Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among...Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>−11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>∙kg<sup>−1</sup>∙s<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Every equation could be explained in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λ<sub>e</sub>), the Compton length of a proton (λ<sub>p</sub>) and a. Furthermore, every equation could also be explained in terms of Avogadro’s number and the number of electrons in 1 C. However, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force cannot be uniquely determined when the unit of the Planck constant (Js) is changed. In this study, we showed that every equation can be described in terms of Planck constant. From the assumption of minimum mass, the ratio of gravitational force to electric force could be elucidated.展开更多
We are using the book “Towards Quantum Gravity” with an article by Claus Kiefer as to a quantum gravity interpretation of the density matrix in the early universe. The density matrix we are using is a one loop appro...We are using the book “Towards Quantum Gravity” with an article by Claus Kiefer as to a quantum gravity interpretation of the density matrix in the early universe. The density matrix we are using is a one loop approximation, with inflaton value and potential terms, like V (phi) using the Padmanabhan values one can expect if the scale factor is a ~a (Initial) times t <sup>^</sup> gamma. In doing so, we identify two time steps and presume a very small initial time step candidates initial time values which are from a polynomial for time values. A gravity wave analysis concludes our article with inflaton decay, which is finally linked to BHs. And then finally we show using work done by Hawking, <i>et al</i>. how this may give us Planck Sized Black Holes, in the onset of Inflation, with resulting consequences so outlined. A vastly simplified proof of BH masses of Planck mass is presented which ties in directly with issues of the mass of the inflaton initially generated by the 2<sup>nd</sup> derivative of the effective potential V (phi) at a time t ~4 times Planck time. And we include at the close questions as to DE, and data sets which may give credence to speculation as to different time flow rates at the start and then the conclusion later on, of expansion of our universe. The DE would be created by the breakup of the black holes due to a mechanism brought up by Dr. Freeze in 2012, and we also are using the future works section 8 to define the contours of our DE model which builds upon quite directly the sequence of material from pages 1 to 9 which are cited as to making connection between early universe conditions and the ideas of primordial DE models.展开更多
基于潍柴WP10H改造的单缸机试验平台,深入研究中、高负荷工况充量热力学参数和柴油喷射参数之间的耦合关系及多参数协同获得高热效率的控制方法。结果表明,在平均指示压力(indicated mean effective pressure,IMEP)为1.0 MPa的中负荷工...基于潍柴WP10H改造的单缸机试验平台,深入研究中、高负荷工况充量热力学参数和柴油喷射参数之间的耦合关系及多参数协同获得高热效率的控制方法。结果表明,在平均指示压力(indicated mean effective pressure,IMEP)为1.0 MPa的中负荷工况,提前喷油定时会减少引燃油量的需求量;随着预混天然气当量比增大,柴油喷射定时推迟且喷油定时对引燃油量变化的敏感性降低,指示热效率(indicated thermal efficiency,ITE)和燃烧速率趋于最大值时所需要的最小引燃油量减小;中高负荷工况(IMEP为1.4 MPa)下,增大废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)率需提前喷油定时,增加引燃油量;增压会带来当量比减小从而减缓燃烧速率和提高压缩温度利于快速压燃着火两方面的影响,综合作用取决于混合气自身的热力学氛围。在中负荷工况下,柴油喷射参数的控制需要尽可能地提升燃烧速率以降低燃烧损失,而通过优化当量比调控传热损失与排气损失是提升热效率的关键;在满足粗暴燃烧限值的同时,优化燃烧相位避免过高的排气损失是中高负荷工况提高热效率的关键;随着负荷升高,进气压力与EGR率均增大,最小引燃油量减小,IMEP为1.7 MPa时,ITE可提升至52.1%,最小柴油能量占比为4.7%。展开更多
文摘Previously, we presented several empirical equations using the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature. Next, we propose an empirical equation for the fine-structure constant. Considering the compatibility among these empirical equations, the CMB temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) and gravitational constant (G) were calculated to be 2.726312 K and 6.673778 × 10<sup>−11</sup> m<sup>3</sup>∙kg<sup>−1</sup>∙s<sup>−2</sup>, respectively. Every equation could be explained in terms of the Compton length of an electron (λ<sub>e</sub>), the Compton length of a proton (λ<sub>p</sub>) and a. Furthermore, every equation could also be explained in terms of Avogadro’s number and the number of electrons in 1 C. However, the ratio of the gravitational force to the electric force cannot be uniquely determined when the unit of the Planck constant (Js) is changed. In this study, we showed that every equation can be described in terms of Planck constant. From the assumption of minimum mass, the ratio of gravitational force to electric force could be elucidated.
文摘We are using the book “Towards Quantum Gravity” with an article by Claus Kiefer as to a quantum gravity interpretation of the density matrix in the early universe. The density matrix we are using is a one loop approximation, with inflaton value and potential terms, like V (phi) using the Padmanabhan values one can expect if the scale factor is a ~a (Initial) times t <sup>^</sup> gamma. In doing so, we identify two time steps and presume a very small initial time step candidates initial time values which are from a polynomial for time values. A gravity wave analysis concludes our article with inflaton decay, which is finally linked to BHs. And then finally we show using work done by Hawking, <i>et al</i>. how this may give us Planck Sized Black Holes, in the onset of Inflation, with resulting consequences so outlined. A vastly simplified proof of BH masses of Planck mass is presented which ties in directly with issues of the mass of the inflaton initially generated by the 2<sup>nd</sup> derivative of the effective potential V (phi) at a time t ~4 times Planck time. And we include at the close questions as to DE, and data sets which may give credence to speculation as to different time flow rates at the start and then the conclusion later on, of expansion of our universe. The DE would be created by the breakup of the black holes due to a mechanism brought up by Dr. Freeze in 2012, and we also are using the future works section 8 to define the contours of our DE model which builds upon quite directly the sequence of material from pages 1 to 9 which are cited as to making connection between early universe conditions and the ideas of primordial DE models.
