Numerical simulation of airflow distribution in mine tunnels

Based on 3D modelling of typical tunnels in mines, the airflow distribution in a three-center arch-section tunnel is investigated and the influence of air velocity and cross section on airflow distribution in tunnels is studied. The average velocity points were analyzed quantitatively. The results show that the airflow pattern is similar for the three-center arch section under different ventilation velocities and cross sectional areas. The shape of the tunnel cross section and wall are the critical factors influencing the airflow pattern. The average velocity points are mainly close to the tunnel wall. Characteristic equations are developed to describe the average velocity distribution, and provide a theoretical basis for accurately measuring the average velocity in mine tunnels.

Engineering Geological Classification of Surrounding Rock Stability in Coal Mine Tunnels and Its Engineering Applications

The stability type and spatial distribution of surrounding rock are an important basis for the layout of hae tunuels and the selection of support patterns in a mine design. Based on a lot of investigations and testing studies,a new engineering geological classification scheme of surrounding rock stability is put forward,which is easy to be applied,and reliable verified by examples. According to the classification system,the spatial divisions of surrounding rock stability can be delineated in an exploration progamme, providing relevant engineering geological informations for mine designers to prevent them from making the uurealistic tunnel layout and support

Performance analysis of wireless local area networks(WLAN) in a coal-mine tunnel environment

In order to establish an effective wireless communication system in an underground coal-mine environment, the propagation of radio waves through a rectangular-like mine tunnel was investigated by jointly, considering both the dielectric constant and the reflectance of a mine tunnel. By combining free space and modified waveguide propagation models, we propose a new hybrid propagation model based on ray tracing. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of establishing a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) in this coal-mine environment. The results of this research will be very useful as a guide in the design and development of tunnel wireless LAN systems.

Investigation of stability of a tunnel in a deep coal mine in China

Stability level of tunnels that exist in an underground mine has a great influence on the safety,production and economic performance of mines.Ensuring of stability for soft-rock tunnels is an important task for deep coal mines located in high in situ stress conditions.Using the available information on stratigraphy,geological structures,in situ stress measurements and geo-mechanical properties of intact rock and discontinuity interfaces,a three-dimensional numerical model was built by using 3DEC software to simulate the stress conditions around a tunnel located under high in situ stress conditions in a coal rock mass in China.Analyses were conducted for several tunnel shapes and rock support patterns.Results obtained for the distribution of failure zones,and stress and displacement felds around the tunnel were compared to select the best tunnel shape and support pattern to achieve the optimum stability conditions.

Considerations of rock dilation on modeling failure and deformation of hard rocks-a case study of the mine-by test tunnel in Canada

For the compressive stress-induced failure of tunnels at depth, rock fracturing process is often closely associated with the generation of surface parallel fractures in the initial stage, and shear failure is likely to occur in the final process during the formation of shear bands, breakouts or V-shaped notches close to the excavation boundaries. However, the perfectly elastoplastic, strain-softening and elasto-brittle-plastic models cannot reasonably describe the brittle failure of hard rock tunnels under high in-situ stress conditions. These approaches often underestimate the depth of failure and overestimate the lateral extent of failure near the excavation. Based on a practical case of the mine-by test tunnel at an underground research laboratory (URL) in Canada, the influence of rock mass dilation on the depth and extent of failure and deformation is investigated using a calibrated cohesion weakening and frictional strengthening (CWFS) model. It can be found that, when modeling brittle failure of rock masses, the calibrated CWFS model with a constant dilation angle can capture the depth and extent of stress-induced brittle failure in hard rocks at a low confinement if the stress path is correctly represented, as demonstrated by the failure shape observed in the tunnel. However, using a constant dilation angle cannot simulate the nonlinear deformation behavior near the excavation boundary accurately because the dependence of rock mass dilation on confinement and plastic shear strain is not considered. It is illustrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed plastic shear strain and confinement-dependent dilation angle model in combination with the calibrated CWFS model implemented in FLAC can reasonably reveal both rock mass failure and displacement distribution in vicinity of the excavation simultaneously. The simulation results are in good agreement with the field observations and displacement measurement data.

Research on sustenance of soft rock tunnel in Hongmiao Mine of Pingzhuang Mine Area

The return airway tunnel of bank 6 is an important tunnel for air return and auxiliary transportation.While under construction,the tunnel was seriously deformed, and the bottom was heavily squeezed.When completed,the bottom was smoothed out several times and a lot of maintenance were done.But about half year later,the tunnel collapsed.To counter the problems mentioned above,we systematically expounded our ideas and designed for solving the problem of the sustenance of the return airway tunnel of section 6.

Study and practice of the controlling technique on heat-harm during the tunneling in Zhaolou mine

This paper proposes the cooling system type and cooling equipment type which are deep mine with high temperature during the construction,and presents auxiliary cooling measures making up duct temperature rise since compression and heat transfer temperature rise. The cooling system designed against Zhaolou mine's ground temperature and weather conditions,with its sprinkler room handling an average temperature difference up to 19.5～23.8 ℃,and the average enthalpy difference could reach 48.4～60.7 kJ/kg. At the same time,it gets a series of basic data used for mine construction during the cooling system design and equipment selection according to the measured results; using the analysis software Matlab,it obtains the change relations between the temperature of sprinkler room and fan export supply air temperature,wind casing temperature rise and fan export supply air temperature,working face temperature and supply air temperature,used for the mine cooling which has the similar conditions.

基于微震监测的深部下分层巷道掘进围岩破坏特征研究

针对分层采场内掘进巷道利用微震有效实施围岩破坏监测的难题,以淮南矿区潘二煤矿12221下分层掘进工作面为工程背景,开展了下分层开采巷道掘进微震监测研究,提出了相应的随掘微震监测方法,分析了分层开采条件下巷道掘进围岩破坏特征。结果表明,以所提出的等距交错往复式随掘方法搭建微震监测系统能够实现对现场破裂信号的有效拾取,巷道掘进过程中微震事件以地质结构为界线呈现阶段性分布特征,也验证了方法的合理性;同时,受上分层采动影响下的巷道围岩破坏呈现蝴蝶形分布(10 m),在掘进巷道两帮围岩的肩颈位置呈现出较大范围的破坏(15~20 m)。研究结果可望为微震监测技术应用及巷道围岩支护提供一定指导。

近距离煤层下行采动应力场分布规律与巷道合理位置研究

上层位近距离煤层开采后,形成的残留煤柱和采空区将会影响下层位的巷道布置。以新柳矿231101工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟的综合研究手段,研究和分析了上煤层开采后采动应力场的应力演化规律,对下层煤巷道非对称变形破坏机理进行深入探究,从而得出下层煤巷道合理布置位置。研究结果表明:①上覆煤层开采改变巷道所处位置的主应力大小、主应力比值以及应力偏转角、应力矢量的变化是导致巷道呈非对称破坏的主要原因。②巷道在距离煤柱中心11 m处,巷道围岩最大主应力达到14.43 MPa,主应力比值为2.74,应力偏转角为52.33°,此时巷道处于较差的应力环境中,致使围岩产生蝶形破坏且蝶叶旋转至巷道顶板右侧,巷道顶板右侧易发生冒顶事故。③为使巷道处于相对稳定区域,依据3个主要影响因素将工作区域划分为4个分区,在考虑煤矿经济与安全因素后建议最佳布置区域为H–IV,主应力偏转角在0°~38°或45°~90°的范围内,通过综合分析对该巷道布置及支护提供合理建议,为类似工程条件提供了借鉴和参考。

井下巷道新型可见光通信光源布局方法

目的针对井下巷道可见光通信信号差异大,导致接收端信号误差增大的问题,方法提出一种井下巷道新型可见光通信光源布局方法,并同现有光源布局方法进行对比,从光照度、接收功率、信噪比三个方面评估两种布局方法的系统性能。引入照度均匀度(IU)、功率标准偏差(STD)和信噪比的变化系数(CV)评估系统的整体性能。结果通过仿真实验,分析不同半功率角对本文布局方法系统性能的影响,从而得出半功率角的最优取值,为50°~70°。当半功率角为70°时,与现有光源布局方法比较,本文布局方法的光照度均匀度由0.758降至0.407,降低了46.3%,且最小光照度与最大光照度之间差异更小,光照度分布更均匀;功率标准偏差由0.97降至0.42,降低了56.7%,且降低了功率波动,接收功率分布更均匀;信噪比变化系数由0.0137下降到0.0072,降低了47.7%,信号分布均匀性更高。结论提出的光源布局方法整体性能优于现有方法的,为井下巷道的光源布局提供了新的解决方案。

采空塌陷区隧道病害机理与防控研究现状与展望

我国是煤炭生产大国,煤炭开采造成了大量采空塌陷。随着公路铁路网不断加密,在山西等采煤大省,越来越多的交通隧道不得不穿越煤矿采空塌陷区。采空塌陷区岩层破坏剧烈、变形量大且持续时间长,是隧道工程建设与运营的重大安全隐患,系统研究采空塌陷区隧道灾变机理与防控技术是隧道工程建设与运营安全的重要保障。通过分析文献报道的工程案例,总结了采空塌陷区隧道的主要病害类型及其灾变机理,回顾了塌陷区采动岩体长期变形预测方法与隧道灾变预测方法,介绍了塌陷区采动岩体变形控制方法与穿越采空区隧道围岩处治方法。在此基础上,分析了采空塌陷区隧道灾变与防控技术研究中存在的突出问题,并对亟待研究的方向进行了展望。

正断层错动作用下矿山法隧道受力变形机理的模型试验研究

为研究正断层错动作用下矿山法隧道的受力变形机理,以胶州湾第二海底隧道穿越沧口断裂为工程背景,采用自研的大比尺穿越断层隧道结构破坏加载试验装置,针对设置柔性连接变形缝和变形缝间距对隧道结构抗错断效果的影响,开展几何相似比为1∶40的矿山法隧道穿越倾角70°的正断层错动模型试验,对错动试验过程中的隧道变形、应变分布、围岩接触压力和破坏特性等关键指标进行监测,分析获得了正断层错动作用下隧道变形和力学响应规律。研究结果表明:(1)隧道在正断层错动作用下,呈现纵向拉弯+竖向挤压的受荷模式,在下盘邻近断层面处拱顶部位和上盘邻近断层面处仰拱部位出现脱空区;(2)隧道开裂主要以纵向贯通裂缝为主,近断层面处衬砌还出现了部分斜向裂缝和环向裂缝;(3)节段间的连接形式和节段长度不会根本上改变隧道在断层错动作用下的受荷模式和变形模式,但节段间刚度越小,节段长度越小,结构对于地层强制位错的适应性就更好;(4)相比于刚性连接,节段间的柔性连接吸收了大部分地层强制位错,有效降低衬砌节段的荷载和变形,使结构趋于安全。

基于磁流变弹性体动力吸振器的掘进装备振动控制

针对掘进装备在自适应截割控制下的截割部宽减振问题,基于磁流变弹性体的动力吸振技术,提出了一种掘进装备截割部的振动控制方法。首先,以连续采煤机为研究对象,根据动量矩定理,建立了截割部-磁流变弹性体动力吸振器(MREDVA)耦合动力学模型,从理论上分析了MREDVA的减振机理;然后,为保证MREDVA的磁路以及移频特性满足需求,详细阐述了MREDVA的设计流程,提出了一种新的MREDVA结构,对其磁场和移频特性进行了仿真验证;最后,计算了不同截割状态下MREDVA对截割部的振动抑制能力,并建立了半主动控制方法,比较了被动和半主动振动控制方法下MREDVA的振动抑制能力。研究结果表明:对于所选煤层1和煤层2,截割部的振幅衰减分别达到41.53%和49.80%;对于所选煤层3,半主动控制下截割部振幅衰减可以达到45.10%。该方法可以有效降低掘进装备在宽频激励下的振动幅度。

利用退出煤矿建设抽水蓄能电站的施工组织探讨

抽水蓄能电站是目前最经济有效的电力储能及调节方式,对保障电力系统安全、促进风、光等新能源消纳利用有重大作用。煤炭开采造成巨大的地下空间,可作为抽水蓄能电站的储水水库加以利用,将产生良好的社会和环境效益。本文从施工角度出发,探讨了利用退出煤矿建设抽水蓄能电站的可行性。

HSP超前探测技术在煤矿TBM掘进巷道中的应用研究

随着全断面掘进机TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)逐渐应用于煤矿岩巷掘进,对不良地质构造进行超前准确快速预测的需求日益迫切。通过对主动源地震波超前探测方法的特点和TBM破岩震源超前探测技术的适用性进行分析,结合煤矿巷道地质和生产条件,提出了适用于煤矿巷道TBM掘进的HSP超前探测方法。以河南平顶山首山一矿TBM掘进底板瓦斯治理巷道为工程背景,选用防爆硬件一体化设计的探测仪器在煤矿巷道中进行应用。构建了空间型观测方式对煤矿巷道近水平煤线进行探测,优化了双护盾TBM掘进巷道狭小空间检波器阵列式布置参数;基于时频分析、互相关干涉处理、反射与散射联合反演等方法处理原始信号并进行探测结果成像。研究表明:采用空间型观测方式可实现与巷道小角度斜交煤线的识别,设计震源与首检波器间距离为15 m时最优。通过时频分析提取有效信号,利用互相关干涉法获取虚拟震源道和反射特征曲线,并结合反射与散射联合反演成像得到探测区域地层反射能量分布图,能够较准确地推测得到围岩存在的不良地质构造。通过比较现场开挖揭露情况与探测结果发现两者吻合度较高,表明HSP超前探测方法可实现掘进工作面前方100 m范围内超前无损地质预测,有助于提高煤矿岩巷TBM掘进速度。

矿用纤维增强沙漠砂混凝土拉伸力学性能试验研究

混凝土作为现代锚网喷联合支护的重要组成部分,在控制地下矿山巷道围岩变形方面发挥着重要作用。针对传统矿用混凝土成本较高且在拉伸应力作用下容易出现开裂的实际问题,开发了一种使用沙漠砂作为细骨料,聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维作为增强材料的新型矿用纤维增强沙漠砂混凝土。为验证该新型支护材料的力学性能,选取沙漠砂粒径、水胶比、纤维长度和纤维掺量作为变量,共制备尺寸为330 mm×60 mm×13 mm的狗骨试件36个,探讨其对混凝土弹性模量、抗拉强度、极限拉应变等性能的影响。研究结果表明,用沙漠砂替换普通河砂,材料的弹性模量和极限拉应变均呈现出增大的趋势,分别达到3.70 MPa和4.01%,新疆沙漠砂的优良性质得到充分发挥,为巷道支护等工程提供了更经济有效的选择。掺入国产PVA纤维能够有效增强沙漠砂混凝土的抗拉强度和变形能力。与河砂相比,沙漠砂粒径较小且表面光滑,使其在基体中分布较为均匀,能够提高混凝土抵抗裂缝能力,并且沙漠砂与PVA纤维之间的协同作用也更为有效,纤维能够更好地滑移,并抵抗裂纹的发展。沙漠砂属于中细砂,能够较好地与其他原材料发生作用。本文考虑到西部矿区沙漠砂资源丰富,研究开发的矿用纤维增强沙漠砂混凝土在西部沙漠矿区巷道支护领域具有一定的应用前景。

矿山巷道掘进和支护技术的应用

随着全球经济的发展和人口的增长,对于矿产资源的需求不断增加。矿山巷道是采矿过程中的重要环节,掘进和支护技术的应用可以提高采矿效率、减少资源浪费,满足日益增长的资源需求。矿山巷道是矿山生产活动的重要组成部分,其安全稳定的运行对于矿山工作人员的安全至关重要。矿山巷道掘进和支护技术的应用可以及时发现和处理巷道的安全隐患,降低事故风险,保障工作人员的生命安全。

地下矿山工程井巷掘进爆破技术探究

掘进爆破是地下矿山工程开采的重要一环,爆破技术的应用效果直接关乎地下矿山工程井巷开采效益。因此,简单介绍了地下矿山工程井巷开采背景,以深孔控制预裂爆破技术为例,提出了地下矿山工程井巷掘进爆破技术方案,并对地下矿山工程井巷掘进爆破技术实践要点进行了进一步探究,希望为掘进爆破技术在地下矿山工程井巷中的有效应用提供一些参考。

Optimal Deployment Patterns for k-Coverage and k-Connectivity 3D WSNs in Underground Tunnel

In this paper,we first model the mining structure as a arched shape in terms of the tunnel geometry.Based on the regularly placement of nodes in that model,a set of deployment patterns for seamless coverage and k-connectivity is proposed,i.e.1-and 2-connectivity.Further,we figure out the maximum horizontal distance of tangent plane to determine the placement of nodes for k-coverage（k=1,2）.Besides,the mathematical relations between the communication radius and the sensing radius are derived,when the network keeps k-coverage（k=1,2） and k-connectivity（k=2,3） under certain regularity constrains for various patterns.Finally,we demonstrate the optimality of several approaches that we have proposed in the aspect of energy consumption and network lifetime.

煤矿巷道快速掘进工艺研究

煤炭资源是中国的重要资源之一,煤炭采掘主要依赖于巷道快速掘进工艺。然而,当前的巷道掘进工艺在提高采煤效率的同时,也存在着安全隐患、污染等问题。因此,有必要研究开发新的煤矿巷道快速掘进工艺,以提高采煤效率、降低采掘成本、减少污染、保障煤炭采掘的安全性。分析了影响煤矿巷道掘进速度的主要因素,通过阐述掘进施工过程使用的掘进机械和支护结构,提出了有针对性的改进和优化措施,以期为煤矿巷道快速掘进作业提供一定的理论和实践指导。