Hydrogeological and Physico-Chemical Study of the Groundwater of Mitendi South-East in the Commune of Mont-Ngafula around the Kimwenza Quarry (Province of Kinshasa, DR Congo)

The exploitation of groundwater by drilling in the Mitendi South-East district constitutes a solution to the water shortage in this peripheral part of the Mont-Ngafula township in Kinshasa, the capital of the DR Congo. Individuals exploit groundwater in boreholes to serve the population without taking into account certain necessary aspects such as the origin of the groundwater table and the quality which constitute the major problems of this work such as: What is the quantity of water from the recharge of our aquifer? What is the state of the Mitendi South-East aquifer water in relation to some physico-chemical parameters? The cardinal objective of this work is to provide chemical data and trace elements in each analyzed borehole and determine the type of recharge of the underground aquifer. The specific objectives are as follows: analyze the potability of groundwater on a physico-chemical level and their chemical facies, take the geographical coordinates of water samples from the aquifer in each targeted borehole in order to develop the sampling map of the area under study;also check each parameter analyzed in relation to WHO standards. We carried out a general investigation of the study area by carrying out observations, sampling and in-situ measurements of each borehole, as well as the good conservation of the samples taken in a cooler. The various measurements that we took in-situ: pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, salinity, temperature, and TDS were carried out by using a multi-parameter probe in the laboratory of appropriate methods such as titled-sorting, spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, ArcGise and Excel software. With regard to the results from laboratory analysis (physical and chemical analysis), the parameters showed that the standards recommended by the WHO were not respected. We affirm that the water consumed in the Mitendi South-East district in Mont-Ngafula town ship is not drinkable. Since, it can cause several water-borne diseases. It would be better to treat that water before being drunk. .

Assessment of Distribution and Composition of Quarry Mine Dust: Case of Pomona Stone Quarries, Harare

The study aimed at assessing the distribution and composition of dust produced at Pomona Stone Quarry mine in Harare, Zimbabwe. The source contribution to ambient PM2.5 and PM10 dust levels were quantified and their spatial distribution from the quarry to the receptor (community). The study also analysed the pH of soils around the mine, SiO2 and Al2O3 levels in quarry dust. Data was collected through direct observations, personal communications, experiments, soil and dust sampling and analyses. Dust sampling was done in January, April and August, to assess the effect of meteorological conditions on dust concentrations in two phases. Phase 1 was conducted during plant shut down (baseline measurements) while phase 2 was carried out during full plant operations (normal operating conditions), to assess the effect of quarry operations on the surrounding areas. Within the quarry production processes, crushing stage was the most dust emitting stage. Phase 1 dust results showed that both respirable (PM2.5) and inhalable (PM10) dust at all stages were below the legal limit, thus below 35 mg/m3 (respirable) and 180 mg/m3 (inhalable). Highest dust levels (209.9 mg/m3 inhalable and 69.01 mg/m3 respirable) were recorded in August, followed by April (206.9 mg/m3 inhalable and 67.52 mg/m3 respirable) then January (206.82 mg/m3 inhalable and 65.27 mg/m3 respirable). At all stages, highest dust concentrations for both parameters were recorded near the plant and decreased with increasing distance from the plant ( ranging from 209.9 mg/m3 - 19.41 mg/m3 inhalable and 69.01 mg/m3 - 14.23 mg/m3 respirable). This was attributed to the effect of particle size. August recorded the biggest area for both parameters falling within the non-permissible category, followed by April then January. The findings also revealed that the quarry dust contained higher levels of SiO2 (0.752 mg/cm3) which were 7 times higher than the recommended 0.1 mg/cm3 (NSSA). Low Al2O3 levels of 0.102 mg/cm3 were recorded and this was considered as environmentally safe. Soils were slightly acidic-alkaline and the t-test results at 95% confidence interval showed no significant difference between the results from site A and B (p = 0.526). It was concluded that quarry dust from Pomona had no significant effects on soil pH but possible health impacts on the receiving community. The study recommended that dust suppression systems such as water sprays, vegetation, air nets and enclosed production process must be implemented to curb dust emissions.

3D Modeling and Estimation of the Tonnage of the Granite Quarry of Linguésso (North-West of Côte d’Ivoire) by Electrical Methods

A survey and evaluation was carried out on a potential granitoid quarry site in the locality of Linguésso (North West of Ivory Coast) with the aim of identifying and estimating the quantity of exploitable granite based on the electrical resistivity methods. The combination of electrical trailing, sounding and tomography techniques allowed the determination of the characteristics of the rock deposit, namely the electrical signature (between 19,259 Ωm and 86,316 Ωm), the extension (N90°), the rooting (between 0 and 45 m) and the fracturing (between N14° and N160°) of the granitic formation sought. The modeling resulted in an estimated mineable rock volume of 2,936,250 m3 providing a production quantity of 7,927,875 tonnes.

采动岩体损伤与断层冲蚀协同致灾时空演化机制

随着我国煤矿开采向深部延伸,断层突水成为威胁煤矿安全生产的重大灾害之一。基于采动诱发断层突水相关研究成果,笔者提出了采动岩体损伤破裂−破碎岩体(断层)冲蚀协同致灾的突水概念模型,推导了2种介质的渗透性演化方程,系统性构建了工作面采动破坏与断层内部颗粒冲蚀协同致灾力学模型;数值模拟研究了采动岩体变形破坏、断层内颗粒运移以及渗流通道演化特征,系统性阐释了采动诱发断层突水的渗流灾变时空演化机制。研究结果表明:①随着工作面不断推进,底板采动岩体损伤场与断层冲蚀裂隙相连通,形成了含水层—断层—采动裂隙—工作面的渗流路径,并随着冲蚀时间增加,最终发展成为数条优势导水通道,造成工作面涌水量的急剧增大并发生滞后突水。②随着渗流时间增加,断层内部涌水量、裂隙开度均表现为缓变—突增—稳定3个阶段,冲蚀颗粒体积分数则呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。③在研究矿区地质条件下,为预防发生断层突水,可采取超前注浆或留设防水煤柱等方法,超前注浆时间应在底板裂隙带连通断层之前,若不采取注浆措施则合理防水煤柱的留设宽度不应低于20 m。

基于地震台阵的矿山爆破当量估算:以安徽滁州地区为例

准确估算矿山爆破当量,可以与起爆装药进行对比,验证是否存在瞎炮、拒爆等遗留药柱,保障矿山安全开采。地震波常被用来估算当量,而区域地震台网检测小震级事件的能力有限,为此我们在安徽滁州地区的郯庐断裂带明龙山-上窑断裂凤阳山段开展实验,布设了6台埋深1米的浅孔短周期地震仪,开展了为期20天的连续监测。使用基于卷积神经网络的地震事件识别方法进行检测,并对检测出的地震事件进行了震源定位、频谱分析、发震时刻、震级、爆破当量和起爆药量统计等处理。经统计该区域在监测期间共发生了42个地震事件,比对发现其中一个地震事件为2022年3月19日宿迁泗洪3.1级天然地震,其余41个地震事件并未被区域地震台网检测到,且震源位置较集中,频谱相对简单,发震时刻集中在当地时间的白天。结合该地区普遍存在的采石场,我们推测这41个地震事件为人工爆破产生。研究表明通过地震台阵监测,可以精确定位矿山爆破,基于地震波能量-爆破当量算法也可准确估算爆破当量。

Competition between Coral and Algae in Tertiary and Quaternary Reefs: Greenhouse to Icehouse Transitions

The competition between coral and algae in marine reefs is pervasive through geologic time;that competition determines the structure and composition of reef communities, which we see in the fossil record. However, the relationships between coral and calcareous algae in reefs are poorly understood. To study this relationship, several hand samples and thin sections were examined from nine different foralgal reef localities around the world. Foralgal reefs typically extend from about 20 m depth or shallower on the seaward side of the reef. The first section is Salt Mountain, Alabama, which preserves a Paleocene reef. It contains a high percentage of red coralline algae with benthic foraminifera. The second section is IDOP-U1376, IIA Limestone, it is Middle Eocene, in the form of an isolated reef sandwiched between two igneous beds. The third section is the Utoe’ Limestone, New Caledonia, it is Middle Eocene in age and is composed mainly of grain-boundstone units with some igneous interlayered. The fourth section is the Darnah Formation in the West-Darnah roadcut section, Northeast Libya, it is Middle Eocene in age, it is composed of highly fossiliferous limestone (corals, red coralline algae, echinoids, mollusks, foraminifers, and bryozoans). The fifth section, the Al Bayda Formation (Algal Limestone Member) in Northeast Libya, is in the Drayanah—Al Abyar roadcut, Northeast Libya, it has several species of algae but also includes a high percentage of buildups of coral species. The sixth section is the Oligo-Miocene Al Faidiyah Formation (Al Fatayah Cement Quarry) limestone unit in Northeast Libya. The seventh section is (Core-core 20) late-early to middle Miocene Limestone Unit-Cicuco Field, NW Colombia. The eighth section is the Benghazi Formation at Benghazi Cement Quarry, in Northeast Libya, it is fossiliferous limestone, consisting of coral, algae, mollusks, and echinoids. The ninth and tenth sections are Quaternary reefs in the Bahamas and the Florida Keys, respectively. These reefs contain a high percentage of coral, red coralline algae, echinoids, mollusks, foraminifers, and ostracods. Based on the data and static analysis results on the thin sections and hand specimens, this study determines the occurrence and outcomes of coral-algal interactions among different coral growth forms (branching, upright, massive, encrusting, plating, and solitary). The Early Paleogene (Paleocene to Eocene) has the highest percentage of algae in two forms (crustose and frondose), which is a good indicator of a warm climate. In the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene, coral replaced algae in different localities in sections of that age. This change is an indicator of climatic cooling, especially in the western Lutetian Darnah section. In the Oligocene time, high-branching corals became abundant and escaped competition with the algae due to Icehouse conditions, as shown in the Al Bayda Formation. In the Miocene, coral species started to decline because of the return to Greenhouse conditions. Coral can lose its competitive edge when chemical and physical defense systems reduce growth and production due to warming. On the other hand, crustose-form algae attract the larvae of the coral. Algae induce them to get a more highly competitive frondose form, which is useful for corals as they decrease growth and production. Algae can quickly colonize the dead reef by using the firm substrate to rebuild themselves. This research may prove valuable when predicting the response of modern coral reef systems to future climatic warming conditions and provides a model for what future reefs may look like.

燕川采石场云母矿山生态修复研究

本文针对燕川采石场云母矿山的生态问题,采用生态工程技术进行修复研究,发现矿山周边土壤侵蚀和水源污染情况严重,且生物多样性减少。本文根据矿山周边的生态环境,确定生态修复的措施和方式,采用植被恢复、水土保持、生物多样性保护等技术手段对矿山进行生态修复,矿山周边生态环境得到了有效改善。

急倾斜中厚矿体采矿方法与变革

中深孔机械化落矿空场嗣后充填法是一种适用于急倾斜中厚矿体的地下采矿技术。随着采矿技术和产能的需求,浅孔留矿采矿法已不能适应,中深孔机械化落矿空场嗣后充填法逐渐被应用到急倾斜中厚矿体中,并取得了良好的效果。3种采矿方法经过迭代的更新,并获得了现代主流采矿方法,现代主流采矿方法满足当前的政策导向和现实需求,提高了类似矿体开采效率。

基于多目标决策的矿山采石场边坡生态修复设计参数优选

为合理确定矿山采石场边坡生态修复设计参数,基于多目标决策的理念,首次提出一套适用于矿山采石场边坡生态修复设计参数优化的技术方案,并以广西某废弃石灰岩矿山采石场高陡岩质边坡生态修复治理工程设计为例开展实例研究,提出以削坡坡度、坡高和平台宽度为决策变量,建立地质安全性-生态修复效益-工程总成本多目标决策模型,利用灰色关联分析评价模型对方案进行选优,得到该边坡生态修复治理工程的最优削坡设计参数组合。结果表明:本边坡削坡设计参数的最优组合是坡度为75°、坡高为6m、平台宽度为3.5m。研究结果可为类似边坡工程的生态修复设计优化提供重要参考,具有一定的实际应用价值。

超大岩质高陡边坡生态修复工法研究与应用

在维持边坡绿化稳定性的基础上,重点探讨超大岩质高陡边坡不同工法的研究与应用。以A采石矿为案例,通过对其坡面的详细勘察与研究,根据各个创面的特点,运用工程绿化和文化景观的手法进行有针对性的设计,形成多样化的生态修复模式。该工程的高质量完成,将是矿山边坡生态修复技术上的重大突破。

基于无人机贴近摄影测量的露天采石场高陡岩质边坡岩体结构面信息自动识别

岩体结构面的识别与解译在露天采石场岩质边坡稳定性分析中具有重要意义,对于高陡岩质边坡而言,传统的勘察手段效率低且危险性高,无人机倾斜摄影测量生成的高陡岩质边坡三维实景建模精度低且自动解译困难。提出了一种基于无人机贴近摄影测量的高陡岩质边坡岩体结构面信息的精细化调查方案,并在武汉市东湖高新技术开发区长岭山露天采石场崩塌地质灾害调查中完成了实例应用,该方法使用大疆M300 RTK无人机搭载DJI P1相机完成倾斜摄影测量与贴近摄影测量工作,建立高精度的露天采石场高陡岩质边坡的实景三维模型和高密度三维点云,通过区域生长算法自动解译其岩体结构信息。结果表明:采用本文方法进行岩体结构面调查所提取到的信息准确度高、可视化效果好,且计算效率高,可为类似边坡实际地质灾害调查与防治提供依据。

互助县某废弃采石场生态修复技术研究

采石场因缺乏表土覆盖,营养物质匮乏,水分难以储存,其周围生态系统薄弱,一旦破坏原有平衡,就会使生态修复困难。文章以青海省海东市互助县某废弃采石场为研究对象,在地质环境调查的基础上,分析了工程治理必要性,并提出相应的生态修复措施及生态修复技术,可对具备类似生态地质特点的采石场进行生态修复提供相应参考。

旭龙水电站石料场高陡边坡分级开挖模拟

金沙江旭龙水电站徐龙石料场开采高度高达280 m,距大坝等重要水工建筑物较近,为分析在不同开挖步下,该料场高陡岩质边坡的变形及稳定性特征,建立了料场分级开挖有限元模型。结果表明:①徐龙料场开采过程中边坡变形较大区域由原坡脚向开挖新形成的坡脚不断变化;②随着开挖的进行,徐龙石料场最大主应变较大区域发生“分岔”,最不利滑动圆弧由原边坡坡脚逐渐移动至开挖新形成的坡脚处;③不同开挖步下的徐龙石料场整体稳定性满足要求。研究成果可以为类似的石料场边坡分级开挖稳定性分析提供参考。

Natural recovery of different areas of a deserted quarry in South China

A quarry is a surface mining operated place, which produces enormous quantifies of gravel, limestone, and other materials for industrial and construction applications. Restoration and revegetation of deserted quarries are becoming increasingly important. Three areas of a typical quarry in South China： terrace for crushed materials （terrace）, spoiled mound, and remaining side slope, were investigated, to compare the existing plant species and to study the relationship between environmental factors and revegetation. The plant species composition of these three areas was found to differ significantly after eight years of natural recovery. The typical plant communities found over them were composed of gramineous herbs, ferns, and shrubs. Soil organic matter, soil moisture, and soil bulk density were considered to be the major determining factors for vegetation succession. There existed abiotic and biotic thresholds during quarrying restoration. Suggestions had been presented that could have accelerated the process of natural recovery in quarries.

Overburden management in open pits: options and limits in large limestone quarries

The management of overburden is an important task in open pit exploitations. Site topography and morphology as well as geological and geotechnical properties of natural and remoulded materials are the most important factors affecting the disposal phase. Economic and environmental requirements must be followed in order to achieve the best reclamation results, keeping into account site constraints such as slope stability, hauling and dumping issues, and interactions with groundwater. This paper deals with the above mentioned issues, illustrating a rational approach applied on the case of a large limestone quarry where the thickness of the overburden is relevant and the spoil material has to be dumped in a flooded pit. The proposed multidisciplinary approach led to the selection of most suitable methods for excavation, transportation and disposal. The selection was based on a detailed laboratory and site characterisation that defined favorable and adverse factors to be considered during the preliminary study of a large quarrying project.

Effect of quarry dust addition on the performance of controlled low-strength material made from industrial waste incineration bottom ash

The performance of industrial waste incineration bottom ash in controlled low-strength material （CLSM） was investigated in this paper, as the quarry dust was added. CLSM mixtures were made from the industrial waste incineration bottom ash, quarry dust, and cement. Tests for fresh density, bleeding, compressive strength, shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, and excavatability were carried out. The com- pressive strength ranges from 60 kPa to 6790 kPa, the friction angle varies from 5°to 19°, and the cohesion is from 4 to 604 kPa. Most of the mixtures are found to be non-excavatable. It is indicated that the quarry dust addition increases the compressive strength and shear parame- ters, decreases bleeding, and increases the removability modulus.

Analysis of the Engineering Restoration Effect of Abandoned Yongledian Quarry in Beijing City Based on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

The improvement of the soil physical and chemical properties is the most important foundation for mine ecological restoration.The experiment is aimed at undisturbed area,restored area,and damaged area of abandoned Yongledian Quarry in Beijing.Through determination and analysis of soil physical and chemical properties,it shows that there are significant differences in the composite effects of soil physical and chemical properties between restored area,and undisturbed area,damaged area,and engineering restoration effectively improves the composite effects of soil physical and chemical properties in the restored area.The single factor hypothesis test shows that soil pH value,organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,and total nitrogen traits are the key targets to be restored in this mining area.

Variation of vertical and horizontal drilling rates depending on some rock properties in the marble quarries

The main objective of this study is to determine the rates of vertically and horizontally oriented drilling processes in marble quarries and to observe the factors affecting the drilling rates in terms of physical and mechanical properties of the rocks. In situ drilling tests were performed in different marble quarries with different marble types and drilling times and penetration rates for a series of successive depthincrements were trying to be determined under vertically and horizontally oriented conditions. In order to understand the relation between the parameters that are investigated within the scope of this research, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, impact strength, Bohme abrasion strength, P-wave velocity, porosity, unit volume weight, Schmidt hardness index and brittleness index values were correlated with the drilling rates. It was noticed that the porosity and unit volume weight could be taken as the key parameters among them for obtaining meaningful correlation with drilling performance. It was also observed that the physical and mechanical rock properties are more relevant in vertical drilling than horizontal drilling.

Effects of Quarry Activities on some Selected Communities in the Lower Manya Krobo District of the Eastern Region of Ghana

Extraction of Limestone is an economically important and widespread activity in Ghana and has existed since historical times. However, in spite of its remarkable contribution towards economic development, some adverse impacts have been noticed, especially where extraction is carried out without proper planning and use of modern technology and scientific methods. We have carried out an assessment on the environmental effects of limestone quarrying on some communities in the Lower Manya Krobo District in the Eastern region of Ghana. Dust emission is one of the major effects of the practice of limestone extraction and as such, dust (PM10) sampling was conducted at the affected communities. Mean dry season results recorded in these communities stand at 125.0 μg/m3 or Bueryonye, 116.0 μg/m3 at Odugblase and 109.3 μg/m3 at Klo-Begoro. Oterkpolu community which served as the control recorded an average of 50.5 μg/m3. Average rainy season values recorded for the communities were 83.3 μg/m3 for Bueryonye, 113.1 μg/m3 at Odugblase and 74.4 μg/m3 at Klo-Begoro. The control community, Oterkpolu, had 43.3 μg/m3. These values are above the EPA, Ghana daily guideline level of 70 μg/m3 over a time-weighted average per 24 hours. Questionnaires administration and health records obtained from the health facilities in the communities revealed notable deteriorations in the health of the people as a result of the quarrying activities in the area. Notable among these is the prevalence of malaria though not related to dust emissions, it results from mosquitoes breeding in the stagnant pools of water found in pits created as a result of the mining activity. Other common health cases recorded were acute respiratory tract infection, ear and eye infections, cough and pneumonia.

Study on Environmental-Geological Problem and Ecosystem Re-establishment Countermeasures About Quarry and Damaged Mountain in Peri-urban

The quarry and damaged mountain in peri-urban have an important influence to ecological environment. They have had a series of serious environmental -geological problems to the socio-economic development and urban modernization process, such as increased environmental pollution and soil erosion,destruction of landscape aesthetic。