井建设技术与装备70余年创新发展及推广实践

比较全面地总结了新中国成立70余年来,我国煤矿矿井建设技术从引进吸收、自主发展到再创新的历程,以及在基础研究、工艺创新、技术突破、装备研制和成果转化方面取得的重要成果,涉及钻爆法、冻结法、注浆法、钻井法、沉井法等凿井技术以及煤矿岩巷掘进技术。目前,以钻爆破岩为主的凿井配套装备机械化、自动化水平显著提高,煤矿千米级深井短段掘砌综合凿井技术趋于成熟,竖井凿井最大深度达到1 341.6 m。冻结法、注浆法等凿井地质保障技术水平显著提升,逐步代替了帷幕法、板桩法和降水法等凿井技术,竖井最大冻结深度达990 m,斜井最大冻结段斜长达681 m,采用工作面注浆建成煤矿最长斜井为5 875 m,竖井地面预注浆加固深度达1 355 m。机械破岩井巷掘进技术取得突破性进展,反井钻机最大钻井直径达6 m,最大钻井深度达562 m;竖井钻机钻井法实现了最大钻井直径10.8 m,最大钻井深度660 m,且应用范围逐步扩大;竖井掘进机钻井法实现了零的突破,为煤矿竖井智能化凿井奠定了基础;煤矿岩巷机掘法作业线已经形成,岩巷全断面掘进机平均成巷速度超400 m/月。综上,70余年来我国煤矿矿井建设技术与装备创新发展,显著提升了煤矿井巷掘进作业环境、施工效率和安全水平,实现了井巷掘进工作面无人化、自动化、全机械化作业,解决了我国煤炭开发各阶段井巷建设的难题,保障了煤矿基础建设及开采接续建设。同时,从煤矿矿井建设发展起来的技术装备和取得的成功经验,在水力发电、市政轨道交通、山岭交通隧道、引水隧道等地下工程领域得到了推广实践,为国家重点工程建设和国民经济发展做出了贡献。

七元煤矿强矿压智能综采工作面总体配套技术研究

根据七元煤矿强矿压、立井开拓特点,通过多种方法确定了工作面合理的支护强度。考虑液压支架重量和运输尺寸限制,优化了液压支架结构和工作面选型配套。采用智能化工作面设计提高了环境感知能力、缩短了数据获取和控制决策响应时间、提高了支护质量、减小了同时在岗人员数量、实现了综采工作面压力的精准检测和智能预警,满足了七元煤矿开采、设备管理和通风管理的要求。

裂隙型类岩竖井注浆帷幕试样开挖卸荷响应试验研究

为研究竖井注浆帷幕围岩开挖卸荷响应,利用裂隙型类岩竖井注浆帷幕试样进行三轴开挖卸荷模拟试验,测试了开挖卸荷过程中试样的应变响应,并采用CT扫描对开挖卸荷后试样的破裂模式和破坏范围进行分析。结果表明:开挖卸荷后试样应变响应随半径的增大而迅速衰减,且卸荷阶段的应变占主体;开挖卸荷后试样中浆液结石体和基质岩块的变形不连续,液结石体的变形大于基质岩块的变形;单液水泥浆充填的注浆帷幕试样抗变形能力强,试样中相同半径处的切向应变与径向应变都明显小于黏土水泥浆充填的注浆帷幕试样;应力水平对试样开挖卸荷响应具有重要影响,应力水平越高,卸荷阶段的变形越剧烈,卸荷阶段的应变占比更高。开挖卸荷后,单液水泥浆充填试样易沿着浆液结石体与预制裂隙的接触面发生开裂,破裂半径为开挖半径的1.2~1.5倍;黏土水泥浆充填试样破坏模式复杂,破裂半径为开挖半径的1.5~2.0倍。研究成果可为井筒水害防治中竖井注浆帷幕设计提供参考。

超深井矿山井下降温技术研究

针对某超深井矿山井下热害问题,利用Ventsim^(TM) DESIGN 5.4三维通风软件对矿山井下通风系统进行通风和热模拟计算,并通过热负荷计算对比需风量焓差,分析得到:矿山一期工程通过加大风量可以降低井下工作面气象环境至国家相关安全规程允许范围内(湿球温度不高于27℃)。二期工程通过加大风量不能解决井下高温问题,通过热模拟计算和分析后,根据矿山现状,在3个位置设置制冷站并进行核算,得到了每个制冷站所需负荷,最终对各个制冷机组进行了选型。

工业广场保护煤柱开采井筒破损致因及防治技术

针对工业广场保护煤柱开采导致井筒破损的问题,以大社煤矿为工程背景,分析工广煤柱开采井筒围岩移动变形特征,揭示井筒破损致因;提出工广内后续工作面开采防治井筒破坏方案,形成相应的施工技术,并成功应用工程实践。研究表明:该矿工广内92606工作面邻近副井,开采引发的井筒竖向附加力是井筒破坏的致因;如不提前采取防治措施,后续92606外工作面开采,将导致副井井筒发生二次破坏;研究提出的不停产单卸压槽防治方案,具有不影响矿井生产、卸压率高、施工简单、成本低等优点。采用壁后注浆、开切卸压槽、架设密集井圈等技术,顺利完成了该矿不停产防治副井井筒破损工程。监测表明,该井筒竖向和环向应力,均小于井壁极限.承载力,处于安全状态,运行良好,达到了预期效果。